Menene buckwheat, sun san ma wadanda ba su da alaka da noma a ayyukan su. Ba abin mamaki bane, saboda ita ce amfanin gona mafi muhimmanci na masana'antun abinci, daga hatsi da ke samar da hatsi da gari. Bugu da ƙari, shi ne mai kyau wanda ya riga ya kasance don amfanin gona da yawa.
Ana samun Vitamin PP daga ganyayyaki da furanni na amfanin gona, da kuma sharar gida daga aiki na shuka - gari, bambaro, da cakuda hatsi - ana amfani dasu azaman ciyar da dabbobi. A ƙasashen gabas, an yi amfani da al'adun hatsi don samar da matasan kai. Ginin, a Bugu da kari, yana da daraja kamar shuka zuma: daga 1 ha na albarkatu za ka iya samun kimanin kilo 100 na zuma da ma fi.
Kasashen buckwheat na gabas da kudu maso gabashin Asia. An gabatar da tsire-tsire ga amfanin gona kimanin shekaru 4 da suka wuce, a kan duwatsu na Indiya da Nepal, inda ake kira "shinkafa". Yana da iyalin Girkanci kuma yawancin jinsuna suna wakilta shi, mafi mahimmanci ga aikin gona shi ne buckwheat. An raba shi zuwa biyan kuɗi guda biyu: yawancin mutane da yawa. Babban muhimmancin masana'antun abinci shine talakawa.
Shin kuna sani? An kira al'adar Buckwheat Slavs bayan an kawo su daga Byzantium a cikin karni na VII. Bisa ga wata mahimmanci, sunan "buckwheat" ya bayyana saboda shekaru da dama an haife al'adun da yawa daga 'yan majami'a na Girka a gidajen rediyo. A halin yanzu a kasashen Turai, ana kiran buckwheat "ƙuƙun alkama saboda sabanin tsaba da kwayoyi masu rai." Saboda haka sunan jigon asalin Latin: Fagopyrum - "bukovidny nutlet. "Wannan labarin ya bayyana fasalin buckwheat, wanda ya fi dacewa a cikin namo don masana'antar abinci.
Diploid irin buckwheat
A cikin buckwheat diploid da tetraploid iri suna zoned. Difbanci tsakanin su shine wadanda suka kasance masu diploid sun ƙunshi chromosomes 16, da kuma wadanda suka kasance masu tsauraran kwayoyi - 32.
Don tabbatar da girbi mai kyau, komai yanayin yanayi da sauran abubuwan waje, a matsayinka na mulki, akalla guda biyu ko uku na buckwheat suna tsiro a wani shafin.
Yana da muhimmanci! Buckwheat ba za a iya shuka a wuraren da ake amfani da herbicides ga amfanin gona na baya ba.
"Vlad"
Buckwheat cultivar "Vlada" wani tsire-tsire tsire-tsire mai tsayi ne, tsirrai mai tsayi wanda ya kai kusan mita 1. Ganyayyaki suna da alamar zuciya, kore a launi, suna da ƙananan balaga, je zuwa arrowhead, sessile zuwa saman tushe. Raceme, inflorescences, kananan furanni, kodadde m launi.
'Ya'yan itace ita ce tsalle, elongated, launin ruwan kasa. Babban bambance-bambance shine mai haɗuwa, haɗuwa mai kyau, tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire, da tsayayya da zubar da tsaba da kuma haɗuwa. Ya kamata a yi shuka a farkon kwanan wata, ta guje wa jinkirin, tun da yake wannan zai haifar da asarar amfanin gona mai zuwa.
Matsakaicin yawan kuɗi ya kai 16.5 c / ha, matsakaicin da aka rubuta tsakanin kasashen CIS - 28.1 c / ha (2007). Tsire-tsire na shuka shine kimanin kwanaki 83. Dangane da muhimmancin fasaha da hatsi. Masu nuna alamar nauyin buckwheat hatsin wannan nau'i na 90.4%; yawan amfanin gona - 75.6%; kernel - 61.8%. A dandano porridge an kiyasta a maki 5.
"Dikul"
Nau'in buckwheat "Dikul" yana da siffofi na siffofi irin su nau'in "Vlad". Kara takaice, ya kai wani tsawo na 70-95 cm, haske koren launi, tare da rauni pubescence. Ƙananan suna da kananan, masu launin zuciya-mai launin fata, kore, suna da rashin ƙarfi. Gwargwadon jigilar launin fata ko corymbose, furanni fari da ruwan hoda.
'Ya'yan itace shine matsakaici, elongated, launin ruwan kasa. Daban-bambancen - tsakiyar kakar, girma yayi kusan kimanin kwanaki 80. "Dikul" an dauke shi da nau'i mai kyau. Yawancin kashi 16.1 cikin dari a kowace hectare, kuma matsakaicin yana da kashi 25.8 cikin dari a kowace hectare (2003). Differs a high fasaha da kuma groats halaye. Ƙididdigar farfajiyar hatsi shine 75%; yawan amfanin gonar hatsi - 70%, kernel na hatsi - 53%. A dandano porridge an kiyasta a maki 5.
"Rain"
Daban buckwheat iri daban-daban yana nuna cewa akwai nau'in gurasar guda daya maimakon corymbose, wadda take a saman tarkon. Ƙananan inflorescence ne babba, ya kai tsawon 7 cm, ba yawa furanni ba. Tsire-tsire suna da fashewa mai mahimmanci, wanda yana da kimanin 4-6.
Don buckwheat, wasu daga cikin mafi kyawun magabata zasu kasance: dankali, lupins, datur. Buckwheat kanta zai kasance mai kyau wanda ya riga ya kasance: oats, sugar beets da dankali.
Da iri-iri ne babban-fruited, tsakiyar kakar, kuma shi ne resistant don zama. Girman girma yayi har zuwa kwanaki 70-80. Girbin amfanin gona - 73%, abun ciki na gina jiki - 16.3%. Matsakaicin yawan amfanin ƙasa na buckwheat "Rain" - 27.3 c / ha (1991). Kyakkyawan tsari, dace da girbi kai tsaye. Mafi yawan amfanin ƙasa ya haifar da ƙasa mai kyau.
"Carmen"
Buckwheat irin "Carmen" - wani wakili na iri diploid, determinant, tsirrai shuka. Yana da ƙananan raƙumi da rashin ƙarfi, sun kai matsayi mai tsawo na 86 cm.Da ganye suna kore, ƙwayar zuciya da triangular a siffar, zuwa saman tudu suna da siffar arrow, rashin ƙarfi, tare da mai rauni mai shayar da ba tare da balaga ba.
Girma mai zurfi, racemose, mai tsawo a kan dogon lokaci. Fure ne mai launin ruwan hoda mai launi, ƙananan. 'Ya'yan itace' ya'yan itace ne, suna da siffar lu'u-lu'u, launin ruwan kasa mai duhu. Matsakaicin farashin - 17.3 c / ha; mafi yawan rubuce - 24.7 c / ha (2003). Lokacin girma shine kimanin kwanaki 79.
Yawan hatsi - 67.7%, kernel - 65%, dandalin hatsi an kiyasta a maki biyar. An bayyana shi ne mai tushe tsaye, mai kyau madauri, flowering da 'ya'yan itace. Hanya mafi kyau don tsabtace - lokaci biyu.
"Klimovka"
Buckwheat iri-iri "Klimovka" shine tsakiyar kakar, mai sanyi zuwa wurin zama kuma yana nuna manyan 'ya'yan itatuwa (hatsi). Lokacin girma yana da kwanaki 79. Tsawon tayin shine 98 cm. Girman amfanin buckwheat na wannan nau'i ne mai girman gaske, mai nuna alama shine ma'auni 17.4 a kowace hectare. Mafi kyawun wadanda suka riga sun kasance a Klimovka su ne albarkatu masu kyau, tsirrai hunturu da ciyawa a shekara.
"Saffir"
Tsire-tsire suna da tushe mai tsayi, wanda ya kai kimanin 75 cm.Da ganye suna da matsakaici a cikin girman, kore a launi, a cikin siffar zuciya, mai juyowa zuwa sessile, wavy, ba tare da pubescence da kuma waxy shafi ba. Racemose inflorescence, a kan dogon peduncle, kananan-sized flower, farin-ruwan hoda.
'Ya'yan itace' yan itace ne, dimbin lu'u-lu'u, launin ruwan kasa. Ya kamata a gudanar da buckwheat na wannan iri-iri a farkon shekaru na biyu na watan Mayu, banda jinkirta, saboda wannan yana haifar da hasara. Differs a mai kyau flowering da ripening hatsi. Sredne-m zuwa zubar da tsaba da kuma masauki.
Buckwheat "Sapphire" yana ba da kyakkyawan sakamako, mai nuna alama shine 22.5 c / ha; matsakaicin shine kashi 42.6 cikin hectare (2008). Lokacin da ake ciyayi yana kimanin kwanaki 86. "Sapphire" a cikin inganci yana nufin abubuwa masu mahimmanci kuma an rarrabe shi ta hanyar fasaha mai kyau da kuma hatsi. Gurasa babba ne, mahimmanci na tsabta yana da zurfi - 91%. Sakamakon kayan abinci shine 73.3%, kernels na hatsi - 56.7%. An yi dandano abincin alade a maki 5, croup yana dauke da furotin 14.5%.
"Darkie"
Yawan buckwheat iri-iri "Darkie" yana da tsattsauran nau'ayi, wanda ya ƙare tare da goga ɗaya. Ganye ya kai tsawo na 72 zuwa 102 cm. Ganye suna da yankewa, masu haɓaka zuciya, kore, ba tare da kakin zuma ba.
Racemes, zauna a dogon lokaci na 8-14 a cikin goga. Fure-furen ruwan hoda mai launin ruwan hoda, ƙwayar hatsi, tsirara, lu'u-lu'u-dimbin yawa, baki da cakulan launi. Tsarin yana da yawan amfanin ƙasa, har zuwa 14.3 c / ha.
"Aronia"
"Buckwheat" Black "an bred daga" Yubileinaya-2 "iri-iri ta hanyar hanyar zaɓi na mutum. Wannan nau'ikan iri ne masu girma, kakar girma bata wuce kwanaki 75 ba. Tsarin tsire-tsire masu tsayi, kimanin 100 cm tsayi, suna da kyau. Fure yana da kyau, abokantaka, furanni suna fari.
Abincin Buckwheat "Chokeberry "ƙwararren matsakaici, baƙar fata, ya ƙunshi daga furotin 14 zuwa 17. Yana da kyakkyawar fasaha da hatsi, yawancin hatsi yana da girma - har zuwa 77% Tsarin yana da matsakaici sosai don zamawa.Da dacewa da dacewa da shawarwari na agrotechnical yana ba da yawan amfanin ƙasa akan kowane ƙasa yankuna.
Tetraploid buckwheat iri
Tetraploids na buckwheat suna haɓaka yawan yawan amfanin ƙasa, babban hatsi, abun ciki mai gina jiki mai girma wanda yake cikin 'ya'yan itace, yana da nakasa mai karɓa da fallability. Yi la'akari da abin da iri ne tetraploid.
Alexandrina
Bugunnat cultivars "Alexandrina" suna da tsinkayyiyar tsintsiya mai zurfi wanda ya kai kusan mita 89. Tushen suna kore ne, nau'in zuciya, nau'in kibiya, yana wucewa cikin sessile, ba shi da wata balaga da kuma waxy. Cigabanci shine corymbose, a kan dogayen peduncles, furanni suna da manyan launin ruwan hoda. 'Ya'yan itacen suna elongated, triangular, launin ruwan kasa. Matsakaicin yawan amfanin ƙasa na iri-iri Alexandrina shine 18.1 c / ha; matsakaicin yana da kashi 32.7 a kowace hectare (2004).
Lokacin shuka yana da kwanaki 87. Hanyoyin fasaha da na hatsi suna da girma. Yawan hatsi - 68.2%, kernel - 63.7%. Shawarar da aka yi amfani da buckwheat na farko a wannan zamani, lokacin shuka ba daga baya fiye da shekaru goma na farko na watan Mayu ba. A lokacin da ake cin abinci, ana buƙatar ware daga gonar diploid. Hanya mafi kyau don tsabtace - lokaci biyu. Yana da alamar m da kuma girbi na hatsi, tsayayyar matsala ga zubar da hatsi da ɗakin.
"Bolshevik-4"
Bambanci "Bolshevik-4" yana da iko, mai tushe, kai mita 1. Girbin hatsi ne mai girma (91-100%), wanda yake nuna halayen fasaha mai zurfi. Kafin warwarewar hatsi bazai buƙaci sake rabuwa zuwa ɓangarori ba, wanda ke samar da hatsi mai kyau - har zuwa 86%.
An dandana dandano na alade a maki 5, abun da ke cikin furotin a cikin hatsi yana da yawa - 15-16%. Matsakaicin yawan amfanin ƙasa - 19.1 c / ha, matsakaicin - 32.2 c / ha an rubuta a 2008. "Bolshevik-4" tsakiyar kakar, girma kakar yana daga 68 zuwa 78 days. Differs a cikin ƙara juriya frosts, lodge da kuma fall hatsi.
"Iliya"
Sanya "Iliya" - tsire-tsire mai tsayayyen zuciya, yana da rami mai zurfi. Ganye suna da alamar zuciya, kore, juya a cikin siffar bam-bambace, ba tare da kakin zuma da kuma pubescence ba. Racemes inflorescences, manyan furanni, ruwan hoda mai haske. Girbin hatsi ne, dimbin lu'u-lu'u, ƙaddara, launin ruwan kasa.
Matsakaicin yawan amfanin ƙasa shine kashi 17.1 a kowace hectare, matsakaicin shine 33.2 (1997). Da fitarwa na hatsi -73-74%. Ganye yana da tsayayya sosai don zamawa da shattering, halin da ke da kyau da kuma girka. Hanya mafi kyau don wanke - raba. Mafi yawan amfanin ƙasa shine a kan ƙananan wuri mai laushi da haske, tare da tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire, tare da tarin yawa na buckwheat 1.2 miliyan / ha.
"Lena"
Nau'in buckwheat "Lena" shi ne tsire-tsire masu tsinkaye masu tsattsauran ra'ayi. Yana da matakan m, wanda ya kai mita 95, haske mai launi mai haske. Ganyayyaki suna kore, tsumburai, masu tausayi, ba tare da sunro ba. Ƙananan ƙarancin ƙwayoyin cuta, tsummoki, a kan dogon lokaci, furanni-furanni.
'Ya'yan itace' ya'yan itace ne, manyan, triangular, launin ruwan kasa. Da iri-iri shine tsakiyar kakar, girma girma yana da kwanaki 88. Sakamakon yawan amfanin gonar hatsi shine 13.8 c / ha; matsakaicin shine 25.5 centres a kowace hectare (2003). Fasaha da hatsi alamun su ne high, hatsi maras kyau ne mai kyau - 99%. Girman hatsi - 72%, kernel - 55%.
A dandano porridge an kiyasta a maki 5. Tsarin farko a cikin watanni na farko ko na biyu na watan Mayu an bada shawara ga wannan jinsin. Hanya mafi kyau don tsabtace - lokaci biyu.
"Marta"
Marta daya daga cikin wakilai na sababbin nau'in buckwheat tetraploid. Tsire-tsire ba shi da tabbacin, tsayi, tsintsi mai zurfi, ribbed, ya kai m 1 m. Ƙananan suna da matsakaici, kore, ƙwayar zuciya, triangular, wavy, ba tare da pubescence da kuma kakin zuma ba. A inflorescence ne raceme, flower manyan, kodadde m launi.
'Ya'yan itace itace launi, dimbin lu'u-lu'u, launin ruwan kasa. Matsakaicin yawan amfanin ƙasa shine kashi 19.1 a kowace hectare, yawancin yawan amfanin ƙasa shine kashi 35.7 cikin hectare (2008). Yawan ciyayi yana da tsawo - kwanaki 94. Da iri-iri ne mai muhimmanci, yana da high fasaha da hatsi halaye.
Bugu da kari irin wannan kwari yana kai hari Buckwheat: Cockchafer, mice, wireworms da nematodes.
Gurasa babba ne, halayen nauyin nauyin haɓakacce ne - 97.9%, nauyin hatsi shine 72%, kernel kernel yana da 74.8%. An dandana dandanocin alade a maki 5, nauyin gina jiki shine 14%. An kuma bada shawarar shuka shuka da wuri, guje wa jinkirta, don haka kada ku rasa cikin adadin amfanin gona. Yayin da ake horar da shi, ya kamata a ware shi daga nau'in diploid.
"Minsk"
Ana amfani da nau'in buckwheat "Minskaya" ta hanyar hanyoyi masu yawa na samfurori masu mahimmanci da kuma 'ya'yan "Istra". Tsire-tsire "Minsk", wanda ke da kyau ta haɓaka. Fure-fure ne babba, fari. Babban hatsi.
Sakamakon yawan amfanin ƙasa shine 12.3 -25.4 q / ha. Tsire-tsire yana tsakiyar tsakiyar kakar, yawancin yanayi yana daga 79 zuwa 90 days. Yana da babban fasaha da ingancin hatsi, yawan amfanin gona - 73%, abun ciki na gina jiki - 16.8%. Da kyau kuma yayi matures, ya dace da zama.
