Kalmar chestnut tana da ma'anoni daban-daban. Da fari dai, ana kiran bishiyoyi, sau da yawa a cikin shakatawa ko a tituna. Wannan doki mai farin ciki itace itace daga gidan Sapindov. Yana da nau'o'in iri da yawa kuma yana da nauyin kirji, amma ana amfani dashi a magani na gargajiya. Abu na biyu, ana iya kiran gasnuts. Suna cikin iyali Beech kuma sun hada da nau'in nau'in. Na uku, abin da ake kira Australiya chestnut. Yana cikin iyalin legumes.
Ka yi la'akari da nau'o'in chestnuts, iri da iri.
Kwan zuma aljan (Aésculus)
Bisa ga ɗaya daga cikin sifofin, sunan dokin kirji yana samo daga 'ya'yan itatuwa waɗanda suka kama da launi na doki mai launi da haske.
A karkashin yanayin yanayi, an samo katakon doki a kudancin Turai, a arewacin Indiya, a gabashin Asiya, a Arewacin Amirka. Ya fi son yanayi mai saurin yanayi kuma sabo ne, sako-sako, ƙasa mai kyau. Akwai nau'o'i 28 na doki, 13 daga cikinsu sune na kowa a Rasha da 15 a Turai, Amurka, Japan da China. Sakamakon lokacin shuka yana farawa a shekaru 15.
Girman itace har zuwa 25 m tana nufin deciduous. A ganye suna da manyan, kunshi 5-7 ganye tare da dogon petioles. Furen suna kararrawa-mai siffar, har zuwa 2 cm a diamita, waɗanda aka tattara a manyan inflorescences a cikin nau'i na gurasar pyramidal. Kwanjin yana da kyau sosai a lokacin flowering a watan Mayu da Yuni.
Bayan pollination ya bayyana 'ya'yan itace, kewaye da akwatin allura. Bayan girke furen 'ya'yan itace. Itacen yana cike da hankali kuma yana shan wahala daga asu mai bankin katako. Kowane nau'in chestnuts suna ado ne kuma suna cikin tsire-tsire masu kyau. Gishiri zuma ne ruwa, m, marar launi, da sauri crystallizes kuma dan kadan m.
Kwayoyin 'ya'yan karan suna da sinadaran kama da hatsi, amma suna da ƙanshi, saboda haka suna da jinkirin cin dabbobi.
Wood, saboda taushi da rashin zaman lafiyar halittu, ba shi da darajar kasuwanci.
Ana amfani da dukkanin kayan shuka (sai dai akwatin jakar barbed) ana amfani dashi a cikin masana'antun na'ura. A cikin maganin mutane, an yi amfani da shi a cikin kafafu na sutura a cikin kafafu da kuma basur, don rheumatic da arthritic sha raɗaɗin.
Shin kuna sani? An yi amfani da kirjin alkama a baya a cikin samar da bindigogi a matsayin kayan abinci mai mahimmanci ga gawayi, kazalika da wani sashi don samar da mannewa.
Mafi na kowa iri doki chestnut sun hada da:- Horse chestnut Californian (Aesculus californica) itace itace har zuwa m 10, yana da ganye tare da haɗin 5. Flowers farin da ruwan hoda, waɗanda aka tattara a cikin inflorescences har zuwa 20 cm, suna da ƙanshi mai dadi.
- Kwan zuma chestnut rawaya (Aesculus flava) - ke tsiro a Arewacin Amirka a tsawo zuwa 30 m. Ƙananan launin koren launi ya kunshi sassan launi na 5-7. Itacen yana da launin toka ko launin ruwan kasa. Yana blooms 2-3 makonni fiye da doki chestnut furanni furanni. Yana bi da iri mafi sanyi.
- Dogon kodin tsirara (Aesculus glabra) - bishiyar da ke girma a yankunan gabashin Amurka, yana da tsawo har zuwa 25 m da raguwa mai tsayi har zuwa 0.6 m. An bayyana shi da kayan ado na kambi, da launi da 'ya'yan itatuwa.
- India doki chestnut (Aesculus indica) - itacen da yake girma a Arewacin Indiya, har zuwa m 20. Yana furanni da furanni masu furanni da launin rawaya da ja. Bar tare da nau'i-nau'i mai tsalle-tsalle. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari.
- Kwan zuma chestnut kananan-launi (Aesculus parviflora) - ke tsiro a jihohin kudu maso gabashin Amurka da kuma samar da shuki har zuwa mita 5. Wannan ganye ya ƙunshi littattafai 5-7, ƙananan yana jin grayish. Flowers suna da farin tare da styens pinkish.
- Dogon kirji ja (Aesculus pavia) - ke tsiro a Arewacin Amirka a tsawo zuwa 12 m. Ganye yana da 5 ganye, dan kadan fluffy a kasa. Furanni suna da haske, ba 'ya'yan itace ba prickly.
- Jagoran jakadan Japan (Aesculus turbinata) - tsiro ne a Japan, kamar ƙwayar kirji ne, amma tare da filaye mai tsayi. Girman itace ya kai mitoci 30, furanni suna launin launi mai launin launin fata, 'ya'yan itace dan kadan ne.
- Kwan zuma naman alade-jast (Aesculus × carnea) - ke tsiro a Turai, Arewacin Amirka, Crimea. Tree har zuwa 25 m tare da furanni ja da duhu kore ganye. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari ne mai zagaye-dimbin yawa, dan kadan prickly.
Shin kuna sani? A Geneva, akwai al'adar sanar da spring lokacin da na farko ganye ya bayyana a cikin wani chestnut a karkashin taga na gwamnati. A shekara ta 2006, an sanar da ruwa sau biyu - a watan Maris da Oktoba, tun daga bishiyar ba zato ba tsammani bloomed a cikin fall.
Edible chestnut nau'in (Castánea)
Gidan Beech family chestnut itace itace mai karfi wanda ya fi son yanayi mai dumi da kuma girma a cikin Rumunan, a kan Atlantic Coast na Amurka, a gabashin Asia. Yana da bishiyoyin bisidu zuwa 50 m high ko shrubs.
Kwayoyin suna da sauki, tsaka-tsaka-tsaka, tsaka-tsalle, tsawon mita 6-25. Ana tattara furanni a cikin launi mai zurfi 5-15 cm.
Yana da muhimmanci! Tashin katako Castánea yana kama da itacen itacen oak, don haka ana amfani dashi don yin ganga da ke adana ruwan inabi da kuma abin sha. Har ila yau, ana amfani dashi a cikin kayan kayan kayan aiki.
'Ya'yan' ya'yan karamar 'ya'yan itatuwa sun ƙunshi carbohydrates da sunadarai, don haka ana amfani da su a cikin masana'antun abinci.
Chestnut gorodchaty (Castanea crenata)
A yanayi, an yi amfani da ita a Japan, China, Koriya, kuma ana samunsa a Yammacin Turai da Arewacin Amirka. Itacen itace har zuwa m 15 m kuma har zuwa 1.5 m a diamita. Ya fi son ƙasa mai iska da iska, amma zai iya tsayayya da sanyi har zuwa digiri 25 na sanyi. Girma da sauri kuma yana da 'ya'ya ga 2-4 shekaru. Itacen itace yana da dogon dogon lokaci na tsawon mita 8-16 da 3-3.5 cm, a kan petioles 10-12 mm. Daga sama suna da santsi da haske, kuma daga ƙasa sun ji. An hade 'ya'yan itatuwa a kan guda 3, rabon su ne 2-3 cm. Wannan jinsin yana da nau'in nau'i nau'i 100 da suka kasance suna cikin mafi yawan 'ya'yan itace a cikin chestnuts. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari sun kai 6 cm a diamita kuma har zuwa 80 g a nauyi. 
Chestnut Amirka (Castanea dentata)
Wani suna - ƙwayar gashi. A yanayi, na kowa a Arewacin Amirka. Yana tsiro a cikin gandun daji na coniferous-deciduous a kan dutsen tsaunuka. Itacen itace har zuwa m 35 m kuma a cikin kututture adadin har zuwa 1.5 m na da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire, kamar yadda yanayin zafi zai kai zuwa -27 da kuma gurɓataccen iska. Girman tayi na 0.5-1 m kowace shekara.
Itacen itace yana da tsayi da tsayi (12-24 cm), 4.5-5.5 cm. Ana tattara furanni a cikin kunnuwan kunnuwa har zuwa 20 cm, a gindin su ne furen mata. Ana hade 'ya'yan itatuwa a cikin kashi 2-3. 1-2.5 cm a diamita.Amma a halin yanzu, ba ma yaduwa ba saboda shan kashi cikin 80-90s na karni na XIX. naman gwari Endonia parasitica, daga shigo da Sin. Da shekaru 80, itace yana tsayawa girma kuma yana buƙatar gidan ajiya. 
Dukkan 'ya'yan itace ne da' ya'yan itace suna amfani da ita. Ana amfani da itace da yawa don tannins. Ana nuna bambancin irin wadannan nau'o'in ta hanyar zabin 'ya'yan itace. Sun ƙunshi 6% na ruwa a yanayin busassun, 10% na gina jiki, 8% na mai, 73% na carbohydrates, 2% na ash kuma, a dandano, su ne mafi girma ga 'ya'yan itãcen chestnut.
Henry Chestnut (Castanea henryi)
A yanayi, rarraba a yankunan tsakiya da yammacin kasar Sin. Tsawon itacen yana da har zuwa 25-30 m. Ganyayyaki suna siffar kwai, 9-22 cm tsawo, 5-6 cm m, sanya petioles har zuwa 1.5 cm tsawo kuma suna da launin yellowish-kore. Kwayar yana kewaye da kwayar da ke cikin diamita har zuwa 2 cm tare da saukar da allurar ƙira kuma ya ƙunshi kowannen katako.
Chestnut na kasar Sin (Castanea mollissima)
Irin wannan ma ana kira chestnut softest. A yanayi, na kowa a Sin, Koriya da Vietnam. Sau da yawa ana samo su cikin tsaunuka na Arewacin Amirka suna samar da kananan gandun daji. Fruiting fara da shekaru 5-8.
Itacen ya kai kimanin mita 20 kuma yana da babban kambi. A ganye suna elliptical, 8-22 cm tsawo, 5-7 cm m, sanya a petioles 7-8 mm tsawo kuma suna da duhu koren launi daga sama da haske daga ƙasa. Ganyayyaki suna da laushi. Kwayar tana kewaye da ply tare da diamita na 5-6 cm tare da raƙuman launi mai haske. Yawan 'ya'yan itatuwa ne m 2-3, har zuwa 3 cm a diamita. Dukansu itace da 'ya'yan itatuwa suna amfani dasu, wadanda suke da fifiko ga wasu nau'ukan kirkira a dandano.
Noma na kirjin da ya fi sauƙi ya haifar da mutuwar katako. An samo wani naman gwari wanda yake rufe wani katako tare da shi, kuma shuka kanta tana da karfi da rigakafi da wannan naman gwari.
Short chestnut (Castanea pumila)
A yanayi, al'ada ne a Arewacin Amirka. A Yammacin Turai, tana nufin siffofin ado tun 1699. Itacen itace har zuwa m 15 m yayi girma a ƙasa mai yashi mai bushe kuma yana da sanyi. Kwayoyin suna da siffar launi mai launin launin fata, launin launin kore-launi a saman da wani tsari na farin-cell da ke ƙasa, an sanya shi a kan petioles har zuwa 1 cm. Anyi amfani da 'ya'yan itace tare da diamita na har zuwa 4 cm tare da tsararru masu yawa. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari tare da diamita na 1 cm, yawanci a cikin adadin 1-2 guda. ya bayyana a sakamakon sakamakon fashewar plyus bayan girka. 
Seednutnut (Castanea sativa)
A yanayi, an rarraba shi a kudu maso Yurobi da Asia Minor. Ya fi son yanayi mai dumi da dumi. Yana tsiro a kan gangaren duwatsu, suna samar da gandun daji, gauraye da filaye, beech da hornbeam. Itacen ke tsiro da sauri, yana tsiro da tsaba da kuma harbe, yana fara bada 'ya'ya daga shekara 20. Sakamakon bambancin irin wannan shine tushen tushen tsarin da ke riƙe da kambi sosai. Zuwan rai shine shekaru 100-150, amma bishiyoyin shekaru 1000 suna sanannun.
Wani itace har zuwa mita 35 m har zuwa 1 m a diamita daga cikin akwati yana da launin ruwan kasa wanda ya ragu. Ganye yana da tsayi, 10-28 cm tsawo, 5-9 cm fadi, ji zuwa kasan, da kuma santsi a kai kuma suna da gefe serrated. Ana tattara furanni a cikin ƙwayoyin fuka-fuka-fuka tare da furen namiji da na mace. Flowering na faruwa a watan Yuni-Yuli, kuma ƙudan zuma yana gudanar da pollination da sauran kwari ko iska. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari da ake auna 17-20 g suna kewaye da prickly farji. Rarraba da yaduwar 'ya'yan itatuwa yana faruwa a watan Oktoba-Nuwamba. Matsakaicin yawan amfanin ƙasa ta itacen girma shine 100-200 kg. 
Ana yin walakan gari cikin gari, cin abinci maras kyau, dafa, burodi, dried, kyafaffen, yadu da aka yi amfani da shi a dafa abinci. Gwanakin bishiya yana da matukar muhimmanci. Yana da karfi, haske, kyau da kuma m. Dukkanin wannan itace yana dauke da tannins, sabili da haka suna aiki ne kawai don samar da tannins. Saboda abubuwan da ke ciki a cikin ganyayyaki na bitamin K da tannins ana amfani da su a maganin gargajiya na jini. Bark da plyus da aka yi amfani dashi a matsayin dye.
Chestnut Segou (Castanea seguinii)
A yanayi, an samo shi a gabas da tsakiyar yankunan Sin. Yana tsiro a duwatsu kuma yana da damuwa ga fungi wanda ke cutar da ƙwayar cuta.
Tsawon itacen yana da m zuwa 10 m. Ganye yana da tsalle-tsalle, 6-16 cm tsawo, mai santsi daga ƙasa. Kwayar yana kewaye da 'ya'yan itace tare da diamita na 3-4 cm' Ya'yan itatuwa sune ƙananan, har zuwa 1.5 cm a diamita, launin ruwan kasa mai launi.
Hystid Chestnut
Nau'in nau'i na nau'i na kirji sun hada da:
- Castanea fleetii - shi ne matasan kirji da ƙaddara;
- Castanea watsi - ne matasan na chestnut, jagged da undersized;
- Castanea ozarkensis.
Shin kuna sani? Itacen mafi girma da mafi tsufa a duniya, wanda aka jera a littafin Guinness Book Records, yana tsiro a tsibirin Italiya na Sicily, mai nisan kilomita 8 daga dutsen dutsen Etna. An kira shi itacen dawakai dubu. Shekaru na itace yana kimanta kimanin shekaru 2 zuwa 4. Chestnut yana da kullun da dama, amma tushen daya, kuma kewaye da gangar jikin shine 57.9 m.
Australiya chestnut (Castanospermum austrále)
A yanayi, yana tsiro a gabashin gabashin Australia. Wannan itace itace mai tsawon mita 15-30 m tare da haushi mai launin ruwan kasa. Ganye suna duhu kore m, m-dimbin yawa, 30-45 cm tsawo, kafa daga kananan ganye 15 cm tsawo da kuma 6-7 cm fadi da.
A shuka blooms tare da yellow-orange furanni, tattara a cikin wani m inflorescence 3-4 cm tsawo, kuma pollinated da tsuntsaye. Yanayin yawo daga May zuwa Agusta. Bayan pollination, 'ya'yan itace ya bayyana a cikin nau'i mai kwakwalwa mai kwakwalwa 10-25 cm tsawo kuma 4-6 cm a diamita, zuwa kashi 3-5. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari a cikin siffar fure sun kama da tsaba na chestnut.
Ana amfani da shuka a matsayin ornamental kuma yakan girma kamar yadda yake ciki. Bisa ga alamu na waje, itace yana kama da itacen goro. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari sun ƙunshi saponins, sabili da haka, suna da guba, amma ana amfani da su a cikin abinci lokacin da suke yin amfani da ruwa a cikin ruwa.
Yana da muhimmanci! Chestnut tana nufin kawai ƙananan kalori kwayoyi wanda ke dauke da bitamin C (100 g chestnut = 170 kcal).
Da zarar mun ga abin da katako yake da shi, zamu iya cewa wannan sunan ya haɗa dukan tsire-tsire masu da 'ya'yan itatuwa. Za su iya kasancewa cikin iyalai daban-daban, su zama abincin da ba za a iya ba, amma darajar kowane ɗayansu don mutum ya kasance a fili.
