Fusarium Alkama cuta ce da ke haifar da Fusarium fungi. A cikin alkama na hunturu, sha'ir da sauran hatsi, kamuwa da cuta yana haifar da asarar yawan amfanin ƙasa da ingancinsa. Kamuwa da cuta yana haifar da jinkirin girma da kuma lalata ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta. Wasu nau'ikan namomin kaza suna samar da abubuwa masu guba, saboda wannan, hatsin ya zama bai dace da cin mutum ko dabba ba.
Bayyanar cututtukan Cusari na Fusarium
Bayyanar cututtukan Fusarium da ƙaiƙayi na jiki sun sha bamban da irin nau'in fungi da cutar ta haifar:
| Dubawa | Bayanin |
| Hankali, Bambaro, Oat | Mycelium mai ruwan hoda-ja da spores. |
| Sporotrichovy, Bluegrass | Haske mai ruwan hoda mai haske akan kunn masara. |
| Tricintum, Sporotrich | Hankalin bakin ciki a kunne. |
Kuna iya fahimtar cewa ƙwayar ta kamu da alamu masu zuwa:
- tsaba sun kasance mara nauyi, mara lalacewa, tare da tsagi mai zurfi, bangarorin da aka nuna;
- farfajiya ba ta da launi ko dan haske, ba ta haske;
- endosperm friable, marmashe;
- gilashin gilashi mara kyau ko asararsa;
- a cikin tsagi na mycelium naman kaza a cikin hanyar gizo-gizo gizo-gizo na farin ko ruwan hoda da conidia;
- hatsi ba shi da ƙarfi, duhu akan sare.
Ko da tare da hatsi na gani lafiya, idan Fusarium ya shafi al'adun, ba shi yiwuwa ku ci shi don abinci ko don dalilan abinci. Yana iya ƙunsar mycotoxins. Don haka, adana amfanin gona bashi da ma'ana, dole ne a hallaka ta.
Yada cutar
Kamuwa da cuta tare da ascopores da conidia na faruwa ne a lokacin girma. Naman kaza mycelium hunturu a cikin ƙasa, akan sauran sassan tsirrai. A kan ragowar amfanin gona, an samar da jikkunan 'ya'yan itace dauke da ascopores. Suna shafar tushen (Fusarium tushen rot) da kuma mai tushe a lokacin germination na tsaba. Fitar Conidia a kan ƙananan ƙwayar cuta na ƙananan bene kuma a kan bambaro. Tare da iska da kuma lokacin ruwan sama mai nauyi, ana ɗaukar su a kan kunnuwa na fure (fusarium spike).
Tsire-tsire suna iya sa kamuwa da cutar Fusarium a cikin iska mai zafi da zazzabi na + 20 ... +25 ° C.
Spores fada akan anern, ta hanyar da suke shiga ciki tare da pollen. Ya haifar da yanayi mai gamsarwa wanda ke da wadata a cikin abubuwan gina jiki na shuka da haɓakar namomin kaza.
A sakamakon haka, caryopsis, wanda yanzu aka fara ƙirƙirar sa, yana kamuwa da cuta, fusarium rot ko Zaka bunkasa.
Hadarin dake tattare da hatsin hatsi
Hatsi da ke cutar ya canza kayan sunadarai. Abubuwan sunadarai sunadarai, fiber da sitaci sun lalace. Gluten baya samar da ingantacciyar nutsuwa don samar da abubuwan sarrafa burodi. Saboda wannan, kayan gari suna da ƙamshi mai duhu, duhu, babban abu.
Guba tare da hatsi dauke da mycotoxins yana haifar da amai, huɗa, da rikicewar kayan gani. Waɗannan bayyanar cututtuka halayen maye ne, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa mutane ke kiran samfuran burodi masu “gurasar da aka bugu”.
Idan kun ci hatsi masu kamuwa da abinci a cikin abinci, zai iya tsokanar anemia, septic tonsillitis, cututtukan fata. Don dalilai na ciyarwa, shi ma bai dace ba, yana haifar da mummunan cututtukan hanta da hanta, lalacewar haihuwa kuma yana haifar da fata necrosis.
Matakan sarrafawa don hatsi na hatsi
Ana ba da shawarar kariya tare da ƙwayoyin fungicides kafin shuka.
Akwai hanyoyi da yawa don yin wannan:
| Hanyar hanya | Bayanin |
| Dry | Foda yin guba. Rashin kyau shine rarraba rarraba. |
| Semi bushe | Yin aiki tare da karamin adadin shirye-shiryen ruwa (5-10 l a kowace ton na 1). Don haka, hatsi ba ya da ƙarfi sosai, babu buƙatar bushewa. Usanana: amfani da kayan aiki na musamman. |
| Rigar | Idanƙantar da ƙasa ko fesawa tare da fungicide tare da ƙarin bushewa, saboda tushen (fusarium) rot bai fara ba. |
Hakanan wajibi ne don fesa hatsi a cikin ciyawar. Magungunan da suka fi tasiri sune triazoles da benzimidazoles:
| Sunan magani | Yadda ake amfani | Amfani (l / ha) | Yawan jiyyalafiya |
| Avial | Ban ruwa a cikin lokaci na karshe ganye, fitsarin fita ko farkon je. | 300 | 1 |
| Karin Amistar | Spraying a cikin mataki na girma da kunnuwa da kuma kafin fure. | 300 | 2 |
| Colfugo Super | Ana amfani dashi kafin shuka (10 l / t). Fesa ne da za'ayi a matakin farko da kuma kafin fure. | 300 | 2 |
Prozaro | Amfani da shi a mataki na ganye na ƙarshe, fitowar ƙaya kuma kafin fure. | 200-300 | 1-2 |
Don magance cutar Fusarium, mafi mahimmanci shine kada a rasa lokaci.
Jinkiri na kwana biyu-uku yana cutar da aikin ta sau 2.
Yin amfani da samfuran halitta kawai tare da naman gwari ba zai taimaka ba, amma ana iya amfani dashi ban da fungicides. Wannan zai kara tasiri na karshen.
Shirye-shirye na nazarin halittu sun haɗa da nau'ikan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke nuna ayyukan antagonistic a kan wani takamaiman cuta. Ga causative wakili na fusarium, waɗannan sune Trichoderma lignorum fungi da kwayoyin Pseudomonas mai kyalli.
Bayan haka, ba za a iya amfani da su lokaci guda tare da fungicides ba, don haka pseudomonads ne kawai na kungiyar ya rage daga samfuran halitta:
- Planriz. Amfani da mafita zuwa bututu da farkon fure.
- Pseudobacterin-2. Ban ruwa a cikin zamani na karshe ganye da kuma yaji girma.
Akwai fasahar muhalli da ke ba da damar yin shuka albarkatu ba tare da kwayar cutar ba ba kawai kan shirye-shiryen nazarin halittu ba, ba tare da amfani da magunguna ba:
- Yi aikin riga-kafin yin shuka tare da cakuda Trichodermin da Planriz.
- Maimaita a mataki na germination da tillering.
- A matakin fita, fesa bututun sake ta ƙara Betzimide.
Don hana bayyanar fusarium akan alkama zai taimaka:
- zurfin kaka mai zurfi;
- tsabtace tsabtace tsire-tsire na zamani (wannan zai hana ci gaba
- yawancin cututtukan fungal, ciki har da kuma tushen tushen ophiobolezny);
- yarda da shuka tazara tsakanin kunnuwa;
- lalata ciyawa ciyawa.
Fusarium hatsi, ciki har da alkama da damuna da hatsi babbar matsala ce ga masana'antar noma. Koyaya, bin wasu ka'idoji don shuka da haɓaka, maganin prophylactic tare da shirye-shirye na musamman zai rage yiwuwar faruwar hakan. Duk wata cuta tana da sauƙin hanawa fiye da rasa amfanin gona da kula da albarkatu na dogon lokaci.
