Furewa suna daya daga cikin tsire-tsire masu ban mamaki a duniya: sun kasance a duniya don fiye da shekaru miliyan 300, sun dace da yanayin yanayi mafi girma (akwai fiye da 12,000 ferns), suna da siffar ado kuma suna da kaddarorin masu amfani.
Pteris yana da matsayi na musamman a cikin ferns, saboda wannan babban itace mai ban sha'awa za ta yi kira ga masu lambu marasa kula (kula da shuka a gida yana da sauƙi) da kuma masu ƙarancin flower flower.
Shin kuna sani? Sunan "pteris" ya fito ne daga Girkanci "pteron" - "reshe tsuntsu". Fure-kamar harbe (fronds) ya yi kama da fuka-fuki, kuma idan kun yanke rhizome wannan fern a fadinana iya ganin cewa jigilar tasoshin jiragen ruwa an shirya su a matsayin nau'i wanda yayi kama da (idan akwai tsinkaye mai kyau) fuka-fuki na tsuntsaye, siliki na gaggafa (sabili da haka ana kiran wannan nau'in "gaggafa") ko kuma asalin Kristi - JC (wani suna na fern "Ciyawa da Yesu").
Pteris (Orlyak): bayanin da iri
Pteris (Pteris L.) wani nau'i ne na ferns, wanda ya hada da nau'in nau'in nau'in shuke-shuke iri biyu. Yankin rarrabawarsu yana da isa sosai: daga yanayi na latturan da tsaka-tsaki zuwa wurare masu zafi.
Bracken fern (pteris) yana da wadannan bayanin: shuke-shuke, ya kai kimanin 0.6 m zuwa 2.5 m. Rhizome ya takaice, an rufe shi da gashi ko Sikeli. Direct daga rhizomes harbe, ganye.
Leaf harbe - leathery ko na roba, pinnate. Launi na leaf leaf ne kore (daga haske kore zuwa ga Emerald shades). A sakamakon sakamakon iri-iri iri-iri na bred. A gefen ƙananan sassan layi suna lalacewa. Aboki "abokai" tare da kusan dukkanin tsire-tsire masu kewaye.
Mafi yawan masoya a cikin gida suna noma a gida irin wadannan nau'o'in kamar Cretan, Xiphoid, da kuma Yankewa.
Mafi shahararren irin salon houseplant ne Crete Pteris (Pteris cretica). A yanayi yake zaune a Eurasia da Afirka, yana son yankuna masu zafi da yankuna masu dumi na belin tsakiya. 
Tsawansa shine Wai - daga 30 zuwa 50 cm, nisa - 10-20 cm. Wutan kore mai haske - winged, pinnate tare da nau'i-nau'i nau'i nau'i shida, suna girma da dama a cikin layi. Tushen - creeping (an rufe gashi da Sikeli a lokaci guda). Babbar amfani da wannan ita ce cewa ana kiran Cretan pteris ta manyan nau'ukan iri iri:
- "Albo-lineata". Wannan iri-iri yana bambanta da furen furen da fararen fata, wanda yake a tsakiyar tsakiya. Bar - sau biyu pinnate. Ƙananan ganye sun fi tsayi tare da shuka sporagia. Wannan shine mafi kyawun ferns;
- "Whimsettii" halin da ake ƙarawa da ƙwayar zuciya, koren launi-bango da ganye tare da wani abu mai tushe da maɗauri;
- "Parkeri" - madaidaiciya mai duhu haske. Bottom - malam buɗe ido;
- "Rivertoniana" - ƙananan yara suna bambanta da siffar pentagonal, manya - marar launi;
- "Alexandrae". Ganye suna haske a cikin launi, suna da gefuna da ƙaddamarwa kuma suna ƙare a matsayin nauyin zakara.
Shin kuna sani? Akwai labaran da yawa a cikin mutanen Slavic da ke da alamar fern flower. Wanda yayi nasara, wanda ya samu nasarar gano shi, ya mallaki wannan fure a kansa (da kuma mummuna ya nemi ya samu) zai sami kari, ciki har da ƙauna marar ƙauna, fahimtar harshen tsuntsaye da dabbobi, abin da ke cikin dukiyar da aka ɓoye a duniya, da sauransu.Pteris xiphoid (P. ensiformis) samu sunansa saboda takamaiman siffar ganye. Wannan shi ne wata hanya daga yankuna na yankin Asia-Australiya da na Polynesia. Tsawon labanin ganye ya kai kimanin 30 cm. Labaran ganye sune kwai-dimbin yawa, tsumburai, m - pinnate.
Don amfanin gonar da ake amfani da ita a cikin gida shine irin wadannan abubuwa:
- "Victoriae". Ana nuna bambancin iri-iri ta hanyar ƙananan ganye da ƙwayoyin cututtuka da ke sama da filnate tare da ratsan rairayi;
- "Evergemiensis". Ƙananan launin azurfa, sunadare da ratsan raga.
Pteris tremula - Wani ƙauyen da aka yi wa Australiya, ya kai tsawo fiye da 1 m, da ganyayyaki a kan ƙananan petioles suna rarraba sosai. 
Gwaran Hudu (P. quadriaurita). Gida na wannan nau'in - Indiya. Tsawon leaf harbe ya kai 90 cm. Ganye yana da tsinkaye biyu, oblong. An ƙaddamar da sa'ar "Argyraea" tare da tsaka-tsaki na tsakiya; 
Jirgin Farko Mahaifin (P. multifida) ya fito ne daga Sin. Green biyu-feathery ganye girma zuwa tsawon 45 cm. 
Daga cikin mafi ban sha'awa iri tsaye a waje "Cristata" (Tsarin ganye da aka haɗe tare da nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-haɗaka). 
Pteris mai tsayi mai tsawo (P. Longifolia) yana da launin sassaucin siffar fuka-fukan (har zuwa nau'i-nau'i 30 a kan kara) na launin kore mai duhu. Rawan-ja-kore (20 cm) an rufe shi da Sikeli. 
Shin kuna sani? Sunan "Pteris Cretan" - misali na kuskure a sunan. A cikin yanayin, wannan fern bai girma akan Crete ba. A cikin mutane an kira shi "fan" ko "yadin da aka saka." Har ila yau, ana kira Huɗenot fernet Multipartite. Sunan da aka samo asali ne a Amurka. Sun yi imanin cewa Hugoenot ya tashi daga Faransa zuwa sabuwar duniya zuwa Amurka a karni na sha bakwai ta Huguenot.
Yanayi don girma pteris
Ma'aikatan fure-fure na amateur waɗanda suka riga sun fara farji a gida sun sani cewa kulawa da fern ne mai sauƙi. Duk da haka, akwai wasu bukatun da ba a manta ba. Wannan ya shafi farko, haske, yawan zafin jiki, digiri na danshi da ƙasa.
Haskewa, zazzabi da zafi
Pteris, a cikin yanayin yanayi, ke tsiro a wuraren shaded, gandun daji bishiyoyi. Wannan fern ba ya son rana mai haske da hasken rana kai tsaye, ba ya jurewa kuma yana nuna rashin kyau ga inuwa mai duhu da tsakar rana (waxanda suka rasa halayen halayyarsu).
Saboda haka, yanayin mafi kyau shine haskaka haske tare da wasa na m inuwa. Ana iya sanya tukunya tare da shuka a cikin zurfin dakin, a kan shinge na window (sai dai shugabancin kudu). Idan ba zai iya yiwuwa a guje wa hasken rana kai tsaye, wajibi ne don inuwa ta wucin gadi (tare da labule, tulle, takarda, gauze, da dai sauransu).
Yana da muhimmanci! Jirgin ajiya yana canja wurin walƙiya na wucin gadi (fitilu da fitilun jiki, amma nisa daga fitilar zuwa ga shuka ya kamata ya zama kusan 50 cm). Ana iya ajiye furanni a ɗakuna ba tare da windows ba. Duk da haka, tsawon lokacin "haske" a wannan yanayin dole ne a kalla 8 hours.Duk nau'i na pteris a cikin kwanciyar hankali sun amsa da sanyi. Mafi yawan zafin jiki na zafin jiki a gare su shine daga + 21 ° C zuwa +23 ° C. A cikin hunturu, sunyi jure yanayin zafi a cikin dakin zuwa + 10 ... +13 ° C (iri dabam-dabam iri masu zafi - akalla + 18 ° C), kuma a lokacin rani an haɓaka dan lokaci zuwa +30 ° C.
Lokacin da yawan zafin jiki ya tashi fern bazai cutar da ƙarin spraying ba. Jirgin gyaran kafa yana nuna daidai da yanayin zafin jiki, amma haɗuwa da busassun iska da kuma yawan zafin jiki yana haifar da mummunan cutar ga shuka. Sabili da haka, a cikin hunturu, dole ne a cire fern daga ƙoshin wuta, batir baturi, caji, da dai sauransu.
Kula da ƙuƙwalwa a gida yana tattare da kiyaye dokoki masu sauƙi:
- Yawan zafin rana ya kamata ya zama ƙananan digiri fiye da zafin rana;
- rashin zayyana (musamman lokacin sanyi);
- Kada ka ba da shawara don ɗaukar ferns zuwa iska mai iska (amma a lokacin rani zaka iya saka shi a kan baranda, kare shi daga rana, ruwan sama da zane);
- dakin da ake ajiye pteris ya kamata a kai su kai tsaye don tabbatar da iska mai tsabta.
Ya kamata kuma a tuna cewa fern pteris yana son babban zafi. Idan iska a cikin dakin ya bushe, to, ana shuka shi a kowace rana tare da ruwa mai laushi (Boiled a matsayin mafita). Hakanan zaka iya ƙara zafi ta amfani da sphagnum. Masu kwantattun ruwa tare da yumbu da yalwa da ruwa suna aiki mai kyau (tukwane da ferns suna sanya su cikin ruwa don haka ruwa baya taɓa tukunya).
Yana da muhimmanci! Wajibi ne a yi dogon lokaci tare da shawa. Wannan zai cire turɓaya daga ganye kuma ya wanke shuka. Kafin wannan, wajibi ne don kare ƙasa daga ruwa mai ciki (littafin cellophane, polyethylene, da dai sauransu).
Menene ya kamata kasar gona da damar yin shuka?
Mafi mahimmanci, don amfanin gona na yau da kullum, ƙananan tsaka-tsaki ko tsaka-tsakin ƙasa mai dacewa ya dace. Dole ne ƙasa ta kasance iska da ruwa. Tsarin tsire-tsire masu shawarar Shirya cakuda (a cikin sassan daidai) na peat, ƙasa mai laushi, yashi mai yalwa da sod.
Mutane da yawa masu aikin lambu suna yin ƙwayoyi a gida. Ga tsarin pteris, zaka iya amfani da wannan abun da ke ciki (ba tare da ƙasar sod) ba, amma a cikin wani rabo na 2: 1: 2. Bugu da ƙari, akwai gauraye masu shirye-shirye don ferns, wanda ya dace da wannan jinsin.
Kula da mai kyau gyaran ƙasa. Lokacin zabar tanki don dasa shuki, ya kamata a tuna da cewa layin malalewa (zai fi dacewa, yaduwa yumbu) ya kamata ya zauna kusan ¼ na girmansa.
Gilashin yumbura suna da ramuka don ruwa. A kasan gilashin filastik, kana buƙatar yin ramuka (yin rawar jiki, ƙone ƙusa), amma lokacin zabar tukunya, kana buƙatar la'akari da halaye iri-iri, da gaskiyar cewa ƙananan ferns suna buƙatar karin kwantena.
Shin kuna sani? Pteris yana daya daga cikin ferns mafi amfani da mutane. A ƙasashen Gabas ta Tsakiya da na Rasha an yi amfani dashi don abinci: gishiri, fry, gwano, ci a cikin nau'i na salade, yin cikawa na pies, da kuma daga sitaci, wanda aka samo daga tushen pteris, yin kullu, da giya, da dai sauransu. . A cikin maganin mutane, ana amfani da kayan ado na pteris don maganin tari, zubar da ciki, hepatitis, dysentery, da dai sauransu. Haka kuma yana taimakawa tare da jiko a cikin basusuwa, ƙura, da kuma yaki da tsutsotsi.
Yadda za a shuka pteris: kiwo dakin fern
Kamar yadda aka sani, ana aiwatar da tsarin farfajiyar ferns a cikin hanya mai cin ganyayyaki, wato, daga spores da kuma rarraba rhizome. A cikin akwati na farko, inji kanta yana taimaka wa masu shuka furanni, kamar yadda ake yin shuka.
Sau da yawa, a ferns da ke girma a manyan tankuna, zub da cikakke spores shigar da ƙasa da kuma samar da sabon ci gaba. Ana iya bincike shi da kyau kuma an dasa shi a cikin karamin tukunya.
Zaka iya tattara rigingimu kuma yada su da kanka. Ana gudanar da tarin mafi kyau a watan Maris. Zamu iya yin balaga na jayayya kamar haka: a kan takarda na farin takarda da aka yi amfani da shi a ciki. Idan akwai burbushin launin launin ruwan kasa a kan takarda, to, spores suna cikakke.
Sakamakon girma ferns spores kamar haka:
- tattara spores (girgiza a kan takarda);
- shirya akwati da ƙasa (karamin akwati tare da cakuda peat, girasar da aka yi da tubalin ƙura);
- moisten da cakuda, shuka spores, yayyafa su daga wani SPRAY kwalban.
- Rufe tare da gilashi ko murfin murfi kuma sanya a cikin sanyi (+ 13 ° C ... + 15 ° C) inuwa, lokaci-lokaci pouring;
- seedlings transplanted cikin kananan tukwane.
Lokacin da aka dasa shi, idan shuka yana da rhizome mai karfi, za'a iya raba shi zuwa kashi 2-3. Kowane bangare an sanya shi a cikin tukunya mai mahimmanci a cikin madara don shuka mai girma.
Wannan shinge ya fi kyau a haɗa tare, kamar yadda harbe na fern din yana da rauni kuma ya karya karya (suna bukatar a kiyaye su sosai).
Yana da muhimmanci! Wannan hanyar yaduwa da ƙwayar da aka ƙayyade yafi amfani dashi ta hanyar masu shuka furanni, tun da yake dole ne a daidaita mahimmanci (akwai wasu daga cikin su kuma suna ɓoye ƙarƙashin ƙasa). Idan ka raba wani ɓangare na wani daji ba tare da wani ci gaba ba, to, zai mutu, saboda ba zai yiwu ya yi girma ba daga tsari.
Ayyukan kula da ferns a gida
Firjiyoyi ba su buƙatar samfurin fasaha na musamman da ka'idodin dokoki, wanda dole ne a biyo su, suna da sauki:
- na yau da kullum watering;
- ciyarwa na lokaci-lokaci;
- dashi kamar yadda ake bukata.
Sau nawa zuwa wuraren ruwa
A cikin bazara da lokacin rani, watering ya kasance na yau da kullum da kuma matsakaici (alamar da ake buƙatar watering shi ne bushewa na saman). A cikin kaka, an rage yawan adadin watering (ana yin watering don kwanaki 2-3 bayan da aka bushe saman).
Ruwa don ban ruwa ya zama:
- m (ruwan sama ne mafi kyau);
- chlorine free;
- dakin zafin jiki.
Ciyar da pterisa
Kamar sauran furanni na gida, wajibi ne ke buƙatar abubuwan gina jiki, kuma kulawa da su yana buƙatar ciyar da lokaci a lokacin bazara da kuma bazara.
Don irin waɗannan takin mai magani ana amfani dasu a cikin ruwa wanda ake nufi da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire (lokacin amfani da su don ferns, ya kamata a rage kashi ta rabi kamar yadda aka bada shawarar cikin umarnin). Ciyar da sau ɗaya cikin kwanaki 15.
Da farko na kaka tsaya ciyar.
Home fern dashi
Tsirancin pteris yana da sauri: adadin harbe yana ƙaruwa, kuma tushen da aka saka a kan wani zauren earthen. Duk wannan yana haifar da gaskiyar cewa kowane 'yan shekarun dole ne a canza shuka.
Sabo, an dauki tukunya mai fadi don karbawa (3-4 cm fiye da baya). Idan gidan gida ya sha wahala ta hanyar rarraba daji, to, tukunya ba ta ƙara ba.
Zai fi dacewa da dashi a farkon spring. A lokaci guda akwai wajibi ne a sake gwada duk yanayi mai dadi don bunkasa: magudanar ruwa, ruwa da iska mai lalacewar ƙasa. A lokacin da ake dasawa, an lalace da waƙar da aka lalace (dried ko karya) a matakin ƙasa.
Yana da muhimmanci! Ya faru da cewa bayan dasawar pteris, zai fara bushe. A wannan yanayin, wajibi ne a yanke dukkan fuka, kuma sanya akwati tare da shuka don dukan yini cikin ruwa (zafin jiki + 20 ... +21 ° C). Bayan wannan, fern dole ya warke.
Babban matsaloli a cikin girma pteris
Lokacin da kake girma a cikin gida a cikin gida, akwai wasu matsalolin da ke buƙatar kawarwa da lokaci:
- girma ya ragu, frogs fara juya rawaya, launin ruwan kasa ya bayyana. Dalilin da wannan zai iya zama: high zafi yanayi, low zafi, kasa watering, daukan hotuna zuwa hasken rana kai tsaye;
- sluggish leaf faranti, rashin daidaito, fading - sakamakon rashin haske;
- Vayi ƙwade, zama thinner - matsanancin shading, rashin haske;
- deformation wai, za ku canza su launi zuwa launin rawaya da launin ruwan kasa, mutuwar matasa harbe - low zafin jiki, ruwa mai ban ruwa na ruwa, zane, chlorine ko lemun tsami a cikin ruwa;
- scarab ko thrips kai hari - Dole ne mu bi da tsire-tsire ta hanyar sabulu ko maganin man, wani kwari.
