Mulberry (morus) itace mai kazanta sosai daga dangin Mulberry. Hakanan ana kiranta da itacen mulberry da itacen mulberry. An samu nasarar dasa shuki cikin yanayin canjin yanayin zafi da kuma subtropics. Gasar zama na yau da kullun ita ce sararin Arewacin Amurka, Afirka da Asiya. A shuka tsiwirwirinsu da shahararsa saboda dadi da kuma m berries. Hakanan ana amfani dashi don adon shafi, jiyya da kuma dalilai na masana'antu. Kuma, hakika, ganyayen itace ne da ke ciyar da silkworm - 'mai ƙera' siliki.
Bayanin Shuka
Mulberry - itace mai rarrafe tare da kambi mai baza. Yawancin lokaci yana girma ba fiye da m 10-15 ba ga tsayi. Matsakaicin mafi girma na shekara ana samun sa'ilin saurayi. Daga cikin mulberries akwai masu ilimin ƙarni na hakika. Takardun samfurori daban-daban suna girma tsawon shekaru 200-500.
Matasa rassan an rufe shi da duhu launin ruwan kasa m haushi, wanda, tare da shekaru, yana da yawa fashe kuma peeled kashe. A harbe, ganyen petiolate na gaba mai kamannin zuciya ko tsari mai girma. Fuskar su mai cike da shuɗi suna cike da farin ciki, walƙiya mai sauƙi da fenti a cikin koren duhu. A gefen gefenta suna jujjuyawa, kuma gefen dunƙule ya fi sauƙi, matte. Tsawon takardar shine 7-15 cm.
A tsakiyar bazara, mulberries Bloom tare da kawai m, unattractive buds tare da dogon stamens. An tattara su cikin ɗan gajeren gajere kuma sun yi kama da goge-goge mai rataye a kafafu masu taushi. Mulberry na iya zama tsirrai mai shuka da dioecious shuka. Dioecious jinsunan suna da daban, namiji, bakarare (mulberry) da mace.
Pollination na faruwa ne da taimakon kwari da iska. Bayan shi, 'ya'yan itaciyar wani hadadden tsarin ripen. A kan ɗan gajeren reshe akwai drupes m mai yawa da aka guga da juna. Jimlar tsawon 'ya'yan itace 2-5 cm ne launinta launin launin shuɗi-baki, ja ko farin mai kirim. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari masu sa'a ne, suna da ɗanɗano mai daɗi da ƙamshi da ƙoshin zafin, mai daɗin daɗi. Girman ganyayyaki da 'ya'yan itãcen ciyawa na dogaro da amfanin gona sosai sun dogara da sauyin yanayi da ƙasan ƙasa. A wajen kudu, su ne tsari na girman girma fiye da na tsakiyar layi (alal misali, a yankin Moscow).
Tsarin Mulberry
Dangane da rarrabe jinsunan dabbobi ne, akwai mahawara. Bayanan daban-daban sun nuna cewa kwayoyin halittar suna dauke da nau'ikan 17-200.
Alaramma baƙar fata (m. Negro). Itacen ya girma 10-13 m daga ƙasa. An rufe kambinsa mai dimbin yawa tare da manyan ganyayyaki masu duhu 10-20 cm tsayi kuma tsawon 6-10 cm. danƙararrun shuɗi masu launin shuɗi suna da daɗaɗɗɗa - kusan 2-3 cm tsayi. Iri:
- Kherson - sanyi mai jure sanyi, itace mara nauyi tare da manyan (3.5 cm), berries mai zaki;
- Black Baroness - itacen sanyi mai jure sanyi tuni an rufe shi a watan Yuni tare da manyan, berries masu zaki;
- Yarinya mai launin fata - itace mai tsayi, mai tsayi yana baƙar fata mai daɗi da m;
- Staromoskovskaya - 'ya'yan itãcen marmari mai launin baƙi mai zaki 3 cm a cikin girma ripen akan itace mai tsayi tare da kambi mai siffar zobe.
White ciyawa (m. Alba). An rufe itace mai tsayi, mai tsayi tare da launin toka-launin ruwan kasa. A kan rassan matasa, tsararren ɓoye ko ganyen dabino tare da gefuna da ke tashi. Tsawon ganyayyakinsa yakai cm 5-15. shootsan itace da ke areaukaka suna gajarta dangin mai ciyayi. Wadannan dioecious tsire-tsire masu girma a cikin watan Afrilu-Mayu, kuma sun ba da 'ya'ya a cikin Mayu-Yuni. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari (nau'ikan nau'ikan) nau'ikan silima ne a sifa kuma suna da fari ko launin shuɗi. Tsawonsu ya kai cm 4 Theanɗanawa sun fi ruwa, mai sanɗa-mai daɗi. Iri:
- Zinare - harbe da kuma tsiro a cikin bazara ana zane su da launin zinare;
- Farin zuma - babban itace mai yaduwa yana ba da babban amfanin gona na 'ya'yan itatuwa masu dusar ƙanƙara kusan tsawon cm 3;
- Victoria - ɗan gajeren itace yana ba da m, m berries game da 5 cm a tsawon;
- Hawaye ciyawa - kayan ado iri-iri tare da m, lashes drooping ya girma zuwa 5 m.
Ganyen ja (m. Rubra). Ganin yana da tsaurin sanyi. Mahaifarsa ta asali ita ce Arewacin Amurka. Shuka ba ta girma a girma, amma tana yaduwa. Zuciya mai kamannin zuciya ko barin gado 7-14 cm tsayi kuma 6-12 cm fadi yana da siffar asymmetric. An fentin mai haske kore. A tsakiyar lokacin bazara, amfanin gona mai duhu sosai mai launin ruwan hoda ya girma zuwa 2-3 cm tsawon. A waje, fruitsa ofan wannan nau'in suna kama da blackberries.
Hanyoyin kiwo
Mulberry propagates quite sauki, don haka lokacin da girma daga lambu, babu matsaloli. Kuna iya amfani da iri da hanyoyin tsirrai.
Don yin yaduwar iri, ana amfani da sabon girbe, ciyawar 'ya da bushe. Amfanin gona an samar da kaka a cikin kaka ko kuma bazara kai tsaye a cikin ƙasa buɗe. All tsaba bukatar stratification. Tare da shuka kaka, zai faru a vivo, a cikin bazara zai zama dole don pre-iri da tsaba don makonni 4-6 a firiji. Kafin dasa shuki, ana kula da tsaba tare da karawa don sa'o'i da yawa (Zircon, Epin). Don shuka, zaɓi wurin buɗewa, rana. Yi babban tsagi tare da zurfin 3-5 cm, a cikin abin da ba a cika sanya kayan shuka ba. An rufe gado da ƙasa kuma mulched tare da lokacin farin ciki Layer. Lokacin da ƙasa tayi zafi, harbe zasu bayyana. Kulawa da su ya hada da weah, shayarwa da taki. A tsakiyar kaka, tsire-tsire za su girma sosai don farkon dasawa tare da nisan mil 3-5. Wannan zai guje wa karkatar da tushen. Fruiting yana faruwa bayan shekaru 5-6.
Tunda ba a adana haruffan halayyar halitta yayin yaduwar iri, hanyoyin yaduwar ciyawa sun fi zama shahara:
- Rooting cuttings. A watan Yuni-Yuli, an yanke harbe kore 15-20 cm mai tsawo tare da ganye 2-3. Dasawa ana yin su ne a cikin kore. Ana sanya Twigs diagonally zuwa zurfin kusan cm 3. 1-2 ganye tare da farantin rabin abin yanka an bar akan waɗancan. Makullin zuwa kyakkyawan tushe shine babban zafi. Fi dacewa, idan akwai mai toka a cikin gidan kore wanda yake haifar da fitowar mara ruwa (hazo). A ƙarshen Satumba, Tushen da aka ci gaba zai bayyana kuma harbe zai fara girma. Saukowa a cikin ƙasa buɗe don shirin bazara mai zuwa.
- Tushen tushen Kowane bishiya lokaci-lokaci yana ba da tashan kwari. Ana iya amfani dashi don haifuwa. Wani tsiro mai tasowa daga tsayi na 0.5 a tsakiyar bazara ya haife shi, yana ƙoƙarin kada ya lalata tushen, kuma aka dasa shi a wani sabon wuri. Don haɓaka da sauri, rassan suna gajarta ta uku.
- Alurar riga kafi. Sau da yawa ana samun tsire-tsire na ado na itace a kan hannun jari da aka samo daga tsire-tsire. Don yin wannan, ana cire duk harbe a kan rootstock, kuma ana yin sassan ɓoye a kan scion tare da 2 buds. An haɗa su kuma an gyara su tare da tef na musamman. Tsarin tsagewar yawanci yakan ƙare tsakanin watanni 1-2. Bayan haka, an cire tef ɗin. A nan gaba, yana da muhimmanci a yanke duk ƙananan rassan da suka girma daga hannun jari. Hanyar tana ba ku damar tattara nau'ikan daban-daban a kan shuka ɗaya, samar da abin da ake kira "girbin melange."
Saukowa da kulawa
Yana da kyau don shirya dasa shuki na ciyawa a farkon rabin kaka, to, zai sami lokaci don daidaitawa zuwa sabon wuri, kuma bayan hunturu, zai fara yin rayayye sosai. Wasu suna yin shuka dasa ruwa kafin ya kwarara ruwan itace. Lokacin sayen seedlings a cikin gandun daji, fifiko ya kamata a bai wa tsire-tsire masu shekaru 4. Idan sun riga sun fruitya fruityan itace, yana da sauƙin yanke shawara kan samfuran namiji ko mace.
Mulberry tsire-tsire ne mai ɗorewa da ɗaukar hoto, amma yana buƙatar kyakkyawar kariya a kan zane-zanen sanyi. A kasar gona ya kamata quite sako-sako da kuma m. Saline, yashi ko ƙasa mai danshi bai dace ba, kamar yadda kusancin ruwan ƙasa yake.
Makonni 2-3 kafin dasa shuki, sun tono rami mai zurfi da fadin of 50 cm. Rotten taki ko takin da superphosphate zai shigo da nan da nan cikin ƙasa mara kyau. Ana zubar da ƙaramin yanki na ƙasa akan takin don kada a ƙone asalinsu. Lokacin dasa tare da Tushen, tsohuwar dunƙarar dunƙule ya bushe, kuma voids suna cike da ƙasa mai kyau. Bayan an kammala aiki, sai an zuba buhun ruwa guda 2 a gindin bishiya, daga nan ne farfajiyar ta zube. Matasa, ƙananan bakin ciki suna ɗaure.
A nan gaba, kula da mulberries ya sauko zuwa loosening, watering da fertilizing. Sau da yawa ya zama dole don shayar da bishiyoyi a lokacin furanni da 'ya'yan itace, amma a nan yana da muhimmanci a san ma'aunin, in ba haka ba berries zai yi ruwa sosai. Tun tsakiyar lokacin rani, ana buƙatar watering kawai tare da fari fari.
A watan Afrilu-Yuni, sau 1-2, ana shuka mulberries tare da takin mai magani na nitrogen. A rabi na biyu na bazara, an zaɓi abun da ke ciki tare da babban abun ciki na potassium da phosphorus.
An warware da'irar da ta kewaya daga lokaci zuwa lokaci zuwa zurfin shebur, kuma an cire ciyawa.
Ana taka muhimmiyar rawa ta hanyar girbe ciyawa. A cikin bazara, an cire rassan da aka daskarar. Idan an shuka tsire-tsire don girbi, ana bada shawara don samar da su a cikin daji ko gajeren itace, to, ɗaukan berries zai zama da sauƙi. Mulberry yana jingina pruning sosai da sauri murmurewa, don haka kar a ji tsoron cire wuce haddi. Daga lokaci zuwa lokaci, kambin ya tonu kuma ya sake farfadowa, gabaɗa cire tsoffin rassan 1-2 kuma har zuwa kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ragowar harbe. Tare da girbi na kaka, bushe, tsohon, da an cire rassan da ke da cuta da karyewa. A daidai wannan lokacin, ya yi yawa, ba balaga da ya kamata a cire.
Mulberry tana tsayayya da cututtukan shuka da kyau. Amma lokacin dasa shuki a cikin wani wuri mai cike da ruwa, zai iya fama da ƙarancin powdery, launin ruwan ƙasa, ƙwayoyin cuta, da ƙananan ƙwayoyi. Sau da yawa wani ƙwayar ciyawa ta tsiro a kai. Mafi kyawun ceto zai zama magani tare da fungicides (Silite, sulfate jan karfe, Cytoflavin).
Lokaci-lokaci, kwari ke kaiwa hari da kwari (ciyawa, asu, gizo-gizo, farin Amurka baƙi). Magungunan kwari zasu taimaka wajen magance su, kuma ana gudanar da jiyya ne akai-akai don dalilai na rigakafi daga farkon bazara.
Amfanin da contraindications
'Ya'yan itãcen marmari, ganyayyaki da matasa harbe na Mulberry sun ƙunshi babban adadin abubuwa masu ba da ilimin halitta:
- bitamin (A, C, E, K da rukunin B);
- macrocells (P, Mg, Ca, K, Na);
- abubuwanda aka gano (Fe, Cu, Zn, Se, Mn);
- maganin rigakafi.
Yin amfani da sabo berries yana taimakawa wajen daidaita dukkan ayyukan a cikin jiki. Suna da sakamako mai amfani akan tsarin wurare dabam dabam, suna ba da gudummawa ga fitar ruwa, ƙara haɓaka jini da sukari. Don adana berries tsawon rai, suna bushe ko daskararre, fermented cikin giya da ƙasa tare da sukari. Tasirin 'ya'yan itaciyar guda bishiyar akan narkewa kamar kashi biyu. 'Ya'yan itace marasa kwalliya suna ƙarfafa stool, kuma cikakke da m - ba da gudummawa ga giyarsa. A decoction na berries calms, taimaka wajen jimre wa danniya da rashin bacci. Hakanan yana dawo da jiki bayan mummunan aiki na zahiri.
Yi amfani da 'ya'yan itatuwa ba kawai, har ma ganye da haushi. An girbe su don amfanin gaba, sannan kuma an sanya infusions da kayan ado. Suna da kyakkyawan sakamako. Ba kamar berries ba, ganyayyaki da sarƙaƙƙen ƙwayar jini da ƙananan hauhawar jini.
Saboda haka, ciyawa ba ta da maganin hana haihuwa, duk da haka, tana iya cutar da mutane da haɗarin kamuwa da cuta. Yawan cin abinci na berries yana haifar da zawo.
