Har yanzu, ba duk masu lambu ba ne suka sani cewa sananniyar hazelnut za a iya shukawa a shafinta na ƙasar, ana karɓar amfanin gona mai daɗin kowace shekara. Mene ne hazel - daji ko itace ya dogara da iri-iri.
Briefan taƙaitaccen tarihin dabi'ar Hazel
A Rasha, ciyayi masu rarrafe sun zama ruwan dare a cikin gandun daji da kuma bangarorin da ke kudu, taiga ta kudu, dazuzzukan daji masu rarrafe, a Arewacin Caucasus. Ya kasance ga 'yan halittar Hazel (Corylus) na dangin Birch. Hazel gama (Corylus Avellana) a cikin daji siffofin m thickets, kamar yadda aka sauƙi yada da tushen zuriya.
Hazel gama gari
Don bayani! A cikin al'adun gargajiyar, akasari yankuna wadanda ake shukawa ta hanyar tsallake da wasu nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa ana horar da su.
Menene hazel gama gari suke
Tsawon tsararren daji ya kai mita 2-5. Tushen karfi yana da girma kuma yana girma ne a sama. Ganyen an nuna dan kadan ne zuwa 12 cm a tsayi kuma har zuwa 9 cm a fadin. Namiji ('yan kunne) da furanni mace an kafa su akan bushes, sabili da haka, an bada shawarar dasa aƙalla tsirrai guda uku a kusa, har ma mafi kyawun iri daban-daban. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari - nutsa nutsan ciyayi masu wuya-kore tare da kore bracts, a haɗe cikin rukuni na 3-5 inji.
Fasali Fasali
Crohn zai iya zama kamar itace ko ciyawa. Tsammani na rayuwa shine shekaru 80-100. Fruiting yana faruwa a shekara ta biyar.
Ripening zamani da yawan amfanin ƙasa
Furannin furanni tare da dasa shuki na shekara mai zuwa ana shuka su ne a cikin kaka a kan harbe matasa. A cikin bazara, fure yana farawa kafin ganye, kuma adadin pollen yana jan hankalin ƙudan zuma. Kwayoyi sun haɗu a watan Agusta - farkon Satumba. A matsakaici, tsirrai ɗaya ke kawo 1.5 kilogiram, amma akwai ciyamomi waɗanda ke haɓaka nauyin kilogram 8 daga daji.
Ku ɗanɗani kwayoyi
Da zaran 'ya'yan fari sun fara fadi, girbin ya fara. Dukkan 'ya'yan itacen hazel an girbe su baki daya kuma a saka a cikin busassun wuri mai duhu don bushewa na makonni 2-3. Kowace rana kuna buƙatar shirya tsawan amfanin gona. Kuna iya adana kwayoyi masu bushe har na tsawon shekaru 2-3. An ɗanɗano ɗanɗano ƙwayau da daɗi ko tsaka tsaki ba tare da nuna haushi ko zaƙi ba, wanda a dafa abinci ana ɗaukar amfani.
Kula! Halva, ana shirya cookies daga hazel, kuma an ƙara da cakulan.
Dukiya mai amfani
Jerin kyawawan kaddarorin hazel suna da ban sha'awa:
- inganta halayyar jini;
- stimulates lactation;
- normalizes matsin lamba;
- dawo da rigakafi da ƙarfi;
- taimaka a cikin jiyya na cutar dutse koda, rheumatism da anemia;
- yana da tasirin anthelmintic;
- yana ƙarfafa haɓakar gashi;
- taimaka tare da varicose veins.
Hazel an cinye sabo da soyayyen, an cakuda shi da zuma, ana samun mai.
Kamfar ruwa da juriya
Matasa matasa a cikin shekaru ukun rayuwa na farko sun fi cutarwa. Suna shirya shayarwa da tsari daga sanyi don hunturu. Bushesan asalin bushes ba su tsoron fari da sanyi (juriya mai sanyi har zuwa −40 ° С).
Resistance da cututtuka da kwari
Hazel yana fama da aphids da mamayewar takamaiman kwari. Daga cikin cututtuka, powdery mildew, tsatsa da fari rot sa mafi yawan lalacewar plantings.
Amfani da kwayoyi a magani
Don dalilai na likita, ana amfani da hazel don dawo da ƙarfi da sauri bayan tiyata da rashin lafiya. Gyada yana da babban adadin kuzari, mai arziki ne a cikin bitamin da ma'adanai, fiber.
Mahimmanci! A cikin mata masu haihuwar suna haifar da rudani na madara.
Abvantbuwan amfãni da kuma rashin amfanin iri-iri
Mafi mahimman ƙimar hazel sune:
- rashin haske ga haske, a sauƙaƙe yana ɗaukar inuwa;
- sanyi juriya (har zuwa −40 ° С);
- tsayayyen yawan amfanin ƙasa;
- saurin ciyawar ciyayi;
- unpretentiousness ga unguwa tare da sauran tsirrai da bishiyoyi.
Misalai:
- yi tsammanin amfanin gona na farko lokacin da shuka iri zai kasance aƙalla shekaru biyar;
- na farko shekaru uku, seedlings bukatar mafaka ga hunturu da kuma na yau da kullum nauyi watering.
Abin da sauran nau'in hazel
A cikin duka, an san nau'ikan nau'ikan 20 waɗanda ake noma su gaba ɗaya a buɗe, daga cikinsu ana ɗaukar waɗannan masu zuwa shahararrun.
Itace Hazel (Corylus colurna), ko kwaro mai ƙwaya
A cikin daji, ana rarrabawa a cikin Arewacin Caucasus a yankin tsakiyar dutse. Hazel ya girma tare da itaciya har zuwa 20 m tsayi, yana rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 200, ba bada zuriyar asali ba. Zai yi wuya a yarda cewa wannan hazel ne. Kwayoyi masu wahala sosai-suna cikin mayafi ne mai laushi. Shekarun girbi suna canzawa tare da shekaru 2-3 na cikakken downtime.
Bear kwaya
Hazelnuts (Corylus Heterophylla)
Goge 2-4 m tsayi. An samar da 'ya'yan itace a cikin guda biyu na inji guda biyu. a kan dogon kafafu kafafu. Abincin goro mai launin kore ne, mara nauyi a kamannin yayi kama da kararrawa. Sunan yana nuna cewa ganye sun bambanta: a kan manyan rassan duhu duhu ne da danda, kuma akan ƙananan ƙananan - inuwa mai haske da ingarma.
Hazel
Manchurian Hazel, ko Siebold (Corylus Mandshurica)
Itatuwan tsami na 3-4.5 m yana da nau'i mai ban sha'awa na pericarp na kwayoyi: tubular, mai ƙarfi sosai har zuwa tsawon cm 6 Saboda wannan, tattara da cire kwayoyi yana da ɗan wahala. An fara horar da jinsin ne a cikin al'adun tun daga 1882, amma a Rasha an samo shi sosai a cikin yankunan Moscow da Leningrad. Resistanceanƙarar sanyi har zuwa −45 ° С.
Hazel manchurian
Hazelnuts (Corylus atropurpurea)
Wani sabon abu mai ban sha'awa daban-daban na 2-3 m tare da ja (m) ganye an bred a cikin Burtaniya a 1836. An ƙimar ba wai kawai ga manyan 'ya'yan itaba ba, har ma don kambi na ado wanda aka yi amfani dashi sosai a cikin zane zane mai faɗi. Resistanceanƙarar sanyi yana daɗaɗɗa ƙasa (har zuwa −29 ° С).
Leafy hazel
Babban hazel (Corylus maxima), ko kwayar Lombard
Itace ko itace 3-10 m. Yana ɗaukar manyan (har zuwa 2.5 cm a diamita) kwayoyi, a haɗe a cikin jan kyalle ko koren shudi mai launi mai ɗorewa tare da manyan lebes. Ganyen na iya zama kore mai duhu ko burgundy.
Kula! An san nau'in halitta tun Girka ta dā kuma ta shahara saboda ƙoshin almond da dandano mai mai (har zuwa 60%).
Lombard goro
Hazel gama: dasa da kulawa
Kwarewar lambu fi son shuka bushes a cikin fall 'yan makonni kafin a farkon sanyi. Wannan yana ba ku damar kawo fruiting kusa da shekara guda.
Lokacin dasa ruwa
Babu bambance-bambance daga hanyar kaka, amma dole ne ku shirya rami don dasawa a cikin kaka saboda a iya haɗa ƙasa da kyau. Yakamata yakamata yayi ƙarfi, amma ba tukuna.
Autar saukowa
Tsarin mataki-mataki mataki yayi kama da wannan:
- An zaɓi 'yan ƙwaya tare da harbe masu ƙarfi 3-4. Tsawon rhizome kusan 50 cm.
- An haƙa rami a nisan kusan 5 m daga juna aƙalla wata guda kafin ranar da aka sa ran dasa tare da faɗin 50-80 cm, zurfin 50-60 cm.
- Preparedasar don samar da abincin baya an shirya bisa ga ka'ida: ƙasar da aka haƙa ta haɗe da guga na humus, ƙara gilashin itace biyu na itace da ƙasa daga tsohuwar bushes na hazel, wadatacce tare da microflora mai mahimmanci.
- Kwana kafin dasa shuki, ciyawar da aka tsinko cikin daskararren ruwa, yumbu da ɗan ƙaramin taki.
- Tushen wuyansa yana da nauyin 5 cm sama da saman ƙasa.
- Tabbatar fitar da fegi a cikin rami don garter na daji da farko.
- Bayan cika tushen, ana shayar da daji da yawa.
- Soilasa a ƙarƙashin kwaya tana mulched da peat ko sawdust.
Siffofin kulawa na yanayi
Young tsire-tsire na bukatar mafi yawan hankali. Daga shekara ta uku a gaba, goro kusan ba ya buƙatar kulawa, sai dai da tsabtace tsabtace ruwa, sharar fari da girbi.
Watering da ciyar
Ana buƙatar ruwa a lokacin fari sau 1-2 a wata. Zuba lita 10 na ruwa a ƙarƙashin bushes. Kashegari, ƙasa a ƙarƙashin kwaya dole ne a kwance.
Kula! A cikin bazara, bayan kumburi da kodan, ya zama dole don ciyar da nitonium nitrate, kuma a cikin fall - takin mai magani na potassium-phosphorus. Kowane shekaru uku, ana haƙa ƙasa a kewayen bushes, yana gabatar da kwayoyin halitta.
Kula da ruwa
Pollination na faruwa ne da taimakon iska. A lokacin da furanni suka fara toho, 'yan' yan 'ya' ya 'yan' fure 'sukan dasa furanni ne na tsawon kwanaki 12, furanni mata kuma a bude har tsawon kwanaki 14. Wani abu da za a yi dangane da kulawa a wannan lokacin ba a buƙatar shi.
Jiyya na hanawa
Zelan itacen Haan Hazel suna kai hari mafi. Za su buƙaci kula da bushes tare da kwari a gaba: karbofos, chlorophos ko actellic. Daga fungi, ana bi da su tare da zuwan bazara tare da sulfate jan karfe ko ruwa na Bordeaux.
Hazel pruning
Ta hanyar noma, zaka iya samar da itace ko daji. Yawancin lokaci suna ciyar dashi a cikin hunturu. Yi ƙoƙarin cire duk rassan inda hazel ke tsiro, yana haifar da matsanancin ƙima. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari mãsu kafa ne kawai a kan matasa harbe na wannan shekara. Kowane shekaru 20, ana aiwatar da samin sakewa, yana barin ɓangarorin ƙasa ba tare da tsayi sama da 30 cm tare da harbe mafi ƙarfi da lafiya.
Shirye-shiryen hunturu
Sai kawai a farkon shekaru 2-3 bayan dasa shuki seedlings suke buƙatar ƙirƙirar mafaka don hunturu. An yi su ne daga zane mai aikin gona, suna rufe rawanin ko kuma lanƙwasa rassa ga ƙasa kuma rufe su daga sama.
Kiwo
Hazelnuts sune tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire waɗanda suke da sauƙin sauƙaƙe ta kowane hanyar ciyayi. Ba a cika shuka su da kwayoyi ba, tunda ba shi yiwuwa a hango ko wane irin tsiro zai juya, kuma fruiting a karon farko na iya faruwa bayan shekaru 10.
Yankan
A lokacin rani, ana yanke tsawon 10-12 cm daga rassan matashi masu balaga.Haka an dasa su a cikin greenhouse, koyaushe an rufe su da bayyane. Yawancin lokaci yana ɗaukar har zuwa wata ɗaya don tushen, bayan wanda aka canza seedlings zuwa wuri mai ɗorewa.
Rarraba daji
Za a iya haƙa daji har zuwa kashi 2-3. Yi wannan tare da tsire-tsire matasa (har zuwa shekaru 5) kuma kawai a cikin bazara.
Maimaitawa
Tsarin isa sosai. Suna tanƙwara reshe a ƙasa kuma su dunƙule haushi a aya wurin sadarwar don ƙirƙirar yanayi don tushen. Gyara maimaitawa tare da ashin gashi kuma yayyafa da ƙasa. Wannan wurin yana shayar da rani duk lokacin rani.
Kula! Idan tushen nasara yayi nasara, ana shuka dan daji ne cikin shekaru biyu.
Zuriya
Bayan shekaru 3-4, daji zai ba da tushe mai yawa, wanda aka haƙa kuma an canza shi zuwa sabon wuri tun farkon lokacin bazara.
Injiniyar Hazel Wild
Da yake akwai cultivar a rukunin yanar gizon, ana iya amfani dashi don ƙyamar hazel a cikin daji.
Kula! A farkon lokacin bazara, ana kawo ciyawar da aka haƙa daga gandun daji kuma an dasa ta a wuri mai dacewa. Bayan makonni 2-3, zaku iya yin allurar rigakafin hanya.
Matsaloli masu yiwuwa a hazel girma
An sani cewa hazel hazel yana shan wahala mafi yawa daga lokacin farin ciki, sabili da haka, ya zama dole don ƙirƙirar yanayi don ci gaban mai amfani: datsa, cire harbe mai tushe, kuma kada dasa bishiyun tsayi kusa.
Daga bayanin da ke sama, ya zama a sarari dalilin da yasa hazel ba ya 'ya'ya a cikin lambuna, idan akwai daji ɗaya kawai. Wannan shine babban dalilin da yasa babu kwayoyi akan hazel.
Cutar
Tsatsa, fari rot da mildew sune cututtukan gama gari waɗanda suke haifar hazel daga. Wajibi ne don aiwatar da jiyya ta farko tare da sulfate na jan karfe ko ruwa na Bordeaux kowace shekara bayan ganye. Sake gudanarwa bayan makonni 2-4.
Karin kwari
Gwanin ƙwayar ƙwayar gyada, ƙwaƙwalwar hazelnut, kwaya huhun takamaiman kwari ne na hazel. Suna yin gwagwarmaya tare da su kamar yadda tare da aphids: suna kula da bushes tare da kwari da acaricides: phytoverm, karbofos, actellik. Alamar mafi yawan damuwa ita ce karo a kan baƙi, ya fi kyau a yanka da ƙona irin wannan tserewa.
Zelaƙƙarfan hazel shine ɗan itacen da ba a fassara shi wanda yake da kyakkyawan kambi kuma yana ba da kwayoyi masu ƙoshin abinci da ƙoshin kowace shekara. Dasa shi a cikin gonar yau ba mai wahala bane, gandun daji suna ba da zaɓaɓɓun zaɓi da babban yawan aiki (har zuwa 8 kilogiram a kowane daji).
