Menene tsarin fern - fasali na ganyayyaki, tushen ferns

-An adam kamar-Fern suna girma a duniyar tamu tun daga lokacin tunawa. Tsawon lokacin rayuwarsu yana cikin miliyoyin shekaru. Tsire-tsire suna da nau'ikan nau'ikan rayuwa, sun fi son wuraren zama. Tsarin peculiar na fern yana sanya shi dacewa sosai don rayuwa.

Bayanin fern tsire-tsire

Mene ne fern, akwai daban-daban iri. Masana ilimin kimiyya sunyi imanin cewa waɗannan sune zuriyar tsirrai na tsoffin tsirrai - rhinophytes. A cikin aiwatar da juyin halitta, tsarin ferns ya zama mafi rikitarwa, me yasa aka rarrabe ferns azaman tsire-tsire mafi girma, babu wanda yake mamaki. Wannan ya tabbatar:

• haɓakar shuka;
• tsarin jijiyoyin jini;
• daidaitawa ga yanayin ƙasa;

Fern a yanayi

Ta hanyar ma'ana, fern shine tsiro na zamani, yana cikin asalin halittar tsirrai. Ga tambaya game da fern: itace shurawa ce ko ciyawa, zaku iya ba da amsar a cikin duka halayen biyu. Wani lokacin har yanzu itace.

Informationarin bayani. Lokacin da aka kwatanta ferns, mutum ba zai iya taimakawa ba sai dai a tuno da tsarin launi iri-iri, da isar da farin jin daɗi. Wadannan tsire-tsire sau da yawa suna zama ainihin ado na shafuka. Their arfinsu mara tabbas shine juriya ga cututtuka da kwari.

Tsarin nazarin halittu na ferns

Yawancin nau'in nau'in fern nau'in rikitarwa shine rarrabuwar su. Irin waɗannan ƙoƙarin da masana kimiyya na zamanin da suka yi ne. Shirye-shiryen da aka gabatar ba su saba da juna ba. Fitowar ferns na zamani ya samo asali ne daga tsarin ɓarkewar wasu haruffa. Duk iri daban-daban sun kasu kashi tsofaffi da na zamani.

Darussan bakwai masu zuwa na tsire-tsire na jijiyoyin bugun gini, duka biyu da sun kare da kuma zamani, ana rarrabasu azaman ferns:

1. Aneurophitopsids (Aneurophytopsida) - tsoffin ƙungiyar farko.
2. Archaeopteridopsida (Archaeopteridopsida) - kuma wakilai na zamanin da, waɗanda suka yi kama da conifers na zamani.
3. Cladoxylopsids (Cladoxylopsida) - akwai jujjuyawa waɗanda wannan rukunin ke wakiltar makaho reshe na juyin halitta.
4. Zygopteridopsids (Zygopteridopsida ko Goenopteridopsida) rukuni ne na canji zuwa nau'in zamani.
5. Ophioglossopsids ko Ophioglossopsida - ferns na zamani.
6. Marattiopsida (Marattiopsida) - tsire-tsire na perannial ƙanana da manyan siffofin.
7. Polypodiopsids (Polypodiopsida - perenni ko, ƙasa da kullun, tsire-tsire na shekara-shekara na masu girma dabam). An kasu kashi uku na gilashi biyu: Polypodiidae, Marsileidae, Salviniidae.

Tarihin Kwakwalwar Shuka

Tarihin ferns ya fara ne a zamanin dinosaurs - shekaru miliyan 400 da suka gabata. A wani yanayi mai sanyin zafi da laima na gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, ferns sun mamaye Duniya. Wasu nau'in sun kai mita 30 a tsayi. A tsawon lokaci, yanayin yanayin canjin yanayi ya canza sosai. Da yawa bala'i bala'i ya zama dole domin irin wannan Kattai kamar dinosaurs da itace-ferns bace.

Tare da duk bambancin ferns na zamani, suna da banbanci sosai ga tsoffin tsirrai, marasa galihu gare su a girma da nau'ikan siffofi. Amma har yau shine mafi girma rukuni na spores - 300 genera kuma fiye da 10,000 jinsuna. Muguwar ƙwayar cuta, saboda filayen muhalli da abubuwan ban mamaki na haifuwa.

Rashin daidaituwa a cikin yanayi, misalai na nau'in halitta

Yaushe da inda fern yayi girma ya dogara da zafi da laima na yankin. Mazaunin tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire na iya zama:

• ƙananan haɓaka da gandun daji;
• fadama, koguna da tafkuna;
• kwari da makiyaya ciyayi;
• toshewar duwatsu;
• ganuwar gidaje;
• hanyoyi.

Jimina

A cikin yanayin sararin samaniya, ana iya samo ɗaruruwan wakilan ciyawa na ferns. Taƙaitaccen bayyani game da wasu nau'ikan:

1. Orlyak talakawa. Sauƙi ana iya gane shi ta ganyayyaki a cikin hanyar laima. Rarraba a cikin gandun daji na Pine, wanda ya dace da abinci.
2. Namijin thyroid. Itataccen herbaceous shuka tare da ganye har zuwa 1.5 a tsawon, yana da wuya. Ana amfani da cirewar ta thyroid a cikin magani azaman maganin rashin lafiya.
3. Mace coder. Babban tsire-tsire tare da ganye mai siffa mara kyau.
4. Babban jimina. Babban kyakkyawan fern. Sakamakon tsayi na rhizomes, ya kan samar da dukkanin dunqule. Amfani da gyara shimfidar wuri. Boiled ganye na ostrich suna edible.
5. Osmund. Shuka tare da gajerun ganye da ganye mai duhu wanda ke tsiro a Gabas ta Asiya da Arewacin Amurka.
6. Mnogoryadnik. Ganyenta kore duhu ne, an shirya su a jere.

Ya dace da ci gaban gida:

• Kostenets;
• Nephrolepis;
• Davallia;
• Asplenium;
• Dixonia;
• Pteris.

Wadannan tsire-tsire suna yin ado da kyau a cikin gida. Yankunan Junior tare da ganye mai laushi suna da kyau sosai.

Shuka gida

Gaskiya ban sha'awa:

1. Hecistorteris pumila da azolla cariliniana sune ƙananan tsire-tsire. Tsawonsu bai wuce mm 12 ba.
2. Epiphytes suna jin daɗi a kan bishiyoyi da vines.
3. A cikin tsaunukan tsaunuka za ku iya samun gashin Venus - tsire-tsire mai ban mamaki tare da kyawawan ganyayyaki.
4. Ana amfani da ganyen Treeks na manyan ferns a cikin tropics a matsayin kayan gini.
5. Marsilea quadrifolia tana da girma a ƙarƙashin ruwa.
6. Dicranopteris (Dicranopteris) yana da ganyen ganye na ƙarfe mai ƙarfi.

Rare nau'in fern-kamar:

• The thyroid shine tsefe;
• Fegopteris dauri;
• Brown Mnogoryadnik;
• Bangon Aslenia;
• An rarraba gungu.
• Salvinia fern floating yana cikin jerin littafin 'Red Book of Belarus'.

Nawa ferns suke zaune

Tambayar "shekaru nawa ne fern rayuwa" ba mai sauki bane. Rayuwar rayuwa ta dogara ne da wurin ci gabanta da nau'ikanta. A cikin yanayin latitude, yanayin ƙasa na fern ya mutu tare da farkon yanayin sanyi, a cikin tsaunukan ruwa zai iya girma shekaru da yawa. Tushen adnexal ana maye gurbinsu kowace shekara 4 ta sababbin sababbi; gishiyar kanta tana iya yiwuwa har zuwa shekaru 100. Wannan fasalin yana bawa shuka damar rayuwa a kowane yanayi.

Siffofin abinci mai gina jiki

Waɗanda suke da ƙyalƙyali-ƙwaya suna ciyar da abinci mai mahimmanci ta asalinsu da ganyayyaki. A dole abubuwan gano ruwa da shuka da shuka sha daga ƙasa. Ganyayyaki suna shiga cikin aikin daukar hoto, yana canza carbon dioxide zuwa acid na Organic. Don haka fern ya sami sitaci da sukari, ya zama dole don mahimman ayyukan dukkanin gabobin.

Binciken tsarin tsirrai

Kakannin tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire suna da tsarin rayuwa. A cikin aiwatar da juyin halitta, ya zama mafi rikitarwa.

A stalks

Underananannun ƙyallen ferns ba su da girma, ƙanana kaɗan. Ana kiranta rhizome. Tabbas, ferns na wurare masu zafi tare da kututture na huɗun togiya ne. Ana iya gafarta ma ran tsana iri-iri mai tsawo.

Bar, Vayi

Ganyen fure ya fi girma da kara. Basu talakawa bane, suna da halaye daban-daban na tsarin da girma, nau'i daban-daban. Mafi sau da yawa ana rarraba su, cirrus. Vayi - abin da ake kira ganyen fern. A petiole na ganye ne a haɗe da boye ɓangare na tushe - tushen ko rhizome. Yin nazarin su, yana da wuya a fahimci inda tushe ya ƙare kuma a wane mataki ganye yake farawa. Wani fasali mai ban sha'awa na vaya shine haɓaka saman, wanda shine mai sassauƙa da sannu a hankali yana buɗe curl a cikin hanyar katantanwa.

Waiy

Ganyayyen ganye yana farawa ne a cikin ƙodan yana ƙarƙashinsa har zuwa shekaru biyu. Sai kawai a shekara ta uku za su iya bayyana a saman ƙasa. Saboda ci gaban apical, waiyas na ferns kai girma masu girma dabam.

A cikin yawancin tsire-tsire, vayas shiga cikin aikin photosynthesis, ciyayi, kuma a lokaci guda a cikin samuwar spores. Spores ya bayyana a cikin sihiri, wanda suke kan bangon ganyayyaki a nau'ikan tubercles guda.

Tushen Tushen

Tushen tsarin ya ƙunshi ƙaƙƙarfan rhizome da tushen sa da yawa. Ganyayyen nama a kan kara da tushen ya sha ruwa kuma ya inganta shi ta hanyar jijiyar bugun zuciya zuwa ganyayyaki.

Gabobin haihuwa

Rayuwar Fern ta kasu kashi biyu: dogon asexual - sporophyte da gajere jima'i - gametophyte. Gabobin haihuwa na fern - sporangia, inda ake zaune, ana samun ƙananan ganyayyaki. Kwalayen balaga suna zubewa daga fashewar sporangia kuma iska tana ɗauke da ita nesa da inji mahaifiyar. Wasu masana kimiyya suna kwatanta kirkirar spore da furannin wasu tsirrai.

Kawai kaɗan daga cikin adadin adadin spores ya rayu. Lokaci na jima'i yana farawa ne yayin da maɓallin ke tsiro a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai kyau zuwa girma na girma na haila (gametophyte), wanda yayi kama da faranti kore a kamannin zuciya da yawa milimita a girma. A gefen girma, an kafa gabobin mace da na maza - anteridia da archegonia. Qwai da maniyyi ya kirkiro a cikin su hade cikin yanayin rigar, kuma an kirkiro zygote, daga nan ne amfrayo na karamin shuka, sporophyte, yake tasowa.

Haka kuma shuka na iya yaduwan ganye a yayin da aka samar da ciyawar a kan mai tushe da asalinsu. Wannan yana da mahimmanci ga yan lambu waɗanda ke girma wasu nau'in a kan rukuninsu.

Kwatanta tare da sauran tsire-tsire na herbaceous

Fern-like - Waɗannan sune ferns, horsetails da rawanin. Dukkansu suna haifuwa ta hanyar marowaci kuma suna da asali iri ɗaya.

Ferns suna da halayyar rarrabe halaye daga wasu tsire-tsire na herbaceous:

1. Sun bambanta daga algae ta ganye da hadaddun ganye.
2. A cikin mosses da ferns, ƙarni na gametophyte da sporophyte madadin. Gametesophyte ya ci nasara a cikin mosses, sporophyte a ferns. Kasancewar ƙwayar jijiyoyin jiki a cikin nau'ikan ƙwayar jijiyoyin bugun gini yana sanya wakilan tsire-tsire masu siffa filayen jiki suna dacewa da yanayin rayuwa.
3. Ba kamar furanni masu fure ba, suna haifuwa ta hanyar spores kuma basa yin fure.

Sakamakon ingantaccen kayan sunadarai, fern yana da kaddarorin da suke da amfani ga mutane. Amfani da shi don dalilai na magani kuma a dafa abinci, ya dace da salting. Maganin gargajiya ma bai yi watsi da tsire-tsire masu ban mamaki ba.