Duk game da itacen apple: wanda iri-iri don zaɓar da kuma yadda ake shuka shi daidai

Nemi mazaunin Turai don jerin sunayen 'ya'yan itacen da aka san shi, kuma lalle jerin suna farawa da apple. Wataƙila babu wani daga cikin Turawa da zai yi jayayya game da ra'ayin cewa itacen apple shine sarauniyar lambunan gida. Yawancin Legends, imani, waƙoƙi, waƙoƙi suna ba da labarin apples and apples. Dangane da al'adar littafi mai tsarki, har ma an dasa itacen aljanna na sanin nagarta da mugunta tare da apples, waɗanda suka taka rawa mai muni a cikin ƙaddarar Adamu da Hauwa'u. Kuma kyawawan allolin Helenawa Hera, Aphrodite da Athena sun yi jayayya da apple ta zinariya tare da rubutun "mafi kyau", wanda aka dasa ta hanyar bautar allolin Eris. Amma yaya muka sani game da wannan itaciyar itace mai ban sha'awa wanda ke faranta wa mutum da 'ya'yan itatuwa daga lokatan prehistoric? Don haka, bari muyi magana kaɗan game da itatuwan apple.

Inda itatuwan apple suke girma

Bishiyar apple itace mai dadadden itace na latitude. A cikin Eurasia, bishiyoyin apple na daji suna girma a duk faɗin nahiyar. Ana iya samunsu a cikin ƙasashen Turai waɗanda ke nesa da ƙasashen yamma, a cikin Alps, da kuma Gabas ta Tsakiya, a Mongolia, China, Caucasus, Asiya ta Tsakiya, Turkiya, Iran. San daji na wannan bishiyar suna girma a Arewacin Amurka, amma 'ya'yansu ba su da ɗanɗano kuma ƙanana. Ana ganin asalin bishiyun bishiyun apple ne asalin tsohuwar duniyar.

Itace apple mai daji

A cikin yanayin, bishiyoyin apple suna iya rayuwa daga shekaru hamsin zuwa tamanin, a cikin yanayin lambun, samfuran mutum suna rayuwa sama da ƙarni kuma har ma sun shawo kan bicentenary. A cikin yankin Ingilishi na Nottinghamshire, a yau zaku iya ganin itacen apple na Bramley - itacen apple na Bramley, wanda ya girma daga kwaya a cikin 1805. 'Ya'yanta da yawa sun yi farin ciki da ingancin ƙwararrun masanan da ke dafuwa a duniya.

Itacen apple na Bramley, wanda ya girma daga zuriya a cikin 1805

Gaskiya ne, yawancin bishiyoyin apple ana samun su a wurare masu ɗumi. Nisan arewa, ya gajarta rayuwar 'ya'yan itace. Itace apple a tsakiyar layin yana rayuwa mafi tsawon shekaru saba'in.

Dangane da rarrabewar Botanical bishiyoyi, bishiyoyin apple suna ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙwayoyin bishiyar apple a cikin iyali Rosaceae, wanda shine ɓangare na babban tsari na Rosaceae. Wannan shine, bishiyoyin apple suna cikin dangantaka mai nisa tare da wardi, amma mafi kusancin dangi sune Quince, pears, hawthorn, ash ash, cotoneaster, medlar, da irga.

Tun zamanin da, mutum ya fara noma itacen apple, ya inganta sabbin iri da iri. Yanzu har ma masana kimiyyar suna da wahala su bayyana ainihin adadin nau'ikan da ake da su da nau'in bishiyar apple. A bayyane yake cewa akwai dubbai daga gare su. Sabbin nau'ikan ana bugewa har ma a Ostiraliya, kamar, misali, RS103-130, wanda aka gabatar ga jama'a a 2009.

Darajan Australiya RS103-130

A zamanin yau, ana girma apple a kan ma'aunin masana'antu a China, Spain, Jamus, Poland, Italiya, Kanada, Amurka, Afirka ta Kudu, Argentina, Chile, New Zealand.

Apples daga ko'ina cikin duniya

Apple Taron in Almaty (Kazakhstan)

Ta yaya yawancin nau'ikan apple da suka fi yawa suka bayyana a yankinmu? A ina suka girma? Kowane iri-iri yana da nasa labarin, wani lokacin yana da matukar ban sha'awa.

Portan itace iri-iri Aport

Shahararren irin apples Aport

Shahararren apple iri-iri Aport, ambaton wanda za'a iya samu a farkon karni na XII, an dawo da shi daga yankin Balkan zuwa yankin Kudancin Romania da kuma Ukraine a karni na XIV. Daga can, Aport ya zo Rasha kuma daga baya a cikin karni na 19 zuwa Kazakhstan, inda ya zama sananne: bayan ƙetare Sivers tare da apple apple, an yi iri-iri da yawa waɗanda aka haɓaka har zuwa yau. Apples sun girma a watan Satumba kuma ana iya adanar su har zuwa ƙarshen shekara. Aport ya girma akan sikelin masana'antu, amma sannu-sannu aka maye gurbinsa da sabon nau'ikan abubuwa da kuma wasu. Yanzu ana iya samunsa a cikin gidaje masu zaman kansu da kuma a cikin gonar masu zaman kansu.

Labarin labarin ire-iren apple - bidiyo

Fasali-itacen Gala

Mutane da yawa sun fada cikin ƙauna tare da ba manya manyan mai haske-zaki mai daɗi na Gala iri-iri ba

Mutane da yawa sun fada cikin ƙauna ba tare da manya-manyan ba, suna yin matsakaita game da kimanin gram 130, kyawawan ƙwayoyi masu zaƙi na Gala da yawa. Suna girma a cikin fall - daga ƙarshen Satumba zuwa Nuwamba. Suna da dandano mai kyau na kayan zaki, wanda aka nuna 4.6 cikin biyar. An adana apples cikin har tsawon watanni biyu zuwa uku. Lambu suna godiya da ire-iren wannan don yawan aiki da yawan itinga fruan itace. Babu tsayayyen sanyi sosai na juriya na bishiyar da aka ba da izini Cibiyar Kuɗaɗe ta Stateasa da Gwamnatin Tarayya "Gossortkomissiya" don ba da shawarar koriya don namo a yankin Arewacin Caucasus, amma masu lambu suna girma Gala a wasu wuraren da babu barazanar tsawan lokacin hunturu na sama -30 ºС.

Delan itacen apple mai ƙyalƙyali

Kyakkyawan zinare, kamar yadda aka fassara sunan wannan nau'in apple ta hanyar Turanci, an san shi tun ƙarshen karni na XIX

Kyakkyawan zinare, kamar yadda aka fassara sunan wannan nau'in apple ta hanyar Turanci, sananne ne tun ƙarshen karni na 19, lokacin da A.Kh ya gano su. Mullins a cikin jihar Virginia ta Arewa. FSBI Gossortkomissiya ya ba da shawarar girma da waɗannan apples a cikin Arewacin Caucasus da Arewacin-Yankin Yankin, saboda waɗannan bishiyoyin apple suna da ƙananan alamu na juriya sanyi da tsananin sanyi lokacin hunturu. Wannan nau'ikan daban-daban yana jan hankalin lambu ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa girbin apples, wanda nauyinsa yana cikin nauyin 140-180, za'a iya adanar shi har zuwa watan Mayu na shekara mai zuwa. Golden Delicious shine mai isarwa da kansa kuma yana buƙatar bishiyoyin bishiyoyi, amma tuni itace mai shekaru biyu da uku ya ba da amfanin gona na farko.

Furen itacen apple na Fuji

Kyawawan matattun Fuji apples da aka mutu a Japan

Kyawawan matattun Fuji apples da aka mutu a Japan. Ana amfani da wannan iri-iri musamman na Koriya da China. A cikin tsakiyar yankuna na kasarmu, ana girbe 'ya'yan itace a tsakiyar Oktoba. An adana girbin har zuwa watanni uku idan an adana shi a zazzabi a ɗakin, kuma a low (a cikin ajiya, cellar, firiji) - har zuwa lokacin bazara na shekara mai zuwa. Ya kamata a sani cewa nau'in Fuji a cikin yankinmu ba ya yin daidai. Sakamakon rashin hasken rana, apples ba ya tara isasshen sukari a Rasha, a arewacin Ukraine, a Belarus. A nan, kwale-kwalen wannan nau'ikan suna da girma waɗanda suka girma zuwa makonni biyu zuwa uku a baya - Kiku, Nagafu, Yataka da sauransu. Clones na wannan iri-iri Fujik, Fujina da Fujion an jera su a cikin Rijistar Jihar Rasha tare da izinin shuka su a Arewacin Caucasus.

Fuji kwalayen hoto a cikin hoto

Granny Smith itacen apple

Granny Smith (Granny Smith) - iri-iri na Australiya

Granny Smith (Granny Smith) - zaɓi iri-iri na zaɓi na Australiya na rabi na biyu na karni na XIX. Apples wannan iri-iri ne kore da m. Itacen itacen apple yana fifita yanayin yanayi tare da masu sanyin sanyi. Yana girma da kyau, alal misali, a cikin Isra'ila, inda yake cikin mafi mashahuri. Hukumar Kula da Kasafin Kasuwanci ta Tarayya "Kwamitin Jiha", lokacin da Granny Smith ya shiga cikin Rajistar Jiha, an nuna Kudancin Arewa a matsayin yankin da aka ba da shawarar girma. A cikin kwatancen nau'ikan, cibiyar sadarwar tana nuna nauyin apples game da 0.3 kilogiram, yayin gwajin iri-iri a Rasha, Granny Smith apples sun kai kilogram 0.15.

Mutsu sahun itacen apple

Itacen apple Mutsu ya bayyana a shekara ta 30 na karni na ƙarshe a Japan

Itacen apple Mutsu, wanda kuma ake kira Mutsu, Mutsa ko Crispin, ya bayyana a shekara ta 30 na ƙarni na ƙarshe a Japan. A tsawon lokaci, ta ƙare a cikin lambunan Turai, Ukrainian da Rasha. Yankin yana da matsakaiciyar matsakaicin hunturu kuma yana girma a yankuna tare da masu bushewa mai laushi. A tsakiyar Satumba, 'ya'yan itãcen marmari kai ga balaga m, mabukaci ripeness ke samun a cikin rabin zuwa watanni biyu. Ana iya adana firiji har zuwa lokacin bazara na shekara mai zuwa. Itacen apple Mutsu na buƙatar jiyya na yau da kullun don cututtuka da kwari.

Itatuwan Apple Mutsu kusa da Odessa - bidiyo

Jonathan itacen apple

An ba da shawarar Jonathan don yin namo a cikin yankunan Krasnodar da Stavropol, Kabardino-Balkaria, Adygea, Asetia-Alania, Karachay-Cherkessia, Chechnya, Ingushetia, Yankin Rostov

Sanannen sanannen Jonathan, wanda kuma ana kiranta Oslamovsky, Khoroshavka hunturu ko Ja mai ja, ya bayyana a farkon karni na 19 a cikin jihar Arewacin Amurka ta Ohio, inda yanayin yake da sauƙin yanayi, yanayin hunturu ba kasafai ake ƙasa da -1 ºС. Yanayin da ya dace yana buƙatar itace lokacin da aka girma. Itacen apple yana girbi a cikin na shida, da wuya a shekara ta huɗu ko biyar na rayuwa. Lokacin da aka haɗa iri-iri a cikin Rijistar Jihar Rasha, an ba da shawarar Jonathan don yin namo a cikin Krasnodar da Tervropol Territories, Kabardino-Balkaria, Adygea, North Ossetia-Alania, Karachay-Cherkessia, Chechnya, Ingushetia, da Yankin Rostov. A cikin yanayin Rasha, apples sun sami gram 135-165. Jonathan - da yawa daga ƙarshen lokacin amfani da hunturu, a ƙarancin yanayin zafi za'a iya adanar shi har zuwa Mayu shekara mai zuwa.

Itatuwan itacen apple

Girbin farko na itacen apple Idared yana bayarwa a shekara ta uku ko ta takwas na rayuwa

Apple itacen Idared iri-iri ne na kiwo na Arewacin Amurka (jihar Idaho), saboda haka, ana iya samun nasarar girma cikin yankuna kawai lokacin da dusar ƙanƙarar bazara ta faɗi ƙasa -20 ºС. Itacen apple yana ba da amfanin gona na farko a shekara ta uku ko ta takwas na rayuwa. FSBI Gossortkomissiya, wanda ya haɗa da Idared a cikin jerin nau'ikan da aka ba da shawarar, ya nuna yankin Arewacin Caucasus da ƙananan yankin Volga a matsayin yanki mafi girma, kuma a cikin 2017 ya kara yankin Kaliningrad a arewa maso yammacin Rasha cikin wannan jerin. A kan sikelin masana'antu, apples na Idared suna girma a cikin ƙasa na Krasnodar. Apple bishiyoyi na wannan nau'in kuma suna girma cikin nasara a cikin Ukraine, inda aka fara girma su a cikin yankin steppe da gandun daji-steppe, kuma daga baya a kudancin Polesie. A Poland, Idared yana da babban matsayi tsakanin nau'ikan apple da aka fitarwa.

Yadda itacen apple yake girma da 'ya'ya

Kayan itacen apple yana da kyau a kowane yanayi, amma idan kuna son ba kawai don sha'awar wannan kallon mai gani ba, har ma don ƙirƙirar wani abu mai kama da kanku, kyawawan hotuna ba su isa ba.

Apple Orchard - hoto

Mene ne itacen apple yake farawa?

Kowane itacen apple yana farawa da iri ko guda. Ba shi da daraja a yi shuka itacen ɓaure daga zuriyar apple da aka siya da aka ci kawai. Ba wai kawai saboda yana da tsawo da wahala ba. Akwai babban yuwuwar cewa itaciyar za ta zama babban wasan daji, wanda aka liƙa nau'ikan da aka so. Kuma halin da ake ciki tare da peran da aka zaɓa iri-iri ba abu ne mai sauki ba: kuna buƙatar samun samfuran da suka dace kuma suna aiwatar da aikin alurar rigakafin kanta, wanda ba shi da sauƙi ba tare da gwaninta ba. A sakamakon haka, sapling ya bayyana akan gidan rani ko kuma shingen lambu, wanda wani ya riga ya girma har shekara daya ko biyu.

Lokacin da aka dasa shi daidai da duk ka'idodi, kewaye da hankali da kulawa mai mahimmanci, itaciyar za ta ba da 'ya'yan itace na farko, ya dogara da yawa akan zaɓaɓɓen apple da aka zaɓa. Kowane iri-iri yakan shiga cikin 'ya'yan itace a lokaci guda:

• Wataƙila ana iya ɗanɗano ƙwayoyin Mutsu a cikin shekara ta huɗu ta rayuwar itaciya;
• apple Jonathan zai jira har shekara shida, da kyar ya fara yin 'ya'ya a shekara ta huɗu ko biyar.
• jiran apple Gala, haƙuri ya kamata a stocked har shida, ko ma shekara bakwai daga lokacin dasa seedling;
• itacen apple Idared na iya farantawa tuffa ta farko a shekara ta uku na girma, amma yana yiwuwa a jira wannan taron kafin shekara ta takwas na rayuwarsa;
• fi so na lambu Farin ciko, farkon wanda ya fara zube a yankinmu a tsakiyar bazara, ya gamsu da girbin farko bayan dasa seedling tuni a shekara ta uku ko ta huɗu.

Akwai wasu nau'ikan itacen apple na farko-farkon, ana iya samun 'ya'yansu na farko a cikin shekara ta uku ko ta huɗu daga dasa shuki:

• Bogatyr yana girma a cikin arewa maso yammacin kasar a cikin yankin Kaliningrad, a cikin yankuna chernozem na tsakiya, yankuna na Tsakiya da Volga-Vyatka;
• An ware Imrus don tsakiyar chernozem yankuna da yankin Tsakiya;
• An ba da shawarar Orlik don Tsakiyar Tsakiyar da Arewa ta Yamma da yankuna tsakiyar baƙar fata;
• Dalibi ya girma a cikin tsakiyar chernozem yankuna;
• da sauransu.

Nau'in farko - hoto

Lokacin shigarwa na kowane itacen apple a cikin lokacin fruiting an ƙaddara shi ba kawai ta hanyar iri-iri ba, har ma da wasu dalilai masu yawa: yanayin yankin, ingancin ƙasa, wurin da shafin da bishiyar kanta akan wurin, da sauransu. A matsakaici, yana daga shekaru biyar zuwa goma sha biyar. A wannan lokacin, tushen itacen da kambinsa an kafa su cikakke. 'Yan lambu sun lura da wannan dangantakar: farkon farkon itacen apple ya shiga cikin lokacin' ya'yan itace, ya fi guntu tsawon rayuwar itacen.

Idan muna magana ne game da dwarf da rabin apple dwarf apple, to, lura gano cewa guda apple iri-iri grafted a kan daban-daban hannun jari yana da rayuwa daban-daban. Mafi kyawun dwarfs mai banƙyama game da itacen apple na gandun daji na Caucasian, mafi ƙanƙanta - an manne a kan itacen apple na aljanna, wanda ake kira aljanna. Abubuwan da ake tsammani na rabin-dwarfs akan duseny (nau'in bishiyoyi masu ƙarancin itacen apple da aka yi amfani da su azaman tushen) suna ɗaukar matsayi na tsakiya tsakanin ɗimbin rayuwar bishiyoyi masu tsayi da dwarf. A matsakaita, bishiyoyin apple da ba a cika gani suna rayuwa tsawon shekaru 15-20.

Amfanin gona na fari na bishiyoyin apple, a matsayin mai mulkin, ya faɗi akan shekara ta uku ta rayuwarsu, kuma daga shekaru huɗu zuwa biyar lokacin farawa ya fara.

Amfanin gona na farko na bishiyoyin apple, wanda a matsayinka na mai mulki, ya fadi a shekara ta uku ta rayuwarsu, kuma daga shekaru hudu zuwa biyar yana fara lokacin taro

Wani labarin daban shine bishiyoyin apple na columnar. Zasu iya yin fure har a shekarar dasa. Af, duk furanni akan irin wannan bishiyar apple ana cire shi domin ya sami tushe sosai kuma yayi girma. Itatuwan apple masu kama-maza suna rayuwa tsawon shekaru goma sha biyar zuwa goma sha bakwai kuma suna yin shekara-shekara.

Itatuwan apple masu kama-maza suna rayuwa tsawon shekaru goma sha biyar zuwa goma sha bakwai kuma suna yin shekara-shekara

Waɗannan ƙarin rassan?

Domin yayi girma kyakkyawan itace, lafiyayye, 'ya'yan itace apple mai yalwar itace, ba shi yiwuwa a yi ba tare da yin kambi ba, wato, aikin bishiyar girki. Ba shi yiwuwa a zartar da hukuncin daidai idan baku san mahimmancin rabe-rabe na tsarin kambi na itacen ba.

Ci gaba da gangar jikin (ƙaramin ɓangaren gangar jikin) itaciyar itace a tsaye a tsaye, ana kiranta shugaba. Zuwa bangarorin kara, kuma tare da shekaru kuma daga mai jagoran, rassan gefen, waɗanda ake kira rassan kwarangwal, tashi. A kansu ne ake kafa rassan itace da itacen itace.

Branchirar hoton bishiyar itacen apple

Ganyen fure na itacen apple, elongated da nuna, suna haɗe sosai da ƙarar shekara-shekara. Furen fure sun fi zagaye kuma da ɗan jera daga shekaru biyu na shoot. Jaka 'ya'yan itace ana yin su ne ta hanyar fure mai fure.

An kafa fure-fure na fure-fure na bishiyoyin apple akan nau'ikan itace na itace

• igan itace --an itace - shootaƙin santimita mai ƙanƙan tsami na 10-30, da farko yana ba da furanni kawai, daga abin da apples ke girma bayan pollination;
• mashi - harbi har zuwa 10 cm tsayi, ƙare a cikin toho na fure;
• ringworm - harbi mai saurin girma zuwa 5 cm tsayi tare da rosette na ganye a ƙarshen, a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai kyau, toho mai ma'ana a ƙarshensa ya zama fure;
• jaka na 'ya'yan itace - babban ɓangaren ɓangaren' ya'yan itacen, a inda apple ɗin ke farfadowa, ana girka furen fure a kansu.

A kan harbe-girma girma na shekara-shekara a cikin yawancin nau'ikan bishiyoyin apple, an kafa tushen ganye kawai. Wadannan rassan ne da ake amfani da su don kafa kambi - kwarangwal gwal da kuma a kaikaice.

Yadda ake yin itacen ɓaure kowane itace

Kamar yadda kuka sani, yawancin nau'ikan bishiyoyin apple da farko suna da yawan lokaci na 'ya'yan itace na shekaru 2-3: lokaci ɗaya yana wadatarwa, sannan hutu na shekaru 1-2, lokacin da babu apples ko kaɗan ko kaɗan kaɗan daga cikinsu. Irin wannan lokacine a bayyane yake a cikin iri Papirovka, Lobo, Mantet.

Treesan itace daban-daban na itatuwan apple tare da iya adadin lokutan 'ya'yan itace a cikin hoto

Wannan yana faruwa saboda 'ya'yan itace waɗanda aka ba da furanni da kuma' ya'yan itace harbe, wanda fure mai fure zai samar kawai shekara mai zuwa, sabili da haka, apples zai kasance ne kawai a cikin shekara.

A wasu nau'ikan apple, irin su Antonovka, Korichnaya taguwar, Melba, yawan fruiting ba ake furtawa ba, tunda an dage farawa daga farkon furannin fure a cikin kakar ta yanzu, wato, za a sami amfanin gona mai zuwa shekara mai zuwa.

Treesan itace daban-daban na itacen apple tare da frequencyarancin madogara na 'ya'yan itace a cikin hoto

Guji yanayin yawan 'ya'yan itacen apple a ƙarƙashin yanayi da yawa.

1. Yawancin itatuwan apple da suka girma ya kamata a yi nufin yankin da itacen ya girma. Kada fure-fure ya kamata a daskare a cikin hunturu.
2. Wajibi ne don hana haɓakar shuka, ta hanyar kunna kwanciya daga fure fure. Dace daskare na bishiyar ya ba da damar hakan. Misali zai zama bishiyoyin apple akan dwarf ko root-dwarf rootstocks, da farko suna da ƙuntatawa game da haɓaka, amma saboda tsarin tushen ƙarfi, suna samar da abinci mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi.
3. Bai kamata a cika nauyin itaciyar tare da albarkatu ba lokacin da 'ya'yan itatuwa suka girma a duk rassa da rassa. Kyakkyawan rassan 'ya'yan itace ya kamata su kasance a kambi. A lokaci guda, za a yarda da tokar kambi ta hanyar harbe harbe ba dole ba. Lokacin da suka kai tsawon 18-20 cm, dole ne a taqaitaccen lokacin bazara koda rabin kore ko kashi biyu daga uku. Kuna iya yin wannan aikin a cikin fall ko farkon farkon bazara.
4. Wajibi ne a samar da itacen da abinci mai kyau, kariya daga cututtuka da kwari.

Idan itacen apple baiyi fure ba

Fara fararen lambu sau da yawa isa ya tambayi tambaya game da girma apple amma ba-fure apple itacen shekaru da yawa.

Batu na farko da ya kamata su kula dashi shine ire-iren bishiyar apple da ranar shigar sa zuwa cikin 'ya'yan itace. Wataƙila takamaiman itacen apple bai zo don faranta wa mai lambu da girbi ba tukuna. Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, nau'in apple suna da lokuta daban-daban lokacin da aka fara amfani da fruiting.

Idan lokaci ya yi da za ta haihuwar bishiya, amma babu furanni, dole ne a yi amfani da shawarar 'yan lambu masu ilimi. Saboda haka itacen dage farawa fure buds kuma na gaba shekara samar da amfanin gona, za ka iya yi da wadannan ayyukan:

1. Sanya rassan girma a tsaye kuma ku amintar da su ta hanyar zartar da fegi ko ƙaiƙayi a wani kusurwa na kusan 60º dangi da kwalin itacen.
2. Matasa na bakin ciki za a iya gyarawa a cikin nau'i na zobe.
3. Gyara wani ɓangare na tushen itacen.

Duk waɗannan ayyukan zasu haifar da shimfidar fure na fure, kuma a shekara mai zuwa itacen zai samar da amfanin gona.

Abin da za a yi idan itacen apple ba ya yi fure - bidiyo

Briefarshen taƙaitaccen bayani ya biyo baya daga duk abubuwan da ke sama: kowane itacen apple, kamar kowane shuka a gonar, yana buƙatar sha'awa, replenishment of ilmi, hankali da kulawa daga mai lambu. Sannan itaciyar zata cika masa cikakken ladan girbi.