Actinidia wani yanki ne wanda aka raba shi daga dangin Actinidian. Asalinta mahaifarta ita ce kudu maso gabashin Asiya da Himalayas. Rassanan da aka dasa an rufe su da kyawawan ganye, don haka ana iya amfani da actinidia don gyara lambun, musamman iri tare da tsire-tsire iri-iri. Amma mafi yawan duk ya shahara ne saboda kyawawan 'ya'yan itatuwa da kyawawa. Ba kowa ba ne ya san cewa kiwi iri ɗaya ne na ɗayan shuka. Tabbas, yawancin nau'in actinidia ƙananan ƙananan-fruited kuma ba kamar yadda ake amfani da su ba, amma dukansu suna da ɗanɗano. Ko da talakawa lambu ne mai ikon kawo wannan al'ada ta wurin tare da saba currants da gooseberries.
Bayanin Shuka
Actinidia shine ingantaccen rikicewa tare da harbe harbe. An ciyar da ita daga iska mai kyawun yanayi, mai iya samar da matakai na wucin gadi har zuwa tsawon 1.5-2 Tsayayya mai tushe ta zama mai iya canzawa na dogon lokaci kuma an rufe ta da launin toka-mai santsi mai haske. Matasa tafiyar matakai ne dan kadan pubescent. Liana braids bishiyar itace, dogayen itace ko wasu tallafi. A cikin yanayin halitta, tsawonsa ya kai 30-50 m, kuma kauri shine kawai 2-3 cm.
Duk ganyen petiole sun sake girma. Ovate ko m fararen fararen tare da serrated gefenta an fentin ja-kore. Tsawon ganye shine 8 cm cm 7. Abubuwan da ke cikin fure mai bambancin ganye suna na ado ne sosai. Zai iya zama iyakar rawaya a kusa da gefen ko ƙoshin ruwan hoda mai banbanci.
Actinidia itaciya ce mai dioecious, ita ce, akwai tsire-tsire na musamman tare da furanni namiji ko kuma tare da furanni mata. Flowersananan furanni suna fure ko guda ɗaya ko aka tattara a cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi a cikin inflorescences corymbose. Ba su da kamshi. Littattafan suna girma a watan Yuni-Yuli, suna farawa da shekaru 5-7. Furanni na maza ba su da 'yayan ovaries kuma suna da tarin onlyan stamens a tsakiyar. Furannin furanni banda daskararre tare da pollen bakararre suna da kwai. Duk Corollas tare da diamita na 1-3 cm sune ƙararrawa mai launin kararrawa tare da farin ko filayen zinare.
Actinidia yana pollinated da iska, bumblebees da ƙudan zuma, bayan da 'ya'yan itãcen ya hau kan mace shuke-shuke - oblong m berries tare da na bakin ciki launin ruwan kasa-kore fata. Wannan yana faruwa a watan Satumba tsawon makonni uku. Fuskar tayin na iya zama da laushi ko kuma tayi. Kusa da tsakiyar cibiyar a cikin kananan layuka ƙananan ƙananan baƙar fata ne. Girman tayin yana da bambanci sosai. Zai iya zama kawai 1-1.5 cm ko kusan 8 cm.
Iri da nau'in actinidia
Gaba ɗaya, akwai manyan nau'ikan 75 a cikin halittar Actinidia. Baya ga su, akwai nau'ikan da ke faɗi na kayan ado ko kayan itace. A Rasha, ana amfani da nau'in sanyi-sanyi da aka dace don ci gaban ƙasa.
Muhawara Actinidia (m). The most iri-iri. Tsawon kurangar ya kai mitar 36, kuma diamita na tushe daga tushe shine cm 15. An rufe firam da murfin launin ruwan wuta tare da fasa a tsaye. Rounded ko m ganye girma zuwa 16 cm a tsawon. Suna da dandaren kore kore da kuma kananan hakora gefen. M furanni masu launin furanni masu launin shuɗi tare da diamita na 1.5-2 cm fure a watan Yuli. A watan Satumba, wasu ganyayyaki masu launin kore tare da diamita na 1.5-3 cm cikakke .. Suna da ɗanɗano mai cike da sukari da ke nuna alamun ɓaure. Iri:
- Actinidia is autologous. Dankin da ke da tsaftataccen sanyi tuni ya kasance a tsakiyar watan Satumba yana ba da fruitsa firstan farko - berries na cylindrical mai laushi wanda nauyinsu ya kai 18. Ginin tsiron - har zuwa 12 kg.
- Manyan frua fruan itace. Liana mai tsauri da daskarewa da dusar ƙanƙara mai ba da sanyi na ba da fruitsa weighan oval mai nauyin 10-18 g.
Actinidia yana da dadi. Kurangar inabin da aka bushe sosai har tsawon 9 m an rufe shi da ganyen petiolate mai tsayi 7 cm cm tsayi. A kan ganyayyaki matasa akwai jan tari. Itaciyar fure, fure mai kamshi na bisexual fure a kai. Buds girma 1-3 a cikin axils na ganye. 'Ya'yan itaciya masu yaduwa tare da inci 5-6 cm an rufe su da fatar launin fata. A ƙarƙashinta akwai ɓangaren litattafan almara mai ɗanɗano tare da ƙananan ƙwayar baƙar fata.
Actinidia colomictus. Liana mai-sanyi mai sanyi yakan tsiro tsawon 5-10. A gindin, kauri daga tushe yakai 2 cm .. Dankalin kwalayen kwalayen kwayoyi 7-16 cm yayi girma a kan tsintsiya mai launin shuda kuma yana rufe da tarin juji tare da jijiya. Male shuke-shuke suna dabam. A lokacin rani, a lokacin furanni, a ƙarshen ganyen ya sami launin shuɗi-mai haske, daga baya kuma ya zama mai haske. A ƙarshen kaka, ana fentin fenti da shuɗi-ruwan hoda ko kuma murhun leda-ruwan hoda. A watan Yuli, furanni masu kamshi suka yi fure, kuma a farkon Satumba, 'ya'yan itatuwa masu girma sun girma 20-25 mm tsawo. Iri:
- Adam - ornamental deciduous namiji shuka;
- Dr. Shimanovsky - dioecious shuka tare da ganye mai ruwan hoda da kyawawan 'ya'yan itace mara dadi;
- Clara Zetkin - wata itaciya mace na samar da kamshi, 'ya'yan itatuwa masu zaki da ke nauyin kimanin 3.5 g;
- Vitacola - yana ba da 'ya'yan itace masu zaki da mai tsami har tsawon 4.5 cm;
- Goaƙƙarfan ganye - tsire-tsire yana ba da 'ya'yan itatuwa masu zaki da ƙanshi tare da ƙanshin abarba mai nauyin 4-5.5 g.
Actinidia Giralda. A fairly rare shuka, kama da m actinidia. Veryaunarta mai daɗin gaske kuma manyan 'ya'yan itatuwa suna rufe da fata mai kauri mai yawa. Iri:
- Juliania - berries na cylindrical tare da ƙanshin itacen abarba da ƙanshi mai daɗi na nauyin 10-15 g;
- Alevtina - fruitsa emean shapeda emean Emiramil mai siffar ganga mai nauyin 12-20 g ƙanshi kamar apple, abarba da strawberry daji a lokaci guda.
Yin auren mata fiye da daya na Actinidia. Itace itacen zaitun mai sassauƙa tare da tsayin 4-5 m an rufe shi da ganyen oval tare da nuna baki. Shuka tayi fure da kananan furanni, daga baya kuma tana bada 'ya'yan itace mai dadi da mai tsinkaye kimanin 3 g.
Noma
Don yaduwar iri, ya kamata a yi amfani da sabo tsaba. Ana iya siyan su a cikin shago ko kuma an samo su daga 'ya'yan itace cikakke. Mash da ɓangaren litattafan almara ta hanyar cuku, sai a shafa a bushe a bushe a wurin mai sanyi, mai inuwa. Kafin shuka, shiri wajibi ne. Na farko, an saka tsaba a cikin ruwan dumi domin kwanaki 4. Ana canza ruwa kowace rana. Sannan a sanya su cikin matattakarsu kuma a nitsar dasu tsawon makonni 3 a cikin yashi mai kauri tare da zazzabi na + 18 ... + 20 ° C. An cire jari na mako-mako kuma a wanke. A farkon watan Janairu, ana binne kwandon yashi da tsaba a cikin dusar ƙanƙara ko a sanyaya cikin watanni 2. Ci gaba da cirewa zuwa mako-mako da kurkura tsaba a cikin hajojin.
Bayan irin wannan doguwar shiri, ana shuka iri a cikin kwalaye tare da cakuda ƙasa da yashi ga zurfin 0.5 cm. Tuni a lokacin shuka, wasu tsaba zasu ƙyanƙyashe. Harbi zai bayyana a cikin 'yan kwanaki. Ana ajiye su a zazzabi a daki kuma a cikin haske mai haske na yanayi. Yana da mahimmanci fesa da ruwa amfanin gona yau da kullun. A lokacin rani, ana dasa tsire-tsire masu ganye tare da ganye a cikin lambun, inda suke girma shekaru da yawa kafin a yi fure. Lokacin da jima'i na 'ya'yan itace ya ƙaddara, za a iya dasa su a cikin lambu a cikin dindindin.
Kayan lambu na yaduwa
Kayan lambu na yaduwa yana da daɗi ga yan lambu saboda gaskiyar cewa zaku iya yanke hukunci nan da nan sakamakon jimawar da aka haifar kuma ba ku jira fure. Hakanan tare da wannan hanyar, ana kiyaye duk haruffan abubuwa da yawa. Babban hanyoyin hanyoyin ciyayi:
- Ganyen kore. A farkon lokacin rani, ana yanke harbe-zangar shekara-shekara na 50 - 100 cm daga firam na itacen inabin.Yana yin daskararre da safe kuma ana sanya tsiron a cikin kwalbar ruwa. Sannan kowane yanki mai tsayi yana yanke zuwa gefuna na 10-15 cm tare da ganye 3. Ana yin sare da ke ƙasa a ƙarƙashin takardar, kuma an cire takardar da kanta. Babban yanke shine 4-5 cm sama da takardar. Rooting ne yake aikata a cikin greenhouse tare da m yashi-humus ƙasa. An sanya yankan a wani kusurwa na 60 ° tare da nesa na 5-10 cm. An binne su zuwa tsakiyar koda. Seedlings ana shayar a kai a kai kuma an fesa sau 5 a rana. A cikin kaka, an yayyafa ganyen da ya bar ganye. Har sai lokacin bazara mai zuwa, suna kasancewa a wuri guda. Za'ayi fitar dashi kafin ya kwarara ruwan itace.
- Rooting na lignified cuttings. A ƙarshen kaka, an yanke harbe mai lignified, an ɗaure shi a cikin ƙananan ɗaure kuma a adana shi tsaye a cikin sandbox. Zazzabi kada ya wuce + 1 ... + 5 ° C. A farkon bazara, ana shuka su a cikin greenhouse kuma suna fara ruwa. Hankali yayi kama da sarrafa kore.
- Karamar Arc. Lokacin da ganyayyaki suka yi fure, an harba babban harbin da pinned a ƙasa. Ana zuba saman ƙasa 10-15 cm babba a saman kuma ana shayar dashi. Ana iya kafa tushe a ko'ina, amma an bar saman a saman. Ta hanyar kaka, harbi zai yi girma tushen sa. An yanka kuma an shuka shi daban. Kuna iya jinkirta lokacin har zuwa lokacin bazara mai zuwa.
Saukowa da kulawa
Actinidia ana shuka su ne a farkon bazara ko ƙarshen kaka. Tsire-tsire suna son ƙasa mai daɗin fito. Ga kowane tono rami mai zurfi 50 cm. Ana zuba tsakuwa ko tsakuwa a ƙasan. An binne tushen wuyansa ta hanyar cm 2. shouldasar ya kamata ta zama ɗan acidic ko tsaka tsaki, kasancewar abin lemun tsami ba a yarda da shi ba. Peat da takin suna ƙara ƙasa. Bayan dasawa, an tsire tsire tare da nitonium nitrate, itacen ash da superphosphate. Nisa tsakanin seedlings ya zama 1-1.5 m.
Don haka wancan actinidia na bada 'ya'ya, domin kowane tsire-tsire mata 6-7 ana shuka namiji daya. Dukkanin su kasance suna kusanci da juna domin kwari su iya motsawa tsakanin 'yar tsirrai.
Actinidia ba shi da gashin-baki da tushen iska, don haka daga lokacin da ake dasa shuki kuna buƙatar kulawa da goyan baya nan da nan. Wannan na iya zama shinge, bangon wicker na gazebo, baka ko wani tsari.
A shuka yana bukatar yau da kullum watering. Yana da kyau a shayar da itacen inabi ta hanyar zub da akalla sau ɗaya a mako. A cikin fari, ana zubar da bulo na ruwa a mako-mako a ƙarƙashin tushe. Ilsasa a Tushen a kai a kai kuma a cire ciyawa.
Ana ciyar da tsire-tsire sau biyu a wata tare da hadaddun ma'adinai tare da nitrogen, phosphorus da potassium. Takin a cikin hanyar granules an warwatsa a saman duniya a asalin sa.
Ana aiwatar da datti daga shekaru 4-5. Kuna buƙatar kai rawanin na yau da kullun kuma madaidaiciya harbe harbe akan goyon baya. Yankunan da ke da fadi da yawa suna daina fitowa su ba da 'ya'ya. Choƙarin tukwici don haɓaka saka kaya. A shekaru 8-10, ana sake farfado da shuka. A ƙarshen kaka, an yanke sashin ƙasa gaba ɗaya don hemp 40 cm ba tsayi.
Don lokacin hunturu, an cire ruwan liana daga goyon bayanta kuma an aza shi a ƙasa. Daga sama an yayyafa shi da ganye masu ganye da rassan spruce zuwa tsawo na cm 20. Dole ne a shimfiɗa daskararru daga ƙwanƙolin a ƙasa don kada su lalata shuka. A cikin bazara, an cire tsari, ana aiwatar da tsabtace tsabtatawa kuma an daidaita harbe harbe tare da tallafi.
Magungunan magani da contraindications
Actinidia yana da fa'idodi masu yawa. 'Ya'yan itaciyarta sun ƙunshi babban adadin ascorbic acid, mai mai, ƙananan abubuwa da abubuwan macro. Yin amfani da su, zaku iya inganta jiki da ƙarfafa tsarin rigakafi. Berrieswanƙwasa fure mai sauƙi yana magance pertussis, scurvy, anemia, mashako, tarin fuka, rheumatism, maƙarƙashiya, farin ciki, hauhawar jini da zazzabi.
Ana cin 'ya'yan itacen sabo kuma a dafa su a cikin cakulan, adana, jelly,' ya'yan itacen marmari, marmalade. Barkono, ganyayyaki da furanni suma suna da kaddarorin amfani. An shirya kayan kwalliya da mai daga garesu don amfanin ciki, da rufi da kuma warkewa.
Saboda yawan adadin abubuwa masu aiki, an sanya actinidia cikin mutane masu saurin halayen halayen rashin lafiyan, shan wahala daga thrombophlebitis, varicose veins, coagulation na hawan jini.
