Daga cikin dukkanin albarkatun masana'antu suna nada. Tabbas, ƙananan gonaki na musamman sun kasance na farko a cikin gonar su, amma masu gidan gidajen rani suna ɗaukar hankali a kansu. Mutane da yawa suna sha'awar aiwatar da auduga. Mun sami karin bayani game da abin da auduga yake da yadda yake kama da ita.
Brief description
Wannan shine sunan da aka saba amfani da ita don jinsin halittu wanda ya haɗa da nau'in iri iri. Sakamakon su ya fara tare da guda biyu - Indiya da Amurka. 
Duk wakilan wannan al'ada sune 'yan shekaru biyu ko' yan shekaru biyu. A tsawo za su iya kaiwa 2 m. Rhizome na ainihi ya ci gaba sosai, yana zuwa zurfin fiye da 30 cm.
A kan rawanin da ke ƙasa, a cikin ci gaban girma, rassan gefen (8-15) an kaddamar. An raba rassan zuwa girma da 'ya'yan itace. Na farko an samo a ƙasa daga tushe kuma ya fara a wani m kwana. Abincin ya wuce sama da su, kuskuren ƙananan shi ne karami. Yana kan su bayan bayyanar furanni furanni. 
Bar a cikin nau'in lobaye 3 ko 5 suna da matukar m, tare da talifin dabbar da ke gani akan su. A farkon iri, 'ya'yan itace sunyi girma daga sinus na 3-4 ganye, yayin da a baya iri sun bayyana a 5-7 a jere.
Yana da muhimmanci! Cotton sosai thermophilic. Kwayoyin suna cigaba da sauri a + 22 ° C ... + 24 ° C, yayin da budurwa da flowering suke bukata + 25 ° C ... + 30 ° C.
Ƙananan furanni daban-daban (launi mafi yawa ko launin rawaya) suna da furanni na 3-5 da na calyx mai sau biyu, inda aka fara yin amfani da takalma uku-lobed. A cikin watan Yuli-Satumba za ka ga yadda furanni ke buɗewa da safe, kuma kusa da abincin dare sukan juya dan kadan (zaka iya ganin furannin furanni a cikin hoto). 
Bayan launi ya canza zuwa m, furanni sun bushe kuma sun fadi. A watan Satumba da Oktoba, 'ya'yan itatuwa mai nau'i na nau'i na nau'i ko na zagaye na ripen. Zai yiwu har zuwa 200 irin wannan 'ya'yan itatuwa a daya daji.
Lokacin cikakke, ƙananan kwalliya da raguwa, tsaba 5-10 sun fadi daga ciki, an rufe shi da fiber 5-45 mm tsawo. Daga ɗaya akwatin cire daga 2 zuwa 10 g na raw.
Yan uwan auduga daga gidan Malvaceae sune Mallow, Stockrose, Hibiscus.
A cikin aikin noma, mafi muhimmanci shine nau'in auduga hudu:
- talakawa (shi ne Mexico);
- Peruvian;
- itace;
- ciyawa.
Zaɓin nau'in iri-iri ya dogara da yanayin yankin, inda suke girma irin nau'in auduga. A cikin Turai, Transcaucasus da tsakiyar Asiya, sun haɗu da al'adar gargajiya tare da tsayi da ƙananan fibers. Sauran jinsuna ga 'yancinmu ana daukar su "exotics".Shin kuna sani? Ana gyara nau'ikan iri iri ne kawai, amma an bunkasa su. Alal misali, a Ostiraliya, rabon su na amfanin gona shine fiye da 80%, kuma manoma sun kai wannan gagarumin a shekarar 2004.
Sanya cikin juyawa
Makullin girbi mai kyau shi ne amfani da alfalfa a cikin juyawa. Wannan al'ada ya inganta abun da ke ƙasa, yana taimakawa wajen tara humus. Bayan ta saukowa, ƙasa tana da kyau mai laushi, yanayin iska na al'ada a cikin babba.
Irin wannan "nau'in filin" yana kama da wannan: 6-7 gonaki don auduga suna "shirya" by 2-3 alfalfa massifs. Idan ba a shuka alfalfa ba, kada ka damu: duk hatsi da legumes na dauke da masu kyau a cikin yankin. Wannan kuma ya shafi sugar beets tare da masara. 
Ayyuka na shirye-shirye
Kafin shuka, ya kamata ka koyi game da inda, a kan kasa, auduga ke tsiro mafi kyau.
Zaɓin zaɓin zai zama ƙasar ba tare da gishiri "shinge ba." Ya kamata a binne zurfin ƙasa don zurfafawa - waterlogging ne wanda ba a ke so. Dole ne a kawo ƙasa zuwa yanayin da ake so daga kaka, a cikin matakai da yawa.
Yana da muhimmanci! Juyawa na shuka a cikin akwati na auduga ne mafi yawan amfanin gonar namun daji. Agronomists sun kirkiro cewa idan akwai "canji" tare da alfalfa, kimanin kashi 20 cikin dari na yawan ruwa da ake amfani dashi kuma kimanin 35% na takin mai magani ana ajiye su akan kulawa.
Shirya shiri
Irin waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru sun rage zuwa ga wadannan ayyuka:
- A karshen watan Oktoba da farkon watan Satumba, ƙasar da aka rarraba don albarkatun gona suna daɗaɗa. Anyi wannan ne bayan girbi alfalfa. Bugu da ƙari, an yi noma da sauƙi, ta hanyar 5-6 (a kan kasa mai nauyi - har zuwa 10). Yana da muhimmanci don cire sauran tsaba da weeds.
- Wannan yana biyo bayan babban lokacin kaka. An shirya plowshares na yanki guda biyu zuwa zurfin 40 cm.
- A cikin layi daya tare da noma, ana iya amfani da maganin herbicide. Hanyar ƙone ƙwayar da kuma rhizomes ana amfani dashi sosai.
- Ƙasar da aka yi salted an sake wanke shi kuma ya sake dawowa (tare da noma ko mai horarwa).
- Tsarin bazara yana farawa tare da damuwa biyu. A cikin yankuna da yanayin miki an yi shi a cikin shekaru na biyu na Fabrairu.
- Ƙasa marar yalwa yana cike da taki da ake bin ta.
- Matakan karshe shine "shinge" daga mai horarwa a zurfin mita 5-8.
Mutane da yawa manoma suna ciyar da hunturu na shayarwa, wanda yayi la'akari da ƙasa. Bayan irin wannan danshi a cikin bazara (ko da a gaban raɗaɗi), an yi aiki sosai. Wannan wata hanya ce wadda ba ta da gonaki a cikin zurfin 8-15 cm tare da shigarwa da har yanzu. 
Tsarin shirye
A halin yanzu yana da inganci mai kyau, nauyin abincin yanayin da ake tattara don sanyi. Sai kawai nau'ukan da aka zoned suna ba da girbi - "m" mutane ba za su tsira ba.
Shirye-shiryen suna yin amfani da su ta hanyar injiniya ko magunguna. Na farko shine don cire katanga (m ko cikakke). "Masana kimiyya" an rage zuwa jiyya tare da vafors na hydrochloric ko sulfuric acid.
Shin kuna sani? Cotton ya isa Turai amma marigayi - Helenawa sun kasance na farko da zasu gwada shi a shekara ta 350 BC. A Indiya, sun fara noma shuka mai amfani a karni na 7 BC, kodayake Masarawa, wadanda suka sarrafa aikinsa tun farkon tsakiyar karni na 3 BC, an dauki su ne dattawa.
Muhimmancin zafi da zafi-iska:
- Tsaba rike da iska tsawon kwanaki 20-30.
- Don maganin cututtuka na daukar trichlorophenol jan karfe ko 65% fentiuram (ba fiye da 12 kg / 1 t) ba.
- Kafin sowing, suna cikin cikin ruwa don awa 9-10. Wannan ƙwayar yana sauyawa sau da yawa ta hanyar wankewa (3 jiyya tare da tazarar 8-12). A wannan yanayin, nauyin tarin shida na kayan aiki na daukar ruwa 500-600 na ruwa.
Lokacin da shirye-shiryen sun gama, kuna buƙatar jira na zafin rana kuma ku fara shuka. 
Shuka tsaba
A ganiya ƙasa zazzabi don cin nasara shuka ne akalla + 12 ° C ... + 14 ° C. Kada ku yi sauri - a cikin ƙasa mai sanyi da tsaba zasu mutu kawai.
Tsarin samfurin ya dogara da hanyar da aka zaba, amma a kowane hali, jeri na jere ba shi da kasa da 60 cm. Ga misalai na irin wadannan makircinsu:
- 60x25 (manufa don yanayin da aka yi amfani dashi);
- 60x45 don rectangular-nested;
- 60x60 tare da hanyar ƙaddamarwa ta hanyar ɗakin tsakiya;
- shafi fadi-jere amfanin gona a cikin rabon 90x15 ("mataki" za a iya ƙara zuwa 20 ko 30 cm).
Yana da muhimmanci! Abincin kanta ya dogara ne da siginan shinge. Sabili da haka, hanya mai cinyewa ta aikin aiki (tare da kaucewa saman saman ƙasa na 5 cm) yana ba da kaya mai yawa ga asali na 3 quintals a kowace hectare.
A cikin kyau sanya 2-3 tsaba, da zurfin zurfin ga talakawa launin toka kasa ne 4-5 cm (a kan makiyaya ko marsh dauki karami: 3-4 cm).
Yawan amfani yana dogara da hanyar da aka zaɓa, amma an zaɓa domin ya rage bazara a lokacin girma na shuka. Wannan adadi zai iya bambanta daga 40 zuwa 70 kg / ha. Yawan tsaba basu buƙatar da ƙasa fiye da pubescent - misali, kashi 40-42 na "tsaba mai tsabta" ana buƙatar don 1 hectare, yayin da "fluffy" a daidai wannan yanki kana buƙatar akalla 60 kg. Girbin shuka - daga 80 zuwa 120 dubu / ha. 
Ana ba da layi daidai da nauyin 80%. 1.5-3.5 kilogiram na wannan samfurin ana kara zuwa 100 l na ruwa (hectare kullum), kuma an yayyafa cakuda tare da sassauka (30 cm).
Kula da albarkatu
Tare da shuka abin da ke bayyane, yanzu shine lokaci don ganin yadda auduga da aka "dauka" riga ya girma kuma abin da ke kula da shi yafi yawa.
Watering Ana buƙatar matsakaicin matsakaici, dukkanin shafuka da kuma kayan shafa suna dacewa. Don ci gaba na al'ada daga tushen, 2 ban ruwa ne aka yi: na farko idan 3-5 ganye ya bayyana, kuma na biyu 20-25 days daga baya, a mataki budding. Furewa da bayyanar 'ya'yan itatuwa suna buƙatar tsaftacewa sosai: 6-7 "cubes" ta kowace gonar "saƙa". Ana yin gyaran fuska na ƙarshe ba bayan kwanaki biyar kafin aukuwar ganye ba.
Shin kuna sani? Binciken masana'anta, daga cikin kaburburan Fir'auna, masana sun gano cewa yawan su yana daidai da nau'i 500 a kowace inch. Wato, sun fi karfin zamani (350 n / inch).Har ila yau mahimmanci kuma namowanda aka yi a dama receptions da kakar:
- Na farko - zuwa zurfin 8-10 cm (da zaran harbe ya bayyana).
- "Kira" na gaba kafin farkon watering.
- Kamar yadda ƙasa ta bushe bayan watering.
Don sashi a tsakiyar hanya, 12-15 cm an saita, a nests - daidai 8-10 cm. 
Don mulching kusan kowane ɗaukar hoto ya dace. Hakika, abin da ake so "kwayoyin". Mafi shahararren tsari na kare jiki yana cike da manya. Hakanan yana cike da danshi, amma yana da dashi - amfani mai yawa (25 kg ta "saƙa" amfanin gona). Madaidaici ya dace da kananan ƙananan yankunan, amma manoma sukan kaucewa ciyawa saboda ciwon kwari.
Gizon daji Har ila yau, ya hada da maganin maganin herbicide. Lokacin zabar irin wannan kayan aikin yana da daraja la'akari da shekarun tsire-tsire, lokaci na girma da yanayin yanayi.
Haka ya shafi kwari. Shovels da mites, aphids da moths ba kullum kula da rauni ƙarfi, alhãli kuwa karfi "ilmin sunadaran" ba daidai ba ga shuke-shuke da ƙasa. Duka yiwuwa, ana kawar da irin waɗannan jiyya. Taimakawa da kuma lalacewa masu tsire-tsire mai tsanani.
Amfani
Cotton yana buƙatar kayan abinci da kuma amsa sosai idan an yi daidai. A nan ne manyan matakai na ciyar da yanayi:
- Aikace-aikacen daji don raunuka (akalla 1 ton za'a buƙatar 1 hectare). Ana sauyawa sau da yawa da takin a cikin asurai. Tabbatar ƙara ƙara murfin phosphorus (20 kg) da potassium (55-60 kg). Irin wannan magani yana da tasiri a kan kasa mai kasa ko kuma lokacin hatsi.
- Na farko vegetative miya da dama a kan leaf girma zamani. A 15-17 cm daga jere da kuma ƙasa da 2-4 cm daga rami mai ban ruwa, ana amfani da nitrogen (35-50 kg / ha).
- A lokacin budding potassium mahadi zo a cikin wasa (50-60 kg na potassium oxide zai ishe). Amma mafi yawa sun riga sun juyawa - ba kasa da 22 cm daga jere, suna zuwa akalla 4 cm daga "waterline".
- Flowering ne na musamman na phosphorus, yawanci dauki 25-27 kg.
Yana da muhimmanci! An shawarci Nitrogen don yin rabawa na kashi kashi: 25% na shekara-shekara kafin shuka, da sauran - wanda aka rarraba a tsakanin shuka da kari.
Girbi
Tarin yana cikin watan Satumba-Oktoba. Akwatin (musamman ma a cikin manyan yankunan) sun fara da budewa, saboda haka dole ne ka nemi hanyoyi daban-daban. 
Lokacin da akalla 2 kwalaye a kan dukkanin rassan an buɗe a kan yawancin tsire-tsire, suna yin lalata. Babu wani abu kamar cire ganye kafin tattarawa. Amfani da irin wannan hanya ita ce ta hana yaduwar cututtuka da kwari masu kwari a kan zanen gado.
Don yin wannan, amfani da waɗannan kayan aikin:
- A cakuda sodium silicofluoride da calcium cyanamide a cikin rabo na 2: 1. Cyanamide tare da ba fiye da 40 kg / ha ba.
- Magnesium chlorate (9-10 kg / ha).
- Chlorate-chloride alli, wanda shine ɗan hankali.
Shin kuna sani? Idan aka kwatanta bayanan da aka samu game da amfanin gonar nan da kuma samar da kayan yadu, kididdigar sun kirga cewa kowacce mazaunin duniya yana amfani da kimanin kilo 7 na auduga a kowace shekara.
Lokacin da ake shirya don aiki, ka tuna cewa duk masu lalata, ban da cyanamide, sun bushe tsire-tsire. Duk wadannan maganganu suna taimakawa ci gaban karfin, don haka "tura" ƙananan bishiyoyi. 
Ana tsaftacewa kanta ko dai ta hannu ko ta inji. Ana amfani da hanyar ne kawai bayan akalla 55-60% na 'ya'yan itace ya buɗe.
Tare da kulawa na al'ada, kimanin kusan 27-30 na kayan abu mai tushe an cire su a kowace hectare.
Yana da muhimmanci! A lokacin da ya bar, noma a cikin layi yana da alaƙa. Idan kayi watsi da wannan, asalinsu kawai "magugi ne."
Gyara
Bayan gano yadda kuma tare da taimakon irin matakan da aka yi da auduga masu kyau, muna ci gaba zuwa mataki na ƙarshe.
Tsarin kayan aiki da yawa shine aiki mai tsawo da aiki. Ya haɗa da kwararru da kuma wasu fasaha. 
A takaice, Hanyar daga tarin don karbar kayan ado kamar:
- Ana amfani da kayan kayan aiki zuwa wuraren tarin ko kai tsaye ga kamfanin. Mataki na farko shine tattara tattarawa a kan ƙasa mai bushe.
- Bayan girbi mai girbi shi ne cakuda filaye da tsaba, wanda yawancin datti ya ci gaba. A cikin ƙirar musamman, ana cire rabuwa daga kowane ƙazanta.
- Sa'an nan kuma an zaba fiber mafi tsawo (akalla 20 cm). Wannan abu ne mai tsarki. Abubuwan da aka fi girma fiye da 25 cm suna dauke su da inganci, an yarda su a kan tufafi, lilin mai laushi da kuma kwanciya. Masu tsallewa su ne gashin auduga da kuma kayan fashewa.
Ga alama mai sauƙi, amma a gaskiya ma aikin aiki ne mai wuyar gaske.
Yanzu, kula da auduga ba asiri ga masu karatu ba. Da fatan, tsarin shuka zai kasance ba da wahala. Good da ake samu!
