Yau, fasaha na zamani na noma yana karuwa sosai a wasu masana'antu. Babu banda dabba na dabba, musamman ma kula da kyan dabbobi da yawa. Kayan fasaha na gidaje kyauta ga shanu yana daya daga cikin matakai na musamman don inganta kiwon dabbobi. Duk da haka, mutane da yawa, da kananan ƙananan dabbobi, ba koyaushe suna aiwatar da wannan tsarin ba. A sakamakon haka, dabbobin ba kawai suna da matukar damuwa ba, amma kuma sun rasa yawan aiki. A cikin wannan labarin za mu dubi bayyane akan ka'idoji na kula da shanu, da kuma ayyana siffofin tsarin kungiyar a cikin yanayin zamani.
Abũbuwan amfãni da rashin amfani da abun ciki kyauta
Kodayake yawan aiki mai kyau da kuma yawancin halayen, ƙananan mutane suna zuwa wurin kula da dabbobi. Daga cikin manoma akwai wasu alamomi da suka shafi tasirin fasaha. 
Saboda haka, kafin ka zabi wannan tsarin kula da shanu kana buƙatar ka fahimci ba kawai tare da manyan matsaloli ba, amma kuma tare da babban amfani.
Shin kuna sani? Hanyar hanyar shanu marar amfani da shanu an fara amfani dashi a farkon 60s - farkon 70s na karni na 20. a Amurka da USSR.
Abubuwan da ake amfani da shi na shanu na gida kyauta:
- qara yawan ma'aikata gona;
- rage farashin kula da dabbobi;
- ba ka damar sarrafa duk aikin;
- shanu basu buƙatar yin kiwo a manyan wuraren;
- tsarin yana ba ka damar ƙara yawan yawan dabbobi a wasu lokuta;
- dabbobi suna buƙatar mafi yawan ma'aikatan su kula;
- tare da motsa jiki na dabba a kowace rana yana karɓar aikin da ake bukata;
- taimaka wajen kara yawan lafiyar da shanu na shanu.
Yana da kyauta abun ciki da rashin amfani, da farko, waɗannan sun hada da:
- Dabbobi marasa kyauta suna ba da ƙarin kuɗi a kan tsarin kula da dabbobi;
- rashin ma'aikacin ma'aikaci;
- tsarin yana kawar da mutum gyara na abinci ga kowane dabba;
- akwai rikice-rikice a cikin garke tsakanin mutane;
- shagon garken shanu na buƙatar sabis na zoo-veteran sosai;
- tare da fasaha mai laushi, buƙatar abinci na dabba yana ƙaruwa ta 7-10%, wanda ya bambanta da hanyar da ta dace.
Ana shirya don canzawa don cire abun ciki
Tsarin zuwa sauye-sauye na dabbobi a cikin gine-gine shine tsari mai tsanani. Dole a dakatar da dakin da za a ajiye shanu da tsararru masu dacewa, da kuma raƙuman fasaha masu dacewa don tabbatar da kula da dabbobi.
Matakan farko na shirye-shirye don cikakken canji na gonar zuwa gidan kyauta na shanu:
- Kayan aiki. A wannan mataki, ma'aikatan dabbobi, masu jagoranci, masu aiki na na'ura da sauran ma'aikatan suna cikakken bayani kan ka'idodin ka'idoji da kuma manyan fasali na tsarin. Idan aiki tare da kayan aiki na kwamfuta mai ban sha'awa ne aka yi la'akari da shi, ma'aikatan suna ɗaukan darasi a kan horo a aiki tare da tsarin sarrafa kai. Mafi mahimmanci, idan irin wannan horarwa za a goyan bayan ƙwaƙwalwar da ke cikin kamfanoni masu dangantaka, wanda aka riga an aiwatar da wannan hanya. Wannan yana da mahimmanci ga masu aiki da kayan aiki, tun lokacin da ake aiwatar da layi tare da kula da dabbobi yana da bambancin banbanci da magungunan da ke ciki.
- Ƙaddamar da aikin. Wannan tsari yana gudana tare da horar da ma'aikata. Wannan hanya ta sa ya yiwu don ƙayyade dukan cikakkun bayanai game da sake sake gina wuraren da aka yi don dabbobi, da kuma wadataccen kayan fasaha na wannan, ciki har da ƙwarewar sababbin abubuwa.
- Girman sararin samaniya. Ƙananan gine-ginen kafa sun sake ginawa, shigarwa na tsarin sarrafa kai don kulawa da shanu da kuma kwamishinar sito tare da dukkanin tsarin aikin injiniya.
- Ana shirya dabbobi. Shirin yana kunshe ne da rarraba dabbobi ta hanyar jima'i, shekaru da kuma daidaituwa (girman jiki). A wannan lokacin, an bincika garke ne a hankali don kasancewa da cututtuka (tarin fuka, brucellosis, da dai sauransu) da kuma sauran cututtuka, marasa lafiya sun ƙi, an ba da lafiya ga marasa lafiya da maganin alurar riga kafi. Bugu da ƙari, ga kowane dabba don kauce wa rauni tsakanin juna, tabbatar da rage gami (3 cm ko fiye).
Babban shawarwari ga masu shayarwa a yayin da suke canza gonar don ajiye kyauta:- Dole ne a koya wa 'yan gudun hijira daga yada jarirai, wannan zai zama darasi mai kyau ga mutanen da suka tsufa, ya kamata a koya wa tsofaffin ɗayan su. Wannan zai taimaka ba kawai yadda ya kamata ba, amma har ma da sauri don habaka dabbobi zuwa sababbin yanayi;
- Ya kamata a bar dabbobi a cikin sabon sito a cikin sannu-sannu, a cikin kananan kungiyoyi har zuwa mutane goma sha biyu;
- Don kaucewa matsanancin damuwa, shanu ya kamata a farko a tabbatar da yawan adadin litter da wadatar abinci;
- don rage raunin shanu, yana da muhimmanci don shigar da raga na wucin gadi na layi mai laushi ko alamomi tsakanin akwatuna biyu;
- ya fi dacewa a kiyaye shanu na wannan zamani, wannan zai taimaka wajen guje wa rikice-rikicen tashin hankali tsakanin mutane, har ma fada don wani wuri a cikin garke;
- duk kayan aiki dole ne a gwada, rashin aiki a aikin aikin injiniya zai iya rinjayar tasiri na dabba.
Yana da muhimmanci! Ya kamata mutane da yawa daga cikin sitoci su kawar da su daga sito, in ba haka ba zai haifar da kulawa da kulawa da yawa.
Yanayin kungiyar
Don ƙirƙirar samar da samfurori na kyan dabbobi masu kyau, ba lallai ba ne kawai don tabbatar da ciyar da dabbobin dabba, amma har ma don samar da yanayin sharaɗi ga rayuwar dabbobi. 
A karshen wannan, a cikin tsari na tsarin gona, wajibi ne a la'akari da duk kayan tsabta da tsabta da aka tsara ta tsarin dokokin zamani. In ba haka ba, rundunonin da aka kashe da kuma kudaden kuɗi za su zama asarar dukiya, wanda zai haifar da hasara mai tsanani.
Yanayi na al'ada
Ƙididdigar kulawa da yankin da aka buƙata yana daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke samar da yanayin jin dadi ga shanu. Cunkushe gonar yana shafar rayuwar garken tumaki, kamar yadda dabbobin zasu fuskanci mummunan rashin jin dadi, kuma wannan hanya ce ta hanyar kai tsaye don rage yawan farashi na ƙarshe.
Saboda haka, don samar da dabbobi da yanayin jin dadi don tsayawa, dole ne don samar da:
- don yara har zuwa watanni 10 - mita 2.5 na mita / mutum;
- ga yara da shekarun shekaru 1-2 - akalla 3 mita mita / mutum;
- don dabbobi masu girma da shekarun da suka wuce shekaru 2 - ba kasa da mita 5 na mutum / mutum ba.
Idan an shirya shiri na gona a yanayin sanyi mai sanyi tare da rani mai sanyi da sanyi, ko a yanayin da ke da iyakance ga shanu masu tafiya, to, yanki mafi girma ga wani yaro ya zama aƙalla mita 7.
Yana da muhimmanci! Lokacin da aka kirga ka'idodin yankin don kulawa da dabbobi, yana da muhimmanci don la'akari da ƙarar littafi da ake amfani.
Haka kuma ana amfani da wannan al'ada lokacin shirya wasu kwalaye don kula da shanu tare da 'ya'ya masu shan daɗi. Lokacin da aka shirya kwalaye don amfani da shanu na dabbobi, ƙananan bukatun shanu don sararin samaniya suna dogara akan, sabili da haka, saboda waɗannan dalilai, wajibi ne don tabbatar da yanki fiye da mita 3-4 da mutum. 
Yankin daji
Don inganta aiki na dukan gonar, dole ne a rarraba dabbobi. Ba wani asirin cewa a mafi yawan gonaki ba tare da jinkirin gudanar da ragowar garken tumaki ba, amma wannan ma'auni yana taimakawa wajen samar da yanayi mafi dadi don samun samfurori masu kyau.
Ƙaddamarwa ta fara ne tun kafin haihuwa. Wannan ya sa ba zai yiwu ba kawai dutsen gina jiki ba, amma har ma don sauƙaƙe kulawar dabbobi, ciki har da rigakafin rigakafi. Amma, idan aka ƙi kin amincewa a lokaci, an rarraba dabbobi zuwa ƙungiyoyi nan da nan kafin su shiga ɗakin ɗakin.
A wannan yanayin, ya kamata a raba dabbobin cikin ƙungiyoyi masu ilimin lissafi:
- kananan shanu da dabbobi a lokacin jefawa;
- samfurori da kyawawan shanu;
- masu juna biyu da masu haifa;
- shanu maras kyau.
Shop for seeding da kwari
An sayar da kantin sayar da kwalliya da kwantar da shi a matsayin wani daki mai ɗaki ko ɗaki na wucin gadi don tantance yawan samfurori na dabbobi, kazalika don yin nuni da kyau ga mutane don jinsin su. 
A wannan wuri, jarrabawar shanu, ciki har da wadanda suka fara aiki, ana gudanar da su don kasancewa da kowane nau'i na kwayoyin halitta ko wasu siffofi na jiki da halaye wadanda ke haifar da yawancin yawan jama'a da kuma yiwuwar kwayoyin halitta.
A wannan wurin, dabbobi suna ciyar da kusan watanni 4 na rayuwarsu, bayan haka kuma an lalata mutane da yawa, kuma dukansu suna rarraba zuwa wuraren da ke ciki.
Har ila yau a cikin shagon yana haɗuwa da kuma kula da tayin a cikin mahaifa cikin farkon makonni na rayuwa. Ana iya aiwatar da samfurori ta jiki da artificially. Yawancin gonaki na gonaki suna amfani da kwari artificial, wanda ƙananan kwalliyar kwari sun halitta a cikin bitar.
Sashen mahaifiyar
Kimanin 10-14 days kafin calving, shanu da aka canjawa wuri zuwa uwar garken uwa. Tsarin kanta ne mai zaman kansa ko tsari mai rarraba wanda ke kunshe da akwatuna na dangi, dangi da kwakwalwa, tare da kwararru don yau da kullum.
A cikin kwatsam, an bincika dabbobi da jaririn su sosai, da kuma shirye-shiryen dabbobi don zuwan haihuwa. A saboda wannan dalili, ana samar da shanu tare da abinci mai karfi da zaman lumana. 
Bayan bayyanar farkon farawa, an bar saniya zuwa ɗakin ɗakin. A wannan wurin, ta ciyar da kimanin kwanaki 2. An haifi ɗan ƙaramin yaron nan da nan bayan haihuwar shi zuwa wani littafi, inda aka bincike shi da kyau daga wani likitan dabbobi, bayan haka an sake shi tare tare da mahaifiyar zuwa sashin postpartum.
Shin kuna sani? Rawan dabbar kiwo a matsayin reshe na aikin gona ya samo asali ne a zamanin Neolithic, wanda ya kasance a cikin karni na 9 na BC.Bayan kimanin makonni 2, an aika mahaifiyar da 'ya'yansa zuwa shagon don sake dawowa da kwari, daga inda aka canja su zuwa wuri na dindindin.
Ciyar
Babban fasalin gidaje kyauta ga dabbobi shine damar yin amfani da dabbobi zuwa adadin abinci mara iyaka. Wannan yana sa ya yiwu a ƙara yawan samfurori da kuma yawan yawan dabbobi. A wannan yanayin, babban aikin ciyarwa shi ne don samun yawancin yawan madara a madadin farashin abinci.
Don yin wannan, shanu ya kamata ya samar da abincin da ya kamata, ciki har da abinci mai kyau da abinci mai gina jiki.
Ya kamata a dogara ne akan abinci mai bushe da ganye masu tsin-tsire, wasu ƙananan hankali (haylage, silage) an gabatar da su a cikin dabbobi don inganta abinci mai gina jiki a cikin dabbobi, amma adadin irin wannan dressing bai kamata ya wuce 50% na yawan abincin ba. Yawan yawan amfanin gonar madara ya dogara ne akan nauyin abinci mai yankakken. 
Gurasar abinci mai yawa tana rarraba ta jikin jinsuna na dogon lokaci, wanda hakan yana rinjayar aikin aikin lactation, don haka ya kamata a shirya shiri sosai.
Zai zama taimako a gare ka ka san abincin abincin naman shanu da kuma shanu da aka yi ciki mai ciki.
Abincin da aka shirya ya kamata ya kasance daga cikin wadannan masu girma:
- ciyawa ciyawa - 3-5 cm;
- legumes na takin - 3-5 cm;
- masara da kayan lambu - 0.7-1.5 cm
Ana kiwon naman dabbobi a dindindin, a kan wuraren tafiya, a nan abinci da adanawa don ajiya mai yawa. A duk lokacin da zai yiwu, ana samar da shanu tare da tsarin samar da kayan aiki na atomatik, amma ana ciyarwa sau da yawa ga dabbobi da hannu, a cikin masu ciyarwa masu tsada.
Wannan ya sa ya yiwu a rage yawan farashin da ake amfani da su na gonar da wuri. Ana ciyar da masu cin abinci tare da abinci mai cin abinci kamar yadda ake cinye, amma akalla 2 ~ 3 sau a rana. Yawancin abincin da aka buƙata shi ne mutum ga kowane mutum, amma yawan nauyin nauyi a kowace rana ya dace da kashi 3-4% na yawan nauyin jama'a.
Yana da muhimmanci! Bayan cin abinci, dole ne a tsabtace masu ciyar da abinci na farko, in ba haka ba sharan gona mai lalata da abincin da zai iya haifar da cututtuka mai tsanani na yankin na narkewa cikin dabbobi.
Shan shanu
Shankar shanu yana faruwa a cikin akwati na musamman, abin da ake kira samar da samar da madara. Dukkan dabbobi suna rarraba zuwa kungiyoyi 3-4 bisa ga yawan yawan mutane. Sabili da haka, yana yiwuwa a inganta haɓakawa gaba daya. 
Gabatarwa da sabon mutum a cikin rukuni na rukuni yana da mummunar tasiri akan yawan shanu, saboda haka ba a bada shawara a musanya dabba tsakanin kungiyoyin milking ba. Amma, don inganta ingantaccen gonar, ana tara garken tumaki, amma ana iya yin hakan ne kawai a tsakanin kungiyoyin dabbobi guda daya.
Ga kowace ƙungiya a cikin shagon mai sayar da launi, an sanya akwatunan wucin gadi don tabbatarwa, wannan yana taimaka wajen ci gaba da samarwa. Bayan da aka kammala fashin dabbobi, an mayar da su zuwa shagon masara, kuma wata kungiya ta fara a cikin kantin sayar da man fetur.
Koyon yadda za a samar da sãniya da kuma kayan aiki na mai kyau don shanu.
Lokacin da ƙungiyar na gaba ta dakatar da lactation, dole ne a duba shanu don ci gaba da mastitis da sauran cututtuka. Ana rarraba dabbobi marasa lafiya don magani, suna canjawa lafiya zuwa ɗaki na daki don hutawa. Saboda haka, ci gaba da yawan amfanin gona da yawan amfanin gona.
Cire kaya
Ana fitar da taki a cikin sito yayin da yake tarawa. An cire ragowar dabbobin ta hanyar amfani da tsarin mai sukar jiki da mai karɓar dung. Sau da yawa, irin wannan tsarin yana kunshe da raka'a na atomatik da ke samar da tsabta ta jiki daga sito daga taki, amma a mafi yawan lokuta an cire shi da hannu.
Don yin wannan, ana motsa shi zuwa masu sintiri na wayar hannu, wanda ke dauke da feces daga damin collector zuwa waje. Suna tsaftace tsarin cire kayan shafa tare da fuka-fuka da suma. 
Lokacin da ake ajiye shanu a cikin gado mai zurfi, an cire kayan noma tare da taimakon tractors ko masu saito. Don yin wannan, gina benaye tare da sassaucin wuri mai haske da kuma gangaren ba fiye da 0.5% ba. Ana gudanar da tsari sau 1 a kowace wata, domin an canja wannan dabba zuwa gidaje na wucin gadi.
Kiran lafiya na gida kyauta a kan zurfin kwanciya
Tsayawa a kan gado mai zurfi yana ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da ake amfani da shi madara da nama da kiwo. Irin wannan tsarin yana bayar da farashi na yau da kullum, amma babban amfani shi ne buƙatar ƙananan ma'aikata su kula da dabbobi.
Duk da haka, kafin kafa tsarin a kan gonarka, kana buƙatar ka san sababbin hanyoyin da kake da ita.
Sanitary da bukatun dabbobi
Babban sanitary da kuma maganin dabbobi idan aka ajiye shanu a kan zurfin littafi shine shigar da tushe wanda yake da tsayayya ga ƙetare. A karshen wannan, benaye a cikin sito anyi ne daga ƙarfafa shinge da aka gina tare da tsayayyar juriya.
Wannan ya sa ya yiwu a tara a cikin sito kusan kowane adadin taki na dogon lokaci. An raba raguwa a cikin wani yanki mai kariya da tashar mai shinge, amma sau da yawa wannan rarraba ne kawai ke shafar.
Shin kuna sani? A ƙasashen Tarayyar Turai ƙungiyar gidaje mara kyau na dabbobi a kan litter yana daya daga cikin manyan ka'idoji don samun takardar shaidar "Abubuwan da ke cikin muhalli."
Ana kawar da wuri na tafiya tare da kayan aiki mai laushi da kayan lambu a cikin tashar mai. Yana da tarawar mango a yawancin yadudduka. Don yin wannan, kowanne ball of feces 10-15 cm lokacin farin ciki an rufe shi da gado na bambaro ko hay, tabbatar da mafi kyau hygienic yanayin cikin dakin. 
Ana yin tsaftace wuri mai tafiya sau 4-5 a rana, ana tsabtace tashar mai sarrafawa kamar yadda ake bukata, sau 1-2 a shekara. Don yin wannan, yi amfani da masu sufuri na atomatik ko ƙananan tractors tare da guga, shanu a wannan lokacin don kauce wa danniya motsawa zuwa shafukan yanar gizon lokaci.
Kasashe an rufe shi da peat, sawdust ko crushed hay. Замена подстилки проводится по мере необходимости, после устранения фекалий в навозный канал. Суточный расход подстилки для взрослой среднестатистической особи составляет около 3-4 кг в сутки, для телят - около 2,5 кг.
Организация выгула
Ana gudanar da dabbobin tafiya a waje a cikin yakin da aka riga aka shirya. Yawan dabbobi a cikin yakin tafiya yana da iyakacin iyaka. Yayin da ake tafiya manya, adadin sararin samaniya ga mutum daya bai kamata ya zama ƙasa da 16 sq. M., Lokacin da yake tafiya da kananan yara, kowane maraƙi ya kasance akalla 10 sq.
Idan ya cancanta, ƙwallon tafiya yana rufe da gado na peat, sawdust ko yankakken bambaro. Ana gudanar da shanu a cikin kananan kungiyoyi.
A cikin yakin tafiya, akwai kuma bukatar samar da kayan abinci na duniya don busassun abinci. Don hay da bambaro a cikin tsakar gida suna sanya canopies a rufe kewaye da gefen shamaki. 
Irin wannan kayan ya kamata ya ba kowa abinci da abinci, sabili da haka ga kowane saniya a cikin abincin duniya dole ya kasance aƙalla 0.3 m na sarari kyauta. Don ƙuƙwalwa tare da hay da bambaro, wannan adadi ya zama akalla 0.4 m.
Har ila yau, a cikin yadi ya sa masu shaye-shaye iri ɗaya, lambobin su ya dogara da iyakar iyakar kariya.
Tsarin mulkin yankin tafiya yana da tsabta. Don yin wannan, ana shawo kan damun yau da kullum a kalla sau 3 a rana. A lokacin aikin, suna kawar da filaye, ciyar da abinci, da kuma yin maye gurbin ruwan sha tare da ruwa mai tsabta, kuma, idan ya cancanta, maye gurbin litter.
Ana wankewa na yadi na tafiya tare da taimakon wasu magunguna (magungunan hannu, felu, da dai sauransu), don manyan wuraren da suke amfani da ƙananan tractors ko na'urorin girbi-girbi.
A cikin hunturu, an kare shafin daga icing (tsaftacewa daga dusar ƙanƙara, yashi yanki), wannan yana kare dabbobi daga lalacewa da kuma raunin da ya faru.
Tsarin dabbobi da kuma hanyoyin aiwatar da kayan shafa
Ajiye kyauta na dabbobi yana ba da damar samar da tsari mai mahimmanci da ingancin tsarin kula da dabbobi da kuma zootechnical. Yana bayar da damar da za a inganta ingantaccen gonar a matsayin cikakke, da kuma yawan yawan garken da dukan ƙungiyoyi. 
Wannan tsarin ya haɗa da wadannan ayyuka:
- a lokacin mutuwar itace - dakatar da ƙwayar saniya ba kasa da kwanaki 60 kafin haihuwar zuriya, yin nazari ga dabbobi don mastitis, maganin rigakafi da colibacillosis, gabatar da hadaddun bitamin premixes don hana ciwon hanta da kuma ketosis (Protamine, 1 g / mutum a kowace rana 8 makonni kafin calving da 12 bayan calving, ko analog mai rikitarwa);
- a lokacin calving - aiwatar da rigakafin jinkirta (Prosolvin, sau ɗaya a cikin kashi 2 ml / mutum intramuscularly, ko analogic interchangeable), cututtuka da juna (Superphos, daya kwalban daya ko mutum a ciki, ko kuma analog mai rikitarwa), da ayyuka masu kare jiki (Superbuster, 60 ml / mutum kowace rana ta magana ko analog analog);
- a mataki na ƙwaƙwalwa - shigar da jiki na makamashi da kuma bitamin kari don inganta lactation (kowane zabi na wani likitan dabbobi);
- a cikin tsawon lokaci - kula da hutun, zirawa da tsauraran dabbobi da kuma yawan mutane, ƙwanƙwasa takalma, dubawa na nono bayan kowace milking.
Yana da muhimmanci! Kwararrun shanu na kwarewa, kullun zubar da ƙira da sauran hanyoyin ana aiwatar da su ne kawai bayan da aka fara yin amfani da shi kuma kawai tare da taimakon kayan aiki don kula da shanu.
Don sarrafa yadda ya dace da lactation da yawan yawan dabbobi, ana daukar samfurori samfurori a kowace kwanaki 10. Binciken gwadawa yana nazarin yawan abubuwan da yake ciki, haɓurwar gina jiki, samar da madara, da dai sauransu.
Idan gonar ba ta da damar yin amfani da samfurori na samfurori na samfurori, ana aiwatar da ma'auni a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje a kan kowane wata. Dangane da bayanan da aka samu, an aiwatar da gyaran lokaci na garken garke da culling na mutane marasa lafiya. 
Ajiye shanu na yau da kullum shine shayarwa na zamani na kiwon dabbobi, wanda zai ba da zarafi don inganta yawancin kayayyakin dabbobi.
Canja wuri zuwa tsarin tsaftacewa na aiki shi ne lokaci mai cinyewa da kuma haifar da gagarumar damuwa ga dabbobi, saboda haka, kafin gabatarwa da tsarin, dole ne a shirya dabbobi, masu kulawa da kayan aiki. In ba haka ba, kokarin da kuɗin da aka kashe ba zai kawo sakamakon da ake sa ran ba.
