Masara iri

Ba kome ba ne cewa masara aka kira "Sarauniya na gona" a wani mataki na tarihin dogon lokaci na kasarmu. Wannan hakika abu ne mai matukar amfani kuma mai amfani, amma mutane kaɗan sun sani cewa tsawon shekaru dubu biyar, mutum ya samar da yawan gaske na irin wannan ciyawa (fiye da ɗari biyar a Rasha kadai!) Yayinda yake dandanowa a dandano, launi, fashewa, aikace-aikacen da yawa wasu sigogi. Ka yi la'akari kawai da wasu daga cikin shahararrun mutane.

Abubuwan:

• Waxy
• Hakori-kamar
• Siliceous (India)
• Tsamara (mealy, taushi)
• Bursting
• Filmy

Masara mai dadi

Sunan Latin shine Zea mays saccharata.

Sugar, mai dadi ko, kamar yadda aka kira shi, masarar kiwo shine mafi yawan yawan masara. Kwayar wannan shuka shine rawaya, launi zai iya zama mafi ko ƙasa da cikakken, daga fari zuwa orange. Ƙaramin kunne, shine ya fi launin launi. Tun da masara mai dadi yayi girma kusan a duk faɗin duniya kuma ya hada da nau'o'in iri iri iri da iri iri, to ba daidai ba ne a yi magana sosai game da irin nauyin hatsi: mafi yawancin lokuta suna da alaka kaɗan, amma suna da kusan zagaye, suna nunawa har ma da mai lankwasa a siffar baki. Girman girbi suna kimanin 2.2 x 1.7 cm. Babban fasalin nau'in, kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, shine babban abun ciki na sukari. Dangane da nau'o'in iri-iri da digiri, yawanta ya bambanta tsakanin 6-12%.

Yana da muhimmanci! Dole ne a tattara kullun masara kafin a kammala su kuma a lokaci guda dafa su da sauri. Bayan samfurin ya fara dan kadan, sugar a cikin shi ya juya cikin sitaci, haɓaka yana da ƙarfi kuma ya zama ƙasa da dadi. Akwai wasu iri-iri masu ban sha'awa, wanda, idan ba a dafa su da gangan, sun zama ainihin roba, sun zama ba za su yiwu ba.

Gaba ɗaya, wannan nau'in amfanin gona ke tsiro kusan a cikin dukan duniya, inda yanayin hawan yanayi zai yiwu ya girma wannan shuka mai zafi, amma kasashe goma da suka fi girma a wannan yanki sun haɗa da:

1. Amurka na Amurka.
2. Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin.
3. Brazil.
4. Argentina.
5. Ukraine
6. Indiya
7. Mexico
8. Indonesia
9. Afirka ta Kudu.
10. Romania.

Akwai amfani guda uku na masara mai dadi:

• cin abinci da dafa abinci daban-daban;
• shirye-shirye a cikin tsari na adana ko daskarewa;
• aiki cikin gari.

Muna ba da shawara ka fahimtar kanka da siffofin dasa da kula da masara a gonar.

A kan iri iri iri mai masara, zaka iya rubuta littattafan, musamman, daga waɗannan nau'o'in da aka samu nasarar ci gaba a tsakiyar layi, zai zama da daraja a faɗi:

• farkon hybrids (tsawon lokaci - 65-75 days) - "Dobrynya", "Voronezh 80-A", "Hotuna na farko 401", "Sundance" ("dance dance") da "Super Sundance" (F1), "Ruhu" (F1 ), Nectar mai cin gashi (F1), Tsarin (F1), Gwa (F1), Sheba (F1), Labari (F1), Mai Ruwan jini, Muddin Ice-Nectar;
• tsakiyar hybrids (tsawon shekaru 75-90) - "Fuskar Allah na 1822", "Merkur" (F1), "Bonus" (F1), "Megaton" (F1), "Fifa" (F1), "Krasnodar", "Krasnodar" sugar 250, Don tsayi, Pioneer, Boston (F1), ko Syngenta;
• marigayi hybrids (tsawon shekaru 90-95) - "Ice nectar", "Saurin sau uku", "Gourmet 121", "Kuban sugar", "Athlete 9906770", "Polaris".

Yana da muhimmanci! Dole ne a ce cewa daga cikin yawan ƙwayar masara da aka girma a duniya, rabon Zea mays saccharata na asusun ne kawai fiye da rabi bisa dari, wanda a cikin adadi marasa adadi na kasa da miliyan tara! Babban sashi na albarkatun gona an ware shi don abinci da masana'antu (don samar da sitaci, gari, hatsi) iri.

Waxy

Sunan Latin shine Maza Maize ko Zeda mays ceratina.

Launi da siffar hatsi na iya zama daban, rawaya, fari, ja, amma idan a wasu nau'o'in masara da farin fari, bisa ga daidaitattun, ba a yarda da kashi biyu cikin dari na sauran launi ba, to, nau'in iri iri ne wanda ba shi da mahimmanci: ƙofar ta karu zuwa 3%.

Alamar waxy na da nisa, dangane da irin wannan shuka ba za'a iya dasawa a gaba da wasu iri ba, amma har ma don hana haɗin hatsi a lokacin girbi da ajiya. Da farko, wannan jinsin ya samo asali daga maye gurbin maye gurbin, lokacin da, saboda sauyawa a wasu yanayi na waje, wani ɓangaren wx din ya bayyana a cikin shuka. A karo na farko irin wannan maye gurbi an rubuta a kasar Sin, duk da haka, tare da sauyin yanayi, yana ƙara faruwa a wasu yankuna. A cikin shekara ta 1908, J. Farnham, wani mai bada agaji na Church Reformed Church, ya aika da hatsi daga kasar Sin zuwa Amurka, amma ba a sami rarraba mai yawa ba: Abin baƙin ciki, kamar dukkanin maye gurbi na halitta, maixy maize yana nuna rashin amfani sosai idan aka kwatanta da wasu nau'in masara, mafi sau da yawa ya mutu kuma yana ba da karami.

Babban alama na masarar waxy shine nau'i na nama guda biyu kewaye da amfrayo (endosperm), wanda ya sa hatsi ya bayyana, kamar dai an rufe shi da wani takalma na kakin zuma. A ciki, wannan masana'anta yana da tsari mai laushi, wanda ya ba da sitaci irin wannan masara da maɗaurai na musamman.

Saboda matsaloli tare da kiwo, masarar waxy ba ta girma akan irin wannan girman kamar, misali, dental. Babban yanki na samar da masana'antu shi ne Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin.

Babban manufar maxy maize shine samar da sita, abun da ke ciki da halaye shi ne babban amfani da wannan nau'in. Saboda haka, a kowane irin masarar masara da aka hada da amylopectin da amylose a cikin wani rabo kimanin 7: 3, yayin da Maze Mai Aminiya kusan kusan 100%. Saboda wannan, wannan nau'in ya ba da gari mafi kyau.

Shin kuna sani? Masanan kimiyya na Amirka daga Illinois Hatfield da Bramen sun gudanar da gwaje-gwaje game da yadda ake amfani da iri iri iri akan ci gaban dabbobin gona kuma sunzo ne ga ma'anar ban mamaki: lokacin da aka maye gurbin masara mai mahimmanci tare da waxy, yawancin abincin yau da kullum a cikin raguna da shanu sun inganta mahimmanci a farashin abinci, yayin kamar sauran dabbobi (ciki har da aladu) ba su nuna wani kyakkyawan sakamako ga irin wannan canji ba.

Abin sha'awa shine, sitaciyar masarar waxy zai iya bambanta da sauran nau'in masarar masara ta hanyar yin gwaji mai sauƙi tare da iodine. Samfurin da aka samo daga Maidin Maize zai ba da bayani mai yalwaccen potassium a matsayin mai launin ruwan kasa, yayin da sitaci daga wasu nau'o'in zai juya zane mai haske.

Yawan nau'in Maidin Maize yana da iyakance, kuma bambance-bambance tsakanin su basu da yawa. Saboda haka, daga cikin shahararren irin wannan jinsin an kira Strawberry, Oakhakanskaya ja da Pearl. Dukansu sun kasance cikin tsaka-tsire-tsire-tsire iri iri, duk da haka, Strawberry ya tsufa kadan a baya fiye da Oakhanskaya da Nacre. Ana ba da alamun kwatankwacin iri iri a teburin.

Dole ne a ce cewa dukkanin abubuwa uku da ke sama suna da dandano mai kyau, don haka za'a iya amfani da su a cikin burodi, kuma ba kawai amfani da su don cire sitaci ba.

Hakori-kamar

Sunan Latin shine Zea mays indentata. Differs a cikin manyan hatsi na yawanci launin rawaya, tsawon kuma lebur tsari. Abun da ke kewaye da amfrayo yana da tsarin daban a wurare daban-daban na farfajiyar: a tsakiya da kuma a saman kernel, yana da sako-sako da ƙura, kuma a cikin bangarori. Lokacin da hatsi ya taso, halayyar halayyar tana bayyana a tsakiya, kamar haƙori (saboda haka sunan).

Sakamakon bambancin nau'in jinsin maɗaukaka ne sosai (musamman ma idan aka kwatanta da Maza Maize) da kuma yawan yawan rayuwa. Ganye yana da tsayi, mai karfi kuma mai matukar barga. Bugu da ƙari, yawan hatsi, shi ma yana samar da kundin shinge mai kyau.

Yana da muhimmanci! Masarar ƙwayoyi suna dauke da mafi riba daga ra'ayi na tattalin arziki, irin masara, don haka dukkanin ƙasashe-wadanda suke samar da irin wannan hatsi, wanda aka lissafa a sama, kada ka watsi da Zea mays indentata.

{Asar Amirka ta kasance shugaban} asashen duniya, wajen samar da masarakin ƙwayoyi. Zea mays indentata amfani da su ne mafi m:

• cin abinci;
• samun sitaci, gari, hatsi;
• ciyar da dabbobin gona;
• samar da giya.

Akwai nau'o'in Zea mays indentata da yawa, mafi yawa daga cikinsu suna da alamar marigayi ko matsakaici na ƙarshen marigayi (wannan shine dalilin da ya sa wannan yana tabbatar da cikakken juriya da yawan amfanin gona). An kwatanta bayanin wasu daga cikin wadannan nau'in a cikin tebur.

Siliceous (India)

Sunan Latin shine Zea Mays. Girman siffar yana zagaye, tip ɗin yana isar, tsarin shine m da santsi. Launi zai iya zama daban. Ƙarshen wuta a kan dukkan fuskar, sai dai don cibiyar, yana da ƙarfi, a tsakiya yana da foda da friable.

Don tsaftace hatsi masara zai taimaka na'urar da ake kira kruporushka, wanda za'a iya yin ta hannun.

Hannun musamman na wannan iri-iri shine babban sitacin abun ciki, amma a nan shi ke cikin tsari. Kamar ƙwayoyi na hakori, Zea Mays ya jawo albarka sosai kuma yana da dorewa, amma idan aka kwatanta da nau'in da aka rigaya, masara mai laushi ya fi sauri sauri. Wani bambanci irin nau'o'in Indiya shine rashin nauyin halayyar da ke cikin hatsi.

Zea Mays ya karu a duk faɗin duniya, amma babban mai sarrafa shi ne Amurka ta Amurka, kuma wannan nau'in ya fi girma a arewacin kasar.

Shin kuna sani? An ce cewa masarar farko da ta zo Turai ta kasance ta hanyar Zea Mays. Kuma ta karbi sunan "Indiya" saboda Columbus ya kawo shi daga Amurka, wanda, kamar yadda muka sani, babban kuskuren ya yi kuskure ga Indiya.

Babban filin aikace-aikace na masarar siliki shine samar da hatsi (hatsi, flakes, da sauransu). Duk da haka, a cikin m jiki, yana da kyau kwarai dandano kuma shi ne quite mai dadi.

Ya kamata mu kula da waɗannan nau'in masarar India:

Tsamara (mealy, taushi)

Sunan Latin shine Zea Mays Amylacea. Girman siffar yana zagaye, mai laushi sosai, tip din yana da kyau, farfajiyar mai santsi amma ba haske. Shugaban kansa yana da bakin ciki, amma hatsi suna da yawa. Launi yana fari ko rawaya.

Bincika mafi kyau iri na masara.

Wani ɓangaren wannan nau'in shine babban abu (mai zuwa 80%) abun ciki na sitaci mai laushi, mai yalwacin tayin embryo, powdery a fadin ƙasa, mai laushi. Squirrel a wannan masara kadan. Ripens, a matsayin mai mulkin, marigayi, amma ya kai gagarumar ci gaba kuma ya sami wani kyakkyawan taro mai duhu. An girma a jihohi na kudancin Amirka, har ma a kudancin Amurka, kusan ba a taba faruwa a wajen Amurka ba. Babban filin aikace-aikace shine samar da gari. (godiya ga sitaci mai laushi, wannan masara yana da sauki ga aikin masana'antu). Bugu da ƙari, an yi amfani da gilashi da gari daga masarar mai, kuma an yi amfani dashi don samar da barasa. A cikin tukunyar burodi kuma mai dadi sosai.

Bursting

Sunan Latin shine Zea mays everta. Halin kai na Zea mays Everta yana da nau'i biyu: shinkafa da lu'u-lu'u. Na farko jinsin ya bambanta ta wurin ƙarshen cob, a karo na biyu an kewaye shi. Launi zai iya zama daban-daban - rawaya, fari, ja, duhu mai duhu kuma har ma da taguwar.

Bincike wane iri iri ne mafi kyau don yin popcorn.

Sakamakon bambancin nau'in shine babban abun ciki mai gina jiki da tsarin hatsi. Nau'in da ke kewaye da amfrayo yana da wuya kamar gilashin da sosai lokacin farin ciki, kawai a cikin kusanci kusa da amfrayo akwai takarda mai launi. Wannan tsari ne na hatsi wanda ya sa shi ya fashe a yanayin halayen lokacin da yayi fushi, ya watsar da kwasfa a ƙarƙashin matsawan ruwa a cikin 'ya'yan itace. A sakamakon "fashewa", an cire ƙarshen ɓacin ciki, ta juya hatsi a cikin kututture mai launi na foda, sau da yawa ya fi girman girma fiye da ƙwayar masara. Shugabannin masara da yawa sun fi ƙasa da sauran nau'in masara, kuma hatsi suna da yawa.

A kan sikelin masana'antu, Zea mays everta ne aka samar a Amurka, amma kwanan nan wasu jihohin sun fara kula da wannan nau'in saboda yawancin shahararren popcorn.

Babban manufar wannan irin masara - hakika, samar da furanni na iska. Duk da haka, daga waɗannan nau'o'in yana yiwuwa don samar da gari ko hatsi.

Daga cikin shahararrun nau'o'in Zea mays ya kasance yana da daraja ya ambata irin wannan: "Cikin Miracle Cone" (rawaya da ja, na farko shine nau'o'in shinkafa, na biyu - sha'ir), "Ƙaramin Ruwa", "Red Arrow", "Harshen Fitila", "Luga-Lopai "," Zeya. " Halayen halayen su an jera a kasa.

Irin wannan irin masara mai tsami suna girma a Rasha, irin su Erlikon da Dnieper 925.

Filmy

Sunan Latin shine Zea mays tunicata.

Zai yiwu wannan shi ne irin masarar da ta fi dacewa. A cikin launi da siffar hatsi, ya bambanta kadan daga cobs saba da idanuwanmu, amma yanayin halayyar shi ne gaban wani ƙananan sikelin da ke rufe hatsi. Masu shayarwa suna nuna cewa an nuna mating a cikin phenotype na gene ku.

Shin kuna sani? Kudancin Amirka na iya zama wurin haifar da masarar fim, a kowane hali, an gano samfurori na farko a Paraguay a farkon karni na sha tara. Akwai fassarar da tsoffin Incas yayi amfani da wannan shuka a cikin ayyukan addini.

Ba zai yiwu a ci Zea mai yiwuwa ba, saboda yanayin tsarin, saboda haka ma'anar irin wannan masara bata samuwa a kan sikelin masana'antu. Bugu da ƙari, Amurka ta Kudu, an samo shuka a Afirka kuma ana amfani dashi a matsayin abincin man fetur. Saboda rashin rashin amfani da aikin girbi dangane da irin wannan masara ba a gudanar ba, sabili da haka, a kan kowane iri ba zai iya magana ba.

Gano lokacin da aka girbe hatsi don hatsi da kuma yadda za a adana masara ba tare da asara ba.

Saboda haka, batun "masara" yana da yawa kuma ya fi bambanci fiye da rawaya mai dadi, mai ban sha'awa a gida ko saya a bakin tekun Black Sea a watan Agusta. Ana amfani da wannan hatsi don yin sitaci da gari, an cire man daga cikin shi, an sanya giya da kuma biogas (ba a ambaci popcorn) ba, suna da kiwon kaji da sauran dabbobin gona, ciki har da shanu - kuma ga kowane daga cikin wadannan dalilai akwai mallaka, musamman iri iri.