Gentian (Sunan Latin - Gentiana) shine sunan jinsin mutane da yawa da yawa, dukansu biyu da na shekara-shekara, girma kusan a duk faɗin duniya (sai dai Afrika da Antarctica), sabili da haka ba bambanci ba kawai a bayyanar, amma har ma a girma da kulawa.
Duk da haka, wannan irin bambancin ne wanda ke ba mu damar cimma wannan, dasa iri iri iri a cikin lambun, za ka iya cimma burinsu na ci gaba da fure a cikin kakar. Kuma furanni na gentian na ban mamaki: sune mafi yawancin suna wakiltar dukkanin inuwar launin shuɗi - daga haske mai launin shuɗi zuwa mai zurfi mai zurfi, amma akwai wasu irin su da fararen, rawaya, ruwan hoda da furanni mai launi.
Shin kuna sani? Gidan ya karbi sunan Latin don girmama sarki Illyria - wani tsohuwar jihar dake yammacin yankin Balkan - wanda, kamar yadda masana tarihi suka yi, ya bi da annoba tare da ruwan 'yan Gentian. Amma ga sunan Rasha na shuka, duk abin da ya fi sauƙi a nan: asalin da kuma ganyen Gentun suna da ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano, saboda haka ya zama mutumin kirki.
Game da nau'in nau'o'i 90 na gentian suna horar da su. Yawancin irin nau'o'in 'yan ƙasar Turai ne suke girma a cikin latitudes, amma nau'in Asiya ba shi da ban sha'awa.
Dole ne a yarda cewa, domin duk abin da yake gani, gentian bai riga ya sami nasara ba a tsakanin masu furanni, kuma akwai dalilai masu ma'ana don wannan. Saboda yawan nau'o'in jinsin na gentian da bambancin yanayi na ci gaban su, yana da wuyar bayar da shawarwari na musamman don kulawa da wannan shuka duk da haka: abin da ya dace da nau'in iri ɗaya ba shi da kyau ga wani.
Har ila yau, akwai lokuta inda ake ganin mutumin kirki ya kasance mai girma sosai kuma ya girma cikin yanayin da aka shirya a hankali, amma tsayayyen lokacin da aka jira ba ya faru ba. Amma ya ɗauki kawai mita kaɗan don motsa tsire-tsire, kuma matsalar ta warware kanta. A wasu kalmomi, gentian - tsire-tsire mai ban sha'awa kuma yawancin rashin tabbas. Duk da haka yana da daraja ƙoƙarin girma wannan kyawawan furanni a kan shirinka.
Zabi wuri don girma gentian
Kamar yadda aka riga ya fada Yancin wuri da zaɓi na kasar gona don gentian ya dogara ne a kan yanayin da irin wannan yanayin yake girma a cikin yanayi. Wasu nau'ikan shuke-shuke sun fi son wurare, wasu suna jin dadi a cikin inuwa. An yi amfani da Gentian a wuri mai tsabta don yin ado da nunin faifai, amma wannan zaɓi bai dace sosai ga farkon da marigayi tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire waɗanda suka fi son inuwa ba, kuma ba ma warmed sama da yammacin wani wuri mai haske da kuma busasshiyar ƙasa.
Kyakkyawan wuri ga tsire-tsire, lokacin flowering wanda ya faru a cikin fall, su ne yankunan m kusa da ruwa. To girma a cikin penumbra gentian Andrews. Amma irin waɗannan nau'in shuka kamar 'yan kabilar Gentian da yawa, da bracteosa, parryi, sceptrum (babu sunayen Rasha) suna buƙatar isasshen rana kuma a lokaci guda mai yalwar ƙasa. Asian flowering-flowering gentian kuma so rana, amma suna bukatar ƙasa da danshi a cikin ƙasa.
Gaba ɗaya, ya kamata a lura cewa Hakan na kirkirar kirian ga haske da abun da ke ciki na kasar gona a cikin nau'o'in jinsunan daban daban: Wasu gentianas suna iya girma da kuma bunkasa kusan a ko'ina, don wasu, tsayayya sosai ga yanayi mai girma yana da muhimmanci. A gefe guda kuma, wasu nau'o'i na gentian suna girma inda kusan babu wasu tsire-tsire suna da tushe. Alal misali, a cikin sassan mafi kusurwar Bavaria, za ka iya samun farin ciki masu farin ciki na 'yan kabilar Asia.
Idan kuna ƙoƙarin kawo irin abubuwan da ake bukata na gentian zuwa yanayi na waje, zamu iya cewa duk jinsin shuka sun fi son wuraren da zafi mai zafi, ƙasa ya kamata a kwantar da ruwa, amma ba a kange shi ba, akwai haske mai yawa, amma zafi mai yawa ga al'ummar kirki na lalata.
Saboda haka ƙarshen: yanayin zafi wanda yanayin kirki ya shirya don yayi girma, dole ne a zabi mafi ƙanƙantaccen bayyanar kuma dole ne a ƙara ƙoƙari don samar da kariya ga shuka daga hasken rana. Ya kamata wurin ya zama mai haske a safiya da maraice, amma ya shaye da rana.
Tare da ƙasa, halin da ake ciki ya fi rikitarwa. Idan ka dauki gentin gentin misali, wasu iri sun fi son ƙasa mai kyau, wasu - alkaline. A wannan yanayin, ƙetare irin wannan iri tare da juna sakamakon a cikin wani shuka da zai iya girma sosai a ƙasa a matsayin daban-daban acidity. Babu haɗin kai dangane da yadda kasar ke yi da kuma wakilan Asiya na gentian.
Saboda haka, wucin gadi na kasar Sin ba shi da girma a kan ƙasa mai laushi, wasu mambobi daga cikin jinsin, sun ce, Genre Farrer, ba su da wuya a yi gaban lemun tsami a cikin ƙasa. Wasu dan kabilar Asiya, flowering a lokacin rani (alal misali, Dahurian, recumbent, da sauransu), akasin haka, kaunar ƙasa tare da mai yawa lemun tsami da low acidity. Akwai 'yan Indiyawa masu yawa masu rani-rani, waɗanda suke son ƙarancin ƙasa, amma zasu yi fure a kan wani, idan har yawancin su ba shi da yawa.
Don loam maras 'yanci ne ya dace, amma tsire-tsire, wanda wurin haifuwar shi ne Arewacin Amirka, ya fi girma a kan cakuda peat, takarda ƙasa da yashi. Gentuna daga Asiya, musamman ma wadanda suka yi fure a cikin fall, sun fi son kayan aiki irin su yumbu da yadu da za'a samu a cikin kasar gona. Ya kamata a tuna cewa A cikin yanayi, wasu nau'in 'yan kabilar Gentian suna girma a kan kasa, wasu a cikin yashi, wasu (alal misali, jigon tsuntsaye na Jafananci) suna girma a kan tuddai.
Yawancin jinsunan gentian, a matsayin mai mulkin, basu da mahimmanci na ƙasa, babban abu shi ne cewa dogayen asalinsu ba su da alaka da irin wannan yadudduka kamar yumbu ko tsakuwa. Kamar yadda misalai na irin wadannan tsire-tsire za a iya kawo sunayen jinsunan Turai - rawaya, gentian, gentian, purple da sauransu. A wannan yanayin, yanayin kiyaye yanayin kariya daga rana mai tsabta. Don wasu nau'o'in ƙananan ƙasa, ba tare da wata sanarwa ba, yana da muhimmanci (alal misali, dan kabilar gentian ne mai tsauri, tsaka-tsaki, da matasan su).
Dasa matasa 'yan kabilar Gentian cikin ƙasa
Yana yiwuwa shuka seedlings na perennial gentian a bude ƙasa a kowane lokaci. Ya fi kyau, ba shakka, don aiwatar da hanya ba a lokacin zafi ba, amma a lokacin kashe-lokaci, duk da haka, ya kamata a tuna cewa dasa shuki yana haɗuwa da haɗarin tsirrai da shuka daga ƙasa ta hanyar sanyi mai tsanani har sai an yalwata ƙasa a cikin sabuwar wuri. Saboda wannan dalili, a lokacin da dasa shuki wata al'umma a cikin fall, dole ne a sauke ƙasa a hankali a hankali.
Yana da muhimmanci! Sakamakon tsarin tushen tsarin ƙasar Malian shine cewa yana da sauƙi a cikin lalacewa. Sabili da haka, don cire shuka daga akwati don canjawa ya kamata a yi hankali sosai, kafin a tsabtace shi da kuma tsabtace ɗakin.
Nan da nan bayan dasa shuki, ana shayar da tsire-tsire sosai, Da yake la'akari da cewa a farkon makonni ƙananan ɗan'uwan na fama da shan wuya musamman daga bushewa daga ƙasa, saboda haka yawancin lokuta na yin amfani da ruwa a cikin yanayi maras kyau ya zama dole.
Hanyar sarrafawa ta Gentiya
Game da 'yan kabilar Gentian, akwai nau'o'in kiwo guda biyu: tsaba ko hanya mai cin ganyayyaki (ta rarraba daji, cuttings, layering). A zabi na jinsuna ya dogara yafi a kan shuka iri-iri.
Gentian yana da talauci sosai lokacin da yayi girma daga tsaba, wanda shine mahimmanci saboda girman ƙananan su. Saboda haka, don inganta sakamakon an bada shawarar sosai don amfani da tsaba da aka girbe da kuma girbe su, lokacin da ya bambanta da nau'in jinsunan. Alal misali, tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire a cikin tsaunuka ya kamata ya wuce akalla watanni biyu, in ba haka ba tsaba zai iya fada barci har sai bazara. Sauran nau'in 'yan kasar Sin suna buƙatar wata guda don bunkasa amfrayo. Don takaddama, ya kamata a haɗu da tsaba tare da sassa uku na yashi kuma a sanya shi a cikin daki mai iska, iska mai kyau da yanayin zafi har zuwa +7 ° C. Idan babu zabin, zaka iya amfani da firiji don wannan dalili.
Shuka tsaba na Gentian a cikin seedlings zai iya zama daga watan Janairu zuwa Afrilu, dangane da yanayin yanayin damina da kuma irin tsire-tsire. Kafin dasa shuki, an cire akwati na tsaba daga wani wuri mai sanyi kuma an sanya shi cikin zafi don shuka. Sa'an nan kuma ci gaba kai tsaye zuwa shuka. Don yin wannan, ana shuka tsaba a kan fuskar farfajiya mai laushi, mai yayyafa su a saman tare da takin gargajiya, tamp da ƙasa kadan kuma rufe akwati da fim ko gilashi.
Don kaucewa bushewa, dole ne a yi ruwan sama a lokaci-lokaci (ba ruwan!), Kuma a kai a kai a kai don kada tsaba su fara farawa. Gentian harbe ya bayyana a game da makonni 2-3. Lokacin da wannan ya faru, sai su fara sannu a hankali ƙara tsawon lokacin yin iska don su bude seedlings gaba daya bayan dan lokaci.
Don dacewar ci gaba na seedlings yana buƙatar zaɓar wuri mai haske tare da yawan zazzabi mai yawa (iyakar +18 ° C).
Bayan da aka samu ganye biyu na gaskiya, ƙwayoyi suna nutsewa a cikin kofuna dabam. A cikin ƙasa mai bude ƙasar gentian za a iya dasa a cikin marigayi spring - farkon lokacin rani. Nisa tsakanin tsire-tsire ba ta zama kasa da 20 cm Kamar yadda aka fada ba, har sai an yi wa ɗayan kirki da kyau, yawanci na yau da kullum yana da muhimmanci ga shuka.
Wata hanya na noma iri na gentian shine hunturu a cikin ƙasa. Dogaye dole ne a ladaɗa da kyau a gabanin (an ba da shawara don satar ƙasa), to, an dasa kananan tsaba a kai tsaye, dan kadan a cikin ƙasa, ana yayyafa manyan su da kasa mai laushi na ƙasa. Haka kuma, ana iya shuka tsaba a cikin tukunyar da aka tanada, wanda aka sanya shi a cikin wani shaded place, zai fi dacewa a cikin ƙananan sassa na mãkirci inda dusar ƙanƙara ta tara.
Girma daga tsaba gentian fara farawa a shekara ta uku.
Raba daji
Rashin rarraba dabban daji kawai wasu nau'in gentian. Ba shi yiwuwa a yi amfani da irin wannan hanyar dangane da waɗannan nau'o'in da tushen tsarin shine sanda daya, daga wanda ƙaddarar matakai sukan kara.
Kuna iya raba yawancin mutanen Asiya da yawa, suna fadowa a cikin fall, kazalika da iri-iri iri-iri na Gentian.
Yana da muhimmanci! Babban yanayin ci gaba da rarraba daji shi ne kiyaye duk abin da zai yiwu a clod na duniya, ya zubar da tsire-tsire don kada ya lalata tushen sa, kuma ya shayar da shi bayan ya dasa.
Mun zabi wani tsohuwar daji mai girma a cikin wani ɗan ƙasar gentian, a hankali kuyi shi daga ƙasa kuma ku raba shi cikin kashi biyu tare da felu ko wuka mai kaifi. Kowace bangare ya kamata a ci gaba da girma da kuma ɓangaren tushen tushen isa. Zaka iya sauko da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire zuwa wuri na dindindin, kuma duk da haka an bada shawarar cewa ka sa su a cikin kwantena daban don shuka na farko ya gina tushen tsarin kyau (a cikin wannan yanayin, ba za ku iya shuka wani ɓangare na daji ba, amma a raba gefen gefe). Kuna buƙatar amfani da wannan zaɓi idan ƙasa a kan shafin ya yi haske sosai. Duk da haka, game da jinsuna irin su spring gentian, da siffofin angulose da opium, waɗannan kariya sun fi kyau - waɗannan 'yan gentiya suna da sauƙin rabawa, kuma sun fi dacewa da dashi.
Lokaci na rarraba daji yana dogara da irin shuka. Kwanciya-flowering gentian yana rarraba a cikin kaka, bayan flowering ya kammala (inji a wannan lokaci yana fitar da karamin matashi a gindin daji, wanda ya dace a yi amfani da shi lokacin rabawa), da kuma nau'in shuka kamar, alal misali, Genton stemless, Alpine, kunguwa, dinar - ya fi kyau shuka farkon lokacin rani. An raba rassan kasar Indiya a farkon lokacin bazara, kafin shuka ya tashi, Farrer's gentian a watan Afrilu, da kuma reshen Malawi na shida a watan Mayu. Bai dace da hadarin rarraba bishiya a kaka a cikin wadannan wurare masu tasowa inda ragowar suke fitowa da wuri ba, ko kuma idan tsire-tsire ya ragu sosai.
Game da 'yan ƙasar kirki, suna shukawa a lokacin rani, zaka iya ƙoƙarin amfani da ragowar daji, idan tsire ta tsufa, amma babu tabbacin nasarar wannan hanyar. Ma'anar rarraba iri ɗaya, don inganta tushen shuka shine shawarar farko da aka shuka a cikin kwantena mai zurfi don samin tushen tsarin.
Idan akwai wata shakka ko zai yiwu a yi amfani da rassan daji don daya ko wata irin na gentian, akwai alamar sauƙi: idan gentiana ke tsiro tare da tsalle, zai iya raba, idan yayi girma tare da rubutun guda ɗaya, to ya fi kyau a yi amfani da hanyar ƙwayar iri.
Cuttings
Sake gyaran gyare-gyare na kasar Sin yana da mahimmanci ga nau'in jinsin kasar Sin wanda ya yi fure a cikin kaka. Daga wani shuka wanda bai riga ya yi ba, an yanke kananan cuttings kuma an binne su a cikin wani ruwan magani mai tsami (yalwa ga waɗannan dalilai ba dace ba), peat da leaf humus. Yana da muhimmanci cewa abun da ke ciki na substrate ba yumbu ko lemun tsami ba. Jirgin don cin nasarar ci gaba dole ne ya yi sanyi sosai, yayin da shuka ya kamata a shade shi sosai.
Lokaci don grafting ya dogara ne akan nau'in gentian. Gentian Farrer, shida-leaf da Lawrence yanke a lokacin rani da kuma dauki cuttings gajere (ba fãce 6 cm). An dasa kayan da aka yi wa kasar Sin da kuma Gentian a farkon kaka, saboda yana da sauri.
Shin kuna sani? Dokar da ta biyo baya zata iya taimakawa: daga bisani wasu furanni na kasar Sin, da tsayi da tsire-tsire suna da tushe.
A kowane hali, ba zai yiwu ba a yanka wani dan kabilar flowering, har ma da ƙasa don amfani da harbe da buds a matsayin cuttings.
Stemless kara-cuttings an sanya daga spring-flowering gentian, kazalika da spring gentian. Cuttings ne mafi alhẽri a yanke a farkon lokacin rani. Wannan hanyar haifuwa kuma ta dace da 'yan kabilar Malian da Lagodechians, amma dole ne a yanke katakon su a tushen.
Amma ga sauran nau'o'in gentian, ana iya sa su, amma irin wannan harbe kai tushe mugun, don haka don rooting shi wajibi ne don amfani da na musamman stimulants, kazalika da wucin gadi greenhouses ƙara zafi. Dole ne a yantar da ƙananan ɓangaren ƙwayar daga ganye. Matsayi mai mahimmanci - yunkuri ya kamata a faru a wuri mai sanyi.
Wata hanya don fadada gentian ne layering. Ya isa ya durƙusa ƙasa da tsayi mai tsawo na shuka, ya yayyafa shi a tsakiyar tare da wani Layer na ƙasa mai mahimmanci kuma gyara shi tare da ƙananan kaya ko fil. Idan kasar gona tana da tsabta sosai, ta wurin fall da harbe zaiyi tushe, kuma ana iya rabu da ita daga tsire-tsire kuma an dasa shi cikin tukunya don girma.
Yanki na abokan tarayya na gentian
Kyakkyawar zaɓi na abokan tarayya ga gentian ya haɗa da la'akari da bukatun da ake bukata don ƙasa, hasken haske da zafi: yana isa ya sami shuka tare da abubuwan da suka dace - kuma lambun lambun yana shirye! Yana da mahimmanci cewa abokan tarayya ba su daina shuka ta hanyar girma sosai. Tall musulmai mata suna da kyau a hade tare da ferns da albarkatu na horticultural, tsire-tsire na matsakaici na tsawo za a iya haɗuwa tare da saxifrage. Ƙungiyoyin 'yan kasa da ke kunya sun kirkiro abubuwan kirki a cikin rukuni tare da karrarawa, sage, sedge, muscari, irises, rezuha da Levisa. A hakika, kowane ciyayi mai tsayi - murfin ƙasa ko rosette - zai dace da abokin tarayya.
Ya kamata abokan hulɗa su dogara da lokacin flowering gentian. Don haka, dole ne a kiyaye kyawawan gentianas daga wuri mai haske. Wannan rawa yana da kyau. tulips, daffodils da sauran furanni bulbous.
Yadda za a kula a cikin aiwatar da girma
Kula da wani ɗan ƙasar kirki zai iya zama mai sauqi qwarai ko, a akasin haka, ya buƙaci ƙoƙari mai tsanani - duk yana dogara ne akan yadda ake buƙatar irin shuka da ka shuka da kuma yadda aka zaba ma'adinan farko don shi. Wannan yana da mahimmanci ga al'ummar kirian na dogon lokaci, a matsayin wurin da aka zaɓa don saukowa ƙayyade yanayin ƙwarewar kula da shuka.
Yanayin Watering
Mafi yawancin nau''in gentian suna buƙatar watering. Ƙasa ba zata bushe ba, wanda yake da mahimmanci a lokacin kafin flowering, da lokacin flowering kanta. Idan, saboda ruwan sama mai yawa, kasar gona, ta akasin haka, an shafe shi sosai, yana da muhimmanci don cire shi a kai a kai don kada danshi yayi dadawa a kusa da tsire-tsire kuma ya shiga zurfin ƙasa.
Da yake magana akan watering gentian, ya kamata a tuna cewa wasu daga cikin jinsuna, waxanda suke da mahimmanci akan acid na kasar gona, kada ku yi haƙuri da ruwa mai tsanani. Matsalar za a iya warware ta hanyar amfani da ruwa mai narkewa daga firiji ko ruwan sama, ko da yake wannan ba koyaushe ba ne, kuma haka ma, ruwa mai ruwan sama ba wani zaɓi mai kyau a kusa da manyan birane. Смягчить водопроводную воду можно, добавив в нее древесную золу, торф или лимонную кислоту.
Bugu da ƙari, ya kamata ka guje wa watering ruwa mai tsabta - wannan zai haifar da rotting daga tushen tsarin shuka.
Gizon daji
Kyakkyawan weeding gentian zai tabbatar da al'ada na ci gaba da shuka. Idan ba ku fara tsari ba, yana da sauƙi don magance weeds a kusa da shuka, tun da tushen tsarin tsarin na gentian bai ji tsoron damuwa da damuwa ba. Mulching zai iya taimakawa kawar da buƙata don ci gaba da lura da weeds. Nauyin launi mai launi yana cikakke saboda wannan dalili.
Taki da miya
Gentian ba yana bukatar ciyarwa, Bugu da kari, injin yana shan wahala fiye da takin mai magani fiye da rashin hasara. Bugu da ari, wannan doka ta shafi mafi yawan jama'ar ƙasar, amma akwai wasu ƙananan nau'o'in kayan da suka dace da jigilar kwayoyin halitta ko ma'adanai.
Gaba ɗaya, gentian na iya ciyar da peat sau ɗaya a shekara a cikin idon ruwa, ƙara karamin koriya (ga jinsin da ba su buƙatar wani abu mai guba na acidic - tsuntsaye na Guano Peruvian, amma irin wannan taki yana da karfi, amma sakamakonsa ya ƙare sauri) .
Idan kasar gona ta zama acidic, ana iya amfani da takin gargajiya na rhododendrons don yin ado, kuma idan akwai wani abu mai mahimmanci a cikin ƙasa - Bugu da ƙari, an yi amfani da kayan da ake ciki da baƙin ƙarfe a cikin cakuda.
Bayan ciyarwa, dole ne a shayar da shuka, don haka taki ya fi dacewa da ƙasa. Wasu mafita na iya janyo launuka na gentian, amma ƙaddamar da taki a cikin wannan yanayin ya zama muhimmiyar kasa da hanyar da ta fi dacewa ta ciyar.
Yanayin high Gentian
Yawancin nau'in gyare-gyare na gentian iri ne kawai don jinsin tsayi. A lokacin flowering, za ka iya yanke da dama harbe don samar da wani bouquet, shi ba ya cutar da shuka. Bayan bushewa, an yanke furanni, amma wannan ba shi da yawa ta hanyar wajibi ne ta hanyar adana kyawawan daji. Ya kamata a yanke katse a bushe ba da daɗewa ba, wannan zai iya faruwa ne a gaba bazara, bayan yaro ya fara farawa daga daji.
Yadda za a magance kwari da cututtuka
Gaba ɗaya, gentian yana da tsayayya ga kwari da cututtuka. Irin waɗannan matsalolin sukan haifar da rashin kulawa, saboda haka Hanya mafi kyau ta magance su ita ce ta daidaita yanayi mai girma.
Saboda haka Babban matsala na gentian - tushen lalacewa - ya haifar da ruwan damuwa a cikin ƙasa. Slugs da katantanwa zasu iya buga shuka saboda tsananin matsanancin zafi. Wadannan dalilai za a iya bayyana, da kuma wasu cututtuka da ke faruwa a cikin gentian.
Dole ne a tattara burodi ta hanyar motsa jiki, ƙwaya da aka cire daga ƙasa (ƙaddamar ko samar da tsarin gyaran gyare-gyare na wucin gadi), ko, idan ya cancanta, dasa dashi a wuri mafi dacewa da shi.
Wintering gentian
Yawancin nau'o'in jinsi a cikin yanayi suna girma a cikin yanayi mai matukar matsananciyar yanayin, saboda haka suna da kyakkyawan yanayin hunturu, kuma mai yiwuwa frosts a cikin latitudes ba su da mummunan gaske a gare su. Gentian na iya karawa da mummunar zazzabi, bayan haka, kamar dai babu wani abin da ya faru da haɗuwar bazara.
Duk da haka, idan aka baiwa hunturu sanyi kuma babu dusar ƙanƙara a kan ƙasa, to yafi kyau a rufe shuka. Don yin wannan, zaka iya amfani da rassan coniferous ko wasu abubuwa a hannun.
