Fir (abies) - bishiyar itace mai tsayi ko itace daga dangin Pine. A waje, shuka yana da alaƙa da sifa, kuma a cikin tsari da shugabanci na haɓakar Cones - kamar itacen al'ul. An rarraba yawancin wakilai daga wurare masu zafi zuwa wurare masu zafi zuwa yankin Arctic na Arewacin Hemisphere. Mafi yawan adadin abin da ya fi ƙarfin buɗe wuta an mayar da hankali ne a yammacin Kanada, Amurka da gabashin Asiya. Ya danganta da nau'in kwandon, suna da zafi ko-sanyi mai-tsauri, amma kowa yana kula da fari da kwararar ruwa. Ana amfani da Fir a masana'antar katako, shimfidar ƙasa, kamar yadda kuma a likitancin gargajiya.
Bayanin Botanical
Fir wani tsufa ne na tsufa a cikin itace ko tsintsiya. Gwanin dalarsa na iya zama yalwatacce ko yalwatacce, yadudduka ko yaduwa. Tsawon, ya danganta da yanayin yanayi da nau'in halitta, shine 0.5-80 m. Tsarin rhizome yana da matukar muhimmanci, amma yana a rami (har zuwa 2 m daga farfajiyar ƙasa). Matasa kututture da kuma rassan an rufe su da santsi mai launin toka-launin ruwan kasa, wanda tsawon shekaru ke rufe da zurfafa fasa. Rassan suna yin girma a kowace shekara, kusan suna kusa da gangar jikin ko suna da halayyar hawa hawa.
A kan matasa harbe needles da tarry buds suna located. A ɗakin kwana, ba allurai mai ƙarfi da aka fizge a tushe. Bã su da m gefuna da farin farin biyu 2 a kasan. A allurai girma tsefe-hikima a cikin biyu jirgin sama. Abubuwan allura sune keɓewa kawai kuma ana fentin su a cikin duhu kore, wani lokacin-azama-azurfa. Tsawonsu kusan 5-8 cm.
Fir shuka ne mai tsinkaye. Tana narkewa maza da mata cones. Namiji ya yi kama da 'yan kunne kuma yayi girma cikin rukuni. Saboda yawan adadin pollen, sun sayi bambaro ko launin shuɗi. Matan cones na ɗakunan silinda ko siffar da ba shi da girma suna girma akan sandunan madaidaiciya da aka nuna sama. Kowane tsayinsa shine cm 3-11. Sakafar ma'aunin an haɗe ta da ƙyallen. Da farko, inuwa mai ruwan hoda-violet ta mamaye launinsu. A lokaci mai tsawo, abubuwan da aka daidaita sun juya launin ruwan kasa. Tuni a cikin kaka na wannan shekara, ƙananan ƙwayoyin fuka-fuki suna ƙaruwa a ƙarƙashinsu. A watan Satumba-Oktoba, mazugi gaba daya crumbles, da tsaba tashi baya. A kan rassan ne kawai ake samun ceto.
Iri da nau'ikan perennial
A cikin duka, nau'ikan shuka 50 50 suna rijista a cikin asalin fir.
Koriya ta fir. Mazaunan Asiya Aliya da Koriya ta Kudu wani bangare ne na gandun daji hade. Itace tana da kambi mai fadi a kamannin mazugi. Yana girma har zuwa 15 m ba ga tsayi. Grayaƙƙarfan haushi mai launin toka yana ɗaukar launin ruwan hoda-ko launin ruwan hoda. Abubuwan da suke cikin laushi mai zurfi 10 mm mm ana bambanta su da wani yanki mai wuya da sifar kamar sihiri. Tana da launin kore mai duhu. Silinnin silinlar kwalliya-launi mai launin shuɗi-girma yana girma 5-7 cm a tsayi. Popular iri:
- Silberlok - ƙaramin (har zuwa 200 cm) itace mai siffar conical wacce aka rufe da alluran duhu mai duhu tare da rawanin farin-fari a gindi;
- Lu'u lu'u-lu'u ne mai dwarf (0.3-0.60 m) tare da kambi mai haske mai haske mai haske.
Siberian fir. Itace mai santsi tare da kambi na buɗe ido yana girma 30 m ga tsayi. Kusan daga ƙasa kanta, an rufe shi da rassa na bakin ciki tare da haushi mai laushi mai duhu. A hankali, fasa mai zurfi ya bayyana akan cortex. A iri-iri bayar da babban adadin m resin (fir balm). Abubuwan duhu masu duhu mai duhu tare da murfin kakin zuma ya wuce shekaru 7-10. Frowa yana faruwa a watan Mayu, kuma 'ya'yan itace sun fito a watan Satumba-Oktoba.
Balsam fir. Ana zaune mazaunin Arewacin Amurka a bakin tekun Atlantika da Pacific. Itace siririn siriri mai tsayi na 15-25 cm tare da rawanin conical. Abubuwan allura 15-25 mm tsayi suna da faffadar bakin ciki da karamin daraja a karshen. Ana iya ganin kwararan haske a gindin dunƙule mai duhu mai duhu. M dutse mai jakin violet yayi girma 5-10 cm tsayi kuma 20-25 mm a diamita. Iri:
- Nana wata ƙarama ce, buɗe daji wacce take da nauyin mita 0.5 kuma girmanta ya kai mita 2.5. Ya bambanta a takaice (kawai 4-10 mm a tsayi) buhunan duhu na duhu;
- Piccolo shine daji mai zagaye har zuwa 40 cm a diamita tare da mai yawa, rassan da aka sanya a hankali waɗanda aka zana da allurai duhu.
Caucasian Fir (Nordman). Ana samun bishiyoyi masu tsawon mil 60 a gefen Tekun Bahar na Caucasus da Turkiyya. Suna da kunkuntar kambi a siffar mazugi. Sakamakon girman ƙima, kusan ba ya watsa haske. Kodan ba su da tar. Abubuwan duhu masu duhu kore girma 1-4 cm a tsawon. A farkon Mayu, launin kore ya bayyana, wanda a hankali ya juya launin duhu. Tsawon Cones shine 12-20 cm.
Firdausi. Itace ya girma a cikin tsaunuka a kudu maso gabashin Amurka. Yana da kambi na conical ko columnar kuma ya kai 12-25 m. Haushi na matasa harbe ne m launin toka, da kuma tsohon - scaly ja-kasa-kasa. Short (har zuwa 20 mm) needles suna da duhu koren launi. Star mace mai zurfin dutse kusan 3.5-6 cm a tsawon lokacin da ya bayyana yana da launin shuɗi mai haske, amma sai ya zama launin ruwan-rawaya. A iri-iri ne shahara ga ta mai kyau sanyi juriya.
Monochrome fir (concolor). Itace mai tsayi har zuwa 60 m tsawo da nisan kamu 190 cm ke zaune a yankuna masu tsaunuka na yammacin Amurka. Ana amfani dashi sosai a masana'antar katako. A inji yana da launin toka m haushi da kuma rassan perpendicular zuwa gangar jikin. Filayen furanni masu launin shuɗi mai haske mai launin shuɗi ko launin shuɗi yadudduka suna da sifa kamarɗa. Tsawon su shine 1.5-6 cm a watan Mayu, cones suka bayyana. Namiji, karami, yagane da zane a zane mai launin shuɗi ko ja. Mace, oval girma a cikin tsayi ta 7 cm cm 7. Suna da fenti mai launin kore.
Farar fata (Turai ko tsefe). Itace mai tsayi 30-65 m ya zama ruwan dare a kudanci da tsakiyar Turai. Wani kambi mai sarƙaƙƙiya ko kambi mai ɗauke da rago ya ƙunshi sarari ko kwance, an rufe shi da alluran duhu mai duhu tsawon cm cm 2. Mahimmancin ɗakunan silima na mata suna girma 10-16 cm. Suna canza launi daga kore zuwa launin ruwan kasa mai duhu.
Farin fir. Itace mai tsayi 30 m yana da kunkuntar, kamannin kambi na siffar conical. Abubuwan harbi an rufe su da ƙyalli mai laushi mai laushi mai laushi. Lesanun allurai masu laushi masu laushi sun kai tsawon cm 1 cm. An yi masa fenti mai duhu kore kuma yana da launuka iri-iri a gindi. Ylirar sililin da aka nuna a sama 45-55 mm tsayi suna launin shunayya lokacin da suka bayyana, amma sun zama launin ruwan kasa.
Hanyoyin kiwo
An yada Fir ta hanyar amfani da tsaba da iri. Hanyar iri ya fi dacewa da tsirrai iri. Ana aiwatar da tarin iri a farkon lokacin da ake yin ɗumbin. Ana iya yin wannan har sai conas ya lalace kuma tsaba ba su bazu ba da tsawon nisa. Sun bushe kuma an cire kayan iri. Har zuwa bazara mai zuwa, an bar tsaba a cikin jakar nama. Don haka suna sassaka, tsawon watanni ana sanya jaka a cikin firiji ko ɗakuna. A tsakiyar bazara, ana dasa su a cikin ƙasa bude. Don yin wannan, shirya gado. Gardenasan gona yana gauraye da ƙasa turɓaya da yashi. An binne tsaba daga 1.5-2 cm, sannan kuma an rufe shi da fim. Otsan buɗe ido suna bayyana bayan kwanaki 20-25, bayan wannan za'a iya cire mafaka. Watering da loosening akai-akai. A cikin shekarar farko, yana da mahimmanci don cire ciyayi cikin lokaci. Don hunturu, an dasa bishiyoyi masu rassa tare da rassan spruce. A cikin bazara za'a iya dasa su zuwa wuri mai ɗorewa. Da farko, tsirrai suna ci gaba a hankali. Girma na shekara yana zuwa 10 cm.
Varietal fir mafi yawa ana yaduwa ta hanyar itace. Don wannan, ana amfani da harbe-harbe na shekara-shekara daga matasa matasa. Tsawon abin rike yakamata ya zama cm 5-8. Yana da mahimmanci cewa saman yana da koda ɗaya, kuma an kiyaye diddige a gindi (haushi daga ɗiyar mahaifiyar). An girbe yankan a farkon bazara, har sai an fara kwarara ruwan itace. Zai fi kyau a yi wannan a farkon ranar a cikin yanayi mai hadari. 6 hours kafin dasa, da harbe suna soaked a cikin fungicide bayani don hana cututtukan fungal. Yana da mahimmanci a tabbatar cewa diddige a diddige bai rabu da itace ba. Dasa ana aiwatar da tukwane a cikin tukwane cike da cakuda ganye da ƙasa humus da yashi kogi. 'Ya'yan lingsan itacen suna rufe da fim ɗin amintattu, wanda bai kamata ya kasance tare da saman. Don tushen tushe mafi kyau, an shirya ƙananan dumama ta yadda zazzabi ƙasa ya zama 2-3 ° C sama da yawan zafin jiki na ɗakin. Ana sanya kwantena a cikin wurin da haske mai yalwataccen haske. Kowace rana kuna buƙatar bar iska ta shiga cikin huhun kuma kuyi da ƙasa kamar yadda ya cancanta. Tun Mayu suna fallasa su sabo ne iska, sannan aka sake kai su gidan don hunturu. Cikakken rhizome yana tasowa a cikin shekara guda.
Siffofin saukowa da dasawa
Fir yana girma mafi kyau a cikin inuwa m ko kuma a wani wuri mai cike da wuta, ana kiyaye shi daga iska mai ƙarfi. Ba ya yarda da gurɓataccen gas da gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin ƙasa. An shirya aikin saukowa don tsakiyar bazara ko farkon faɗuwar rana ranar girgije. Mustasa dole ne ta kasance mai daushin ɗan acid. Fir ya girma sosai akan draam loam.
Shiri yana farawa a cikin makonni 3-4. Sun tono shi kuma sun haƙa rami mai zurfi 60 cm kuma zurfi .. An shimfiɗa matattakalar tsakuwa, dutse mai kaɗa ko guntun jan bulo a ƙasa. Sannan an zuba tudun wata cakuda humus, yumbu, yashi, peat, nitrophoska da sawdust. Lokacin dasa, ana rarraba Tushen a daidai, yana gyara tushen wuyansa a matakin ƙasa. Gidan sarari kyauta yana cike da kayan abinci mai gina jiki. An yi rauni kuma an kafa ganga tare da karamin hutu don ban ruwa.
A cikin filin rukuni tsakanin tsire-tsire, ya zama dole don kula da nisan mil 2,5.5.5 Irin wannan nisa ya kamata a kiyaye shi dangane da gine-gine da shinge.
Ba kamar sauran conifers ba, fir a shekaru 5-10 years yana jure yanayin dasawa da kyau. Shiri don hanya yana farawa daga watanni 6-12. Yin amfani da shebur, ana zana da'irar a nesa da kusan 40-50 cm daga ganga zuwa zurfin 1 bayonet. A ranar da aka sanya, ana maimaita aikin tare da dunƙule dunƙule. An fitar da shuka tare da dunƙule na ƙasa. Yana da mahimmanci a gwada tabbatar da amincinsa kuma nan da nan sai a wani sabon wuri domin rhizome bai bushe ba.
Asirin Firdausi
An dauki Fir a matsayin tsirran tsire-tsire. Mafi yawan hankalin za a biya matasa matasa. A cikin farkon shekarun bayan dasa, ya kamata ka sassauta a kai a kai da kuma sako ƙasa domin ba a ɗauke ta ɓawon burodi. Yana da mahimmanci don ciyawa farfajiya tare da wani yanki na kwakwalwan kwamfuta, kwakwalwan itace ko peat zuwa tsawo na cm 58. Wajibi ne a cire ciyawa daga dan kadan.
Watering wajibi ne kawai tare da tsawan fari. Yankunan danshi mai tsananin kyau-suna son su. Fir baya son kwararar ruwa a tushen, saboda haka ana yin ban ruwa ne a kananan bangarorin domin danshi yana da lokaci don ɗauka a cikin ƙasa.
Shekaru 2-3 bayan dasawa, ana ciyar da tsire-tsire a karon farko. A cikin bazara, takin ma'adinai (Kemira Universal) ya watsu cikin da'irar ganga.
A farkon bazara, ana yin girki. Mafi sau da yawa, ana lalacewa, an bushe harbe, amma ana iya tsara kambi. Ba za ku iya cirewa ba fiye da 30% na tsawon tsalle.
Adult shuke-shuke sauƙi yi haƙuri har ma da tsananin sanyi kuma ba sa bukatar tsari. Ya kamata a kare ƙananan matasa bugu da byari ta hanyar ɗebo ƙasa tare da peat da bushewa zuwa tsawo na cm 10 cm .. Bazai zama mai fifiko ba don rufe gindin gangar jikin ko kuma gajeriyar daji tare da rassa.
Cututtuka tsirrai da wuya su rikita fir. Wani lokaci kuna buƙatar tsayar da yellowing na allura da matashin kai matashin kai akan haushi (tsatsa). Ana cire sprouts masu lalacewa gaba ɗaya kuma ana bi da su ta hanyar kashe kansa (ƙwayar Bordeaux).
Babban kwaro na shuka shine hermes fir (ƙananan kwari, nau'in aphid). Idan an gano, ya kamata a kula da maganin kashe kwari. Mafi sau da yawa, 'yan lambu suna yin amfani da maganin hana feshin kwari a farkon lokacin bazara, a lokacin da kwaro yake farkawa.
