Monarda shine shuka fure na ornamental daga Iasnatkovye iyali. Arewacin Amurka shine mahaifarta, amma don ƙarni da yawa an inganta nasarar monarda a cikin lambunan Eurasia. Wadannan furanni suna iya yin ado da wuri mai faɗi a cikin yanayin al'ada. Ana amfani da dangin oregano, monarda kuma ana amfani dashi azaman kayan yaji ko kuma azaman kayan abinci a cikin shayi na ganye. Yawancin nau'ikan suna da mint da lemun tsami mai tsami, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa aka fi sani da monarda a matsayin “fure-fure bishopot,” Indian nettle ”,“ lemon mint ”ko“ balm mai ƙanshi ”. Gaskiyar cewa monarda ma unpretentious a cikin kulawa, ya sa ya fi girma shuka ga lambu mai son.
Bayanin Shuka
Monarda ne zamanin rhizome. Ana yin wakilcin roundasa ta ƙasa da rauni mai rauni, tetrahedral harbe 60-90 cm tsayi .. Ana lura da ɗanɗano, mawuyacin halin damuwa a saman su. An rufe tushe mai tushe tare da lanceolate mai kyau ko fure mai launi mai launi mai haske. Ganyayyaki suna kan guntun petioles gaban. Tsawon takardar ya kasance 6-15 cm, tare da faɗin of 3 cm cm 7. An nuna tukwicin ganyen.
A watan Yuni-Satumba, fi na harbe an yi wa ado da manyan inflorescences-kwanduna. Girman dutsen kowane shine 6-7 cm.Kuran furanni masu launuka masu launuka masu tsayi tare da dogayen fure, mai laushi ana taruwa a cikin waɗanda suke. Launin furannin na iya zama lilac, purple, ja ko shunayya.
Furanni, ganyayyaki har ma da tushen tsiro exude ƙanshi mai daɗi, wanda ya ƙunshi cakuda ƙanshin lemun tsami, tart bergamot da Mint. Bayan pollination, 'ya'yan itãcen ripen - bushe kwayoyi, wanda ripen, crack cikin 2 ganye. Tsaba na iya yin girma cikin shekaru 3 bayan girbi.
Iri da nau'ikan monarda
Monarda yana wakiltar nau'ikan tsire-tsire 22. Manyan sune:
Monard ninki biyu. Yawan tsiroran herbaceous yana girma daga 70-150 cm a tsayi. Ya na da tsayi, tushen shimfiɗa, wanda akan sa, pubescent mai tushe ya tashi. Haske mai haske mai launin kore an yi wa ado da tsarin launin ruwan hoda. Ana nuna ganye mai launin oval mai ban sha'awa a ƙarshen, kuma akan bangon an rufe shi da tari mai ƙyalli. A watan Yuni, kumburi inflorescences na Lilac ko violet launi Bloom a fi na harbe. Durin su shine cm cm 3-4 Kowane ya ƙunshi furanni tubular 30 tsawonsa. Saboda tsananin ƙanshi, wannan nau'in ana kiransa “shayi mai wartsakewa”, “gwal mai tsami zinare” ko “kudan zuma bisgamot”.
Monarda duodenum (tubular). Perennial tare da fibrous tushen tsarin ke tsiro branched mai tushe har zuwa 110 cm tsawo. Daga Yuli zuwa Satumba, fi da aka yi wa ado da burge inflorescences har zuwa 5 cm a diamita. Petals an fentin fari ko burgundy. Furanni sun fitar da kamshi na ɗamara mai daɗin yaji. Namijin kyakkyawan shuka ne na zuma kuma ana amfani dashi azaman magani da kayan yaji.
Lemun tsami Monarda. Perennials 15-80 cm tsayi an rufe su da duhu kore lanceolate foliage. Smallan ƙaramin ƙoshin inflorescences na lilac hue suna da ƙanshin citrus. Yana blooms a ko'ina cikin bazara.
Monarda ne matasan. A ƙarƙashin wannan sunan, ana tara ɗakuna da yawa waɗanda suke bisa tushen monad da bifida. Iri:
- Scarlett - a tsaye siririn bushes har zuwa 90 cm high Bloom a watan Yuli-Agusta tare da m capitate inflorescences na ruwan hoda, haske mai haske ko shunayya mai haske (diamita har zuwa 7 cm);
- Mahogany wata shuka ce wacce take da matsakaici tare da inflorescences mai duhu, adonsu mara iyaka shine ya juya kuma ya riga ya fara bazara;
- Elsiz lavender - harbe har zuwa 1 m high ana yin ado da tsananin lavender inflorescences;
- Kwallon murfi - lokacin farin ciki mai tushe har zuwa 40 cm tsayi an kambi da ƙwallan lush na ruwan gwal mai launi;
- Schneewittchen - wani tsiro har zuwa 1.5 m high narke mai siffar fure snow-fararen furanni;
- Lambada - shruban itacen da ke cikin lush har zuwa 90 cm tsayi an rufe shi da furanni ruwan hoda ko furanni tare da lemun tsami.
Shuka tsire-tsire
Monarda yana yaduwa ta iri da tsire-tsire. A cikin lokacin kawai, shuka yana samar da tsaba da yawa. Su za a iya shuka don shuka ko kuma nan da nan a cikin ƙasa buɗe. Ta wannan hanyar, dodannin halittu na yaduwa, tunda ba a yada wasu haruffa. A cikin Kudancin ƙasar, ana shuka tsaba a ƙarshen Fabrairu nan da nan a cikin ƙasa bude. Kafin narkewa, za su sami lokaci don wucewa cikin ɓarna, kuma a watan Afrilu farkon harbe zai bayyana. Kafin dasa shuki, ana cire dusar ƙanƙara kuma an shuka tsaba zuwa zurfin 2.5 cm. Hakanan, masu lambu suna yin lambobin girmamawa a cikin hunturu. Duk hanyoyin guda biyu suna da dacewa. A watan Mayu, kawai kuna buƙatar fitar da seedlings ko dasa shuki daga tsire-tsire don gonar furen ta fi uniform. Seedlings zai Bloom ne kawai bayan shekara guda.
Don samun tsire-tsire masu ƙarfi, zaku iya shuka seedlings. Tuni a cikin Janairu, ana shuka tsaba a cikin kwantena tare da cakuda ƙasa mai yalwata peat. Zurfin shuka 20-25 mm. An rufe akwatinan da tsare kuma an sanya shi cikin wuri mai cike da hasken wuta tare da zazzabi na + 20 ... + 22 ° C. Bayan makonni 2-3, harbe na farko ya bayyana. Bayan haka, an cire matsuguni. Lokacin da growa thean tsiro suka girma ganye na 2 na gaskiya, ana daskare su cikin tukwane daban-daban ko akwatuna tare da nisan 3-4 cm.
Don yaduwar monetetal monarda, yi amfani da hanyoyin grafting da rarrabe daji. Perennials shekaru 3-4 sun dace da wannan hanyar. A cikin rabin rabin bazara, an haye daji har saiwoyin, saiwoyin suke tsoma cikin ruwa sannan aka 'yantar da su daga turɓayar ƙasa. Yin amfani da kaifi mai kaifi, an yanka rhizome cikin gunduwa-gunduwa. Wuraren yanka da aka yayyafa da gawayi. Delenki ana shuka su nan da nan cikin rami, matattarar ƙasa ana shayar da ita sosai.
Green harbe har sai an yanke buds cikin yanke. Yakamata su 2-4auke da zanen gado 2-4. Ana yanke ƙananan ƙananan ganye gaba ɗaya, kuma faranti na ganye na gajarta ta 1/3. Tushen tushe a cikin kwantena tare da yashi. Tsire-tsire suna rufe da m tafiya da kuma sanya shi a cikin daki mai dakin da yawan zafin jiki da haske na yanayi. Bayan makonni 2-3, sai ya yanke tsiron. Har zuwa Agusta, suna girma a cikin kwantena, sannan kuma a watsa su cikin ƙasa. Idan ana aiwatar da yaduwar ciyayi a ƙarshen bazara, seedlings ba zai da lokacin girma da ƙarfi don hunturu, saboda haka suna girma cikin kwantena har sai lokacin bazara mai zuwa.
Ginin waje da kulawa
A cikin lambun don monarda, an zaɓi yanki, rana. Wataƙila za ta iya girma kullum kuma cikin inuwa m. Da muhimmanci a buƙaci kariya a kan zayyana. Dasa ƙasa ya kamata ya zama haske da tsabtace ruwa. Ana fifita lemun tsami A cikin kaka, an gina gado na gaba na gaba, an cire ciyayi da peat, taki ko takin, superphosphate da lemun tsami da aka kara a ƙasa. Lokacin dasawa, seedlings suna yin takin nitrogen.
Ana shuka ƙwayoyin seedlings na Monarda a cikin ƙasa buɗe a ƙarshen Afrilu. Game da yanayin sanyi na ɗan gajeren lokaci, ba zai sha wahala ba, saboda yana da ikon jure sanyaya zuwa -5 ° C. Nisa tsakanin bushes ɗin yakamata ya zama 60 cm ko fiye. Nan gaba, kowane shekaru 3-4, an raba biyun monard. Yayi girma sosai, yayi kauri sosai kuma yana rasa tasirin ado.
Babban kulawa da monarda shine shayarwa na yau da kullun, weeding da kuma miya. A lokacin rani, ana shayar da shi sau biyu a mako, kuma cikin tsananin zafi kowace rana. Wajibi ne cewa ruwan ba ya faɗuwa a kan ƙananan inflorescences kuma yana da lokaci don zurfi cikin ƙasa. Don haka da ƙasa ba a ɗauke ta ɓawon burodi bayan ruwa, an mulched da peat ko sawdust.
Plantsanan tsire-tsire masu saurin lalacewa ga ciyawa, don haka weeding na yau da kullun shine mabuɗin don ƙirƙirar ciyawa, daji mai yaduwa. Wannan hanya kuma za ta ba da damar isa ga iska a cikin tushen.
Daga dasa kanta har faɗuwar, ana ciyar da dutsen sau biyu a wata. An bada shawara don amfani da hadaddun ma'adinai don tsire-tsire na fure. Sau da yawa a shekara, ana aiwatar da suturar kai tare da cakuda kwayoyin halitta ("Mullein").
Monarda yana da tsayayya ga sanyi har zuwa -25 ° C, saboda haka da wuya yana buƙatar tsari. Don hunturu, bushe mai tushe ana bada shawarar kada a girbe shi. Za su daskarar da dusar ƙanƙara kuma za su kare rhizome daga daskarewa. A yankuna na arewacin, bugu da ƙari an rufe daji da kayan da basu saka ba. A cikin bazara samar da pruning busassun harbe.
Monarda ne m zuwa mil powderw powdery. Mafi sau da yawa, cutar tasowa tare da kasa isasshen watering. 'Yan lambu suna yaƙar ta da fungicides ko magunguna na mutane: ya isa a tsarma madara miliyan 120 a cikin ruwa 1 na ruwa da fesa harbe tare da mafita. Ana aiwatar da irin wannan hanya ba kawai don magani ba, har ma don rigakafin. Hakanan, shuka yana iya fama da ƙirar taba da tsatsa. A wannan yanayin, an yanke hanyoyin da abin ya shafa kuma sun lalace.
Ganyayyaki masu kamshi da furanni da kansu kan jawo kwari masu cutarwa, don haka ba lallai ne a kare dutsen daga kwari ba. An dasa shi koda kusa da sauran tsire-tsire azaman maganin kashe kwari na ɗabi'a.
Yin amfani da monarda
A cikin zane mai faɗi, ana amfani da monarda a cikin lambun fure mai hade da nau'in halitta, da kuma a cikin rukuni na solo, rukuni, da ragi. Abokai don tsire-tsire a cikin lambu na iya zama phlox, echinacea, lilac, delphinium, chamomile da aster.
Godiya ga m, ƙanshi mai daɗi, ana amfani da monarda a dafa abinci. An haɗa shi don adanawa, marinade nama, salatin bazara, shayi. Ana amfani da man na Monardic don kula da fata, mayar da abun mai mai na al'ada, sabuntawa, da sautin sama. Ana amfani da inhalation tare da mai da kayan kwalliya daga ganyayyaki don atherosclerosis, kafofin watsa labarai na otitis, sinusitis, huhu da matsalolin narkewa.
An shaye-shaye na lalatattun abubuwa masu tushe da mai tushe na taimaka wa matayen gida su rabu da baƙin fata a jikin bangon gidaje. Ya isa ya fesa tufka da wani shiri mai daɗi ko ƙara shi cikin farin fararen naman da naman gwari zai ɓace na dogon lokaci.
