Duk game da bacteriosis innabi: iri, alamu, magani

Kamar kowane kyakkyawan halitta na halitta, ana amfani da itacen inabi a madadin tsirrai macroorganismsda nufin mayar da hankali game da samar da muhimmancinta.

Wadannan ƙwayoyin cuta ne da kwayoyin cuta, daɗin fungi, kwari da tsuntsaye. Kuma kawai mutum zai iya taimakawa ga gwargwadon duniyar don ya tsira a wannan gwagwarmayar rayuwa.

Wadanne yanayi ne ke haifar da cutar?

Halin haɗari ga inabõbi:

1. Yanayin rikitarwa girma (ƙasa mai lalacewa, fari, yanayin zafi a cikin dare da hunturu, ruwan sama mai tsawo, iska mai ƙarfi).
2. Low agrofone (rashin ruwa, takin mai, wucewa ko rashin abubuwan da aka gano a cikin ƙasa, ba tare da biyan kuɗi ba, weeding, rashin tallafi, cin zarafin lokacin girbi).
3. Cizon kwari, parasitic a kan tushen, ganye, stalks da 'ya'yan itatuwa na shuka.
4. Ƙunƙasa kwayoyin, haifar da cututtuka na fungal, wanda ke haifar da raguwa da manyan magunguna na shuka da mutuwa.
5. Ƙungiyoyin unicellular - kwayoyin da ke haifar da cututtuka da dama na ganyayyaki.
6. A tiniest wadanda ba salon salula pathogens - ƙwayoyin cuta.

Kwayar inabi na da karfi don samar da tsarin rigakafi na mutum, kuma mutumin da ke cikin zaɓin yana kokarin inganta rigakafi na shuka zuwa iri-iri na cututtuka na al'ada domin wannan al'ada.

Kayan bacteriosis innabi

Bacteria sune kwayoyin halitta marasa tsohuwar duniya a duniya wanda ya zama sananne ne ga mutum kawai a cikin karni na 19 kuma an classified su ne cutarwa da amfani. Abinda suke wakilci a cikin yanayin ba shi da iyaka. Sakamakon su shine "'yan ƙasa na duniya".

Kwayoyin cuta suna motsawa tare da flagella, nutsewa da tanwatse cikin taya, kuma sukan haifar da ƙungiyoyi. Ta hanyar hulɗa da iska an rarrabe su a matsayin mairobic da anaerobic.

Suna da nau'o'in iri iri: ta rarraba ko tsari na jima'i. Bugu da ƙari, gudun hawan su da yin sulhu yana da kyau sosai cewa kamuwa da cuta tare da kwayoyin halitta na kwayoyin cuta ya faru a cikin wani al'amari na sa'o'i.

Ya danganta da siffar kwayoyin, sun zabi wani hanya na abin da aka makala a jikin jikin mai bayarwa don shayarwa na gina jiki.Idan akwai rashi daga cikinsu, da magungunan, a cikin ƙoƙari na ƙara yankin abinci, ya haifar da sabon cigaba - outgrowths. Hadawa a cikin yankuna, kwayoyin halittu sun kasance a matsayin kwayoyin halittu marasa amfani.

Ayyukan masu ba da amfani da bacteriosis a cikin inabi suna:

• bacteriaceae - iyalin saprophytic, lambobi fiye da 100; da kyau kiyaye su a cikin ƙasa, da ruwa, a kan tsire-tsire;
• pseudomonadaceae - mobile ƙasa microorganisms, shuka pathogens; synthesize a fluorescent pigment, wanda ya sa su gaban m; kowa a ko'ina;
• mycobacteriaceae - sanda-kamar, Branching a matasa shuke-shuke pathogens, rayuwa a cikin ƙasa; resistant zuwa alcohols da acid.

Domin inganta tsarin dabarun sarrafawa, an gano pathogens na inabai ta yin amfani da su hanyoyi:

• serological (bincike na magance rikice-rikice na kwayar cutar);
• biochemical (bincike na metabolism na kwayoyin amfani da alamun);
• physiological (bincike na hanyar da abinci da metabolism);
• parasitological (bincike akan ƙayyadadden bayarwa);
• nazarin halittu (bincike game da tsari da kungiya na kwayoyin kwayoyin halitta).

Kwayoyin cuta halin kamar:

• yanayi;
• na kullum.

Alamar halayyar alamar bacteriological na shuka ita ce takin shaida na ganye, berries, ridges da stalks. Ƙofofin ƙoƙarin kamuwa da cuta sune ginshiƙan ganye ko ganye, da kuma lalacewa da kwari ke haifarwa.

Hotuna

Kwayoyin cuta na raunuka, nau'yansu da kuma matakan tsaro

1. Necrosis na kwayan cuta (Kwayoyin cuta, cututtukan lafiya) - cututtukan ƙasa na daji. Kwayar na iya, bayan wani lokaci mai tsawo na aiki mai mahimmanci na kwayoyin cuta, ya bayyana kanta a matsayin fashewa da aka haifar da farkon spring frosts.

   Alamun shan kashi:

   • bayyanar launin fata baƙar fata a cikin jikin takardar, tare da iyakoki mai launin fata;
   • canzawa a cikin inflorescences na furanni na al'ada da kuma duhu;
   • rashin rai na ƙananan buds a farkon kakar girma, babba suna ba kananan ganye tare da alamun chlorosis (yellowing);
   • raguwa a cikin nodes (a sakamakon sakamakon fragility) na kananan harbe;
   • bushewa da harbe.

   Matakan sarrafawa:

   • jiyya tare da bayani na 5% na Bordeaux taya ko kuma sulfur shirye-shirye a farkon alamun kamuwa da cuta;
   • magani maimaitawa tare da wannan bayani, amma 2% taro, bayan bayyanar ganye;
   • An ba da shawarar yin amfani da tsire-tsire ba tare da damuwa ba don a tumɓuke su.

   Ana iya haifar da necrosis ta hanyar rashi a cikin potassium da magnesium a cikin ƙasa, sanyi, da kuma nunawa ga hayaki mai guba. A wannan yanayin, ana dauke da necrosis a matsayin marasa ciwo, kuma kawar da shi zai iya samar da canji a cikin agrophone.

2. Berry bacteriosis wata cuta ce daga 'ya'yan itatuwa daga farkon lokacin da suka samu (rashin amincin fata ba shi da mahimmanci).

   Kamuwa da cuta na berries yana faruwa ne kawai, ba tare da shafi dukan goge ba, a mataki na maturation sabon kamuwa da cuta ba ya dace. Rashin haɗari yana barazana da yanayin zafi, da farko berries inabi daga gefen gefen daji.

   Alamun shan kashi:

   • bayyanar a karkashin fata na har yanzu wuya berries na karamin haske rawaya spot;
   • da canji na tabo a cikin deepening na launin ruwan kasa-m launi, miƙa tare da tsawon berries;
   • saurin bushewa da kayan kirki, wanda aka kafa ɓangaren litattafan;
   • lokacin da cutar ta shiga wani sabon mataki, da Berry ta kafe a cikin kwanaki 5-7.

   
   Matakan sarrafawa:

   • kariya daga 'ya'yan itatuwa daga kunar rana a jiki da kuma lalacewar inji;
   • hadedde kwaro iko, tareda žata da mutunci na berries;
   • phytoquarantine.

   Kwayoyin da za su iya magance kwayoyin cutar Bacillus viticola Burgv basu riga sun ci gaba ba.

3. Cutar Pierce ita ce kamuwa da kwayar cuta na pathogenic pathogenic bushes, wanda ke da alamun gonakin inabi na Arewacin Amirka da kudu maso gabashin Turai. Masu sufuri ne cicadas.

   Ka'idar shan kashi: yin sulhu a cikin tasoshin itace, sakamakon haka - ƙullun tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire. Misalan samfurori da suke samuwa ga maharan sune fiye da 100 nau'in, ciki har da itatuwan daji, shrubs, da ganye.

   Alamun shan kashi:

   • rani na rani saboda bushewa daga farantin launi daga gefuna zuwa tsakiya na tsakiya;
   • taqaitaccen internodes a kan matasa harbe;
   • musamman low tsanani na shoot girma;
   • spots bayyana a kan harbe (haske ko rawaya, a yanayin sanyi - baki);
   • hadewar harufi, furanni da ovaries sun fadi;
   • Rayuwar wani itacen inabi mai cin gashin kai shine iyakar shekaru 3.

   Matakan sarrafawa:

   • mai kyau a zaɓi na dasa kayan a lokacin kwanciya gonar inabinsa;
   • phytoquarantine;
   • don jinkirta ci gaba da cutar na wata shida: zalunta da itacen inabi (sau ɗaya a kowane mako 2) tare da maganin oxytetracycline wanda ke aikata bacteriostatically (toshe tsarin tsarin haifuwa na kwayoyin cuta);
   • ta hanyar ƙaddamar da ƙwayar miyagun ƙwayoyi daga 50 ppm zuwa 500, zaka iya ƙara rayuwar shuka har zuwa shekaru 2.

   Kullun cutar ta bambanta da lalacewar oidium saboda yana kwantar da ɓangaren leaf, kuma bacteriosis ya shiga zurfi cikin ɓangaren ɓangaren shuka.

4. Kwayar cuta ta kwayar cutar - wani mummunar haɗin gwiwar ya haifar da lumpy, hanyoyi masu sauri a kan inabin. Wannan jinsin da aka haifa wanda DNA ta canza jikin kwayoyin halitta.

   Wanda zai iya cutar da cutar - Agrobacterum vitis zai iya jurewa a cikin jiki na dogon lokaci, yana samuwa daga ƙasa a lokacin tsari don hunturu, ko kuma aukuwa na yanayi masu hasara: mummunan rauni na shuka saboda lalacewar thermal, lalacewar injiniya ko mamayewa na kwari.

   Dalilin da ya raunana rigakafin sune:

   • hunturu sanyi da wuya a canja shi ta hanyar shuka;
   • wuce gona da iri a cikin ƙasa, saboda rashin kulawa da ciyarwa;
   • raunin raunuka.

   Rubutun da aka lalata azaman alamar ta hanyar ɓoye na musamman game da abin da ya faru. Kwayoyin cuta suna ɗaukar wannan siginar, ƙungiya ta raɗaɗi a kusa da yankin da ya shafa. Alamomin lalacewa sune m ko bayyana lokaci-lokaci, yawanci a cikin yanayi maras kyau:

   • zubar da ovary;
   • rage yawan farashin karuwar ba tare da wani dalili ba;
   • bayyanar a kan ganyen wani gefen bushewa;
   • lalacewar bayyanar da dandano 'ya'yan itace;
   • tushen asara ta seedlings;
   • tsumburai iri na seedlings.

   Haka kuma cutar ta bayyana karshen lokacin rani a lokacin da itacen inabi mai ban sha'awa ya bayyana a kan itacen inabi mai ban sha'awa (kwanan nan an lura da shi a shekara-shekara) na mazugi mai sauri: na farko tare da girman wake, sa'an nan tare da babban apple da sauransu. Tumar ke tsiro a cikin jiki, yana raguwa da tsire-tsire na na gina jiki, wanda ya rage girma, 'ya'yan itace,' ya'yan itatuwa masu laushi. Girmancin shuka ya ci gaba da ci gaba da ciwon ƙwayar cutar, daji ya bushe ya mutu.

Rigakafin

Tun da tsire-tsire da aka lalace yana da hatsarin kamuwa da kamuwa da cuta, dole ne a aiwatar da dukkanin matakan fasaha da matuƙar kulawa, ƙoƙari ya adana amincin ɗakunan gonar inabi da tsinkaye na jiki.

Dokokin Sanitary:

1. Kada ku dasa sabon shuka zuwa wuri na tayar da marigayin daga kwayoyin cuta (kwayoyin suna ajiyayyu a ƙasa kuma suna jira sabon mai shi). Cike da tsire-tsire don ƙone.
2. Kada ku girbi kayan shuka daga tashar da aka shafi.
3. Samun kayan dasawa don gudanar da kayan aikin kiwon lafiya na musamman, ba tare da kamuwa da cuta ba.
4. Kafin dasa shuki, shuki tsaba har zuwa minti 40 a cikin zafi (53 ° C) ruwa ko gwangwani tare da tushe.
5. Cuttings kafin dasa shuki don gudanar da thermotherapy na tsawon awa 30 a cikin ruwan zafi (35 ° C).
6. Tsare shukar daji don gudanar da sabanin mai kyau, ya shafe shi da barasa ko jan karfe sulfate kafin ya koma wani shuka.
7. Yanke lalacewar daji, ya ga an yanke shi don rike 2% bayani na jan karfe sulfate da farar lambun.
8. Shirin daji don hunturu don gudanar da aikin ba tare da aiyuka ba, kiyaye adalcin murfin kuma ba tare da saduwa kai tsaye na itacen inabi tare da ƙasa ba. Bi da nitrafen.
9. Don neman girbi, kada ku yi amfani da shuka, saboda kada ku bar shi don hunturu ya raunana ko ya ji rauni.
10. Tsayawa don kare cututtuka na fungal wadanda suke raunana tsarin tsarin inabi.
11. Ya kamata a tuna cewa kawar da dew a cikin bazara (katarovka) - hanya ce ta tsokar da ciwon daji na kwayan cuta.
12. Inabi ba sa son alamar ruwa, ruwa mai zurfi - hadarin cutar.

Shin inabi suna da rigakafi ga kwayoyin pathogenic.

Matakan lalacewar ciyawar innabi an ƙaddara a cikin masana'antu daga maki 3:

• rashin talauci ga pathogen pathogen - 1 aya;
• yana da kwanciyar hankali - 2 maki;
• mafi yawan mai saukin kamuwa ga pathogen - 3 maki.

Ƙungiyar farko ta fi sau da yawa sun haɗa da interspecific da intraspecific hybrids, irin su:

• Aligote;
• Anafa da wuri;
• Bastardo;
• Fyaucewa;
• Codrean;
• Muromets;
• Tayfi ruwan hoda:
• Abubuwan haruffa;
• Crystal;
• Matasa da sauransu

Musamman iri

Za a yi la'akari mafi yawan iri iri:

• Saba lu'u-lu'u;
• White kishmish;
• Farfesa Magaracha;
• Abubuwan da ke faruwa;
• Ƙari da sauransu.

Daga cikin 'ya'yan inabi na ganyayyaki sun inganta, wanda aka samo su daga cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, a lokacin dasawa an sa su akan cututtuka na kwayan cuta ("Augustine"). Amma, a zahiri, 'ya'yan inabi suna da matukar damuwa ga yaduwar kwayoyin cuta, kuma, musamman, ga ciwon daji - ba a gyara ba.