Sorghum ba shi da wata sanannun hatsin hatsi a cikin labarunmu, wanda ke girma a Afirka, Asiya, duka sassa na Amirka, Australia da Turai.
Al'adu yana da naman abinci kuma ana amfani dashi a matsayin abincin man fetur. Ganye shine matattun kayan don samar da gari, sitaci, barasa (bioethanol) da hatsi, da kuma zuma da sorghum. A cikin masana'antun haske, ana amfani da sorghum don yin takarda, iri-iri iri-iri, da gurasar.
Dukan nau'o'in sorghum iri-iri suna rarraba zuwa kashi hudu: sugar, hatsi, makiyaya da venice sorghum. Ana amfani da nau'in jinsuna uku na farko a matsayin kayan abinci, duk da haka:
- Sugar sorghum, mai juyayi da m, kuma ana amfani da shi azaman kayan abu mai nau'i na molasses;
- An sanya sitaci daga hatsi kuma ana amfani dasu a abinci;
- An yi amfani da ƙwayar daji, wanda ya hada da ciyawa na Sudan, don ciyar da dabbobi a matsayin wani ɓangare na amfanin gona.
Shin kuna sani? A cikin Tarayyar Tarayyar Soviet, kowane nau'i na sorghum, ciki har da sorom sorgo, an yi amfani da su don ciyar da dabbobi da kifi. Amma bayan faduwar Rundunar ta USSR, yawan adadin dabbobi a cikin tsohuwar jihohi sun ragu, sabili da haka bukatar wannan irin abinci ya fadi. Tare da gyaran sauyawar dabba na dabba a matsayin masana'antun sorghum, duk da haka, bai iya mayar da ita ba, tun da an ba da fifiko ga sababbin dabbobin dabbobin da aka shigo da su daga kasashen waje, wanda, daga bisani, sun riga sun saba da sauran abinci.
Daga cikin} asashen da ke haifar da sorghum, {asar Amirka tana da matsayi na farko, ta biye da Mexico, India, Argentina, Australia, Nigeria, Sudan da Habasha. Babban mai siyarwa na sorghum a duniya shine kasar Sin: wannan jihohin yana girma sorghum a kan kansa, amma don saduwa da bukatun kansa, yana sayen shi a waje.
Mafi kyawun wadanda suka riga sun kasance don sorghum
Sorghum ya halatta a yi girma akan kasa da aka shuka ta kowane irin amfanin gona, amma bayan an gama halakar weeds a cikin filayen. Mafi kyawun fata na sorghum shine tsire-tsire waɗanda ba su bari a baya bayanan kasa mai karfi ba kuma kada su daddare shi. Wadannan halayen suna da nau'o'in albarkatun gona wanda ke ba da girbi na farko, domin a wannan yanayin manoma suna da isasshen lokaci don shirya ƙasa don shuka na sorghum: don wankewa da kuma cire weeds.
Noma na sorghum bayan kwasfa, masara da alkama na alkama ya ba da sakamako mai kyau.
Shin kuna sani? Sorghum yana da muhimmiyar mahimmanci ga manoma: za'a iya shuka shi a wuri ɗaya sau da yawa a jere ba tare da damu ba game da juyayi. Kayan albarkatun al'ada a lokaci guda daga shekara zuwa shekara basa ragu. Wannan amfanin wannan shuka yana ba da damar dasa shi a wuraren da basu dace ba don wasu albarkatun gona, da kuma ƙasa ta ƙare bayan amfani da baya.
Shirye-shiryen gari da hadi
Sharuɗɗa don samar da ƙasa ga sorghum baya dogara akan dalilin da aka shuka amfanin gona. Tun da yawancin wuraren da aka yi amfani da shi don amfani da wannan shuka, yana da mahimmanci cewa kasar gona tana tarawa kuma tana riƙe da yawan danshi a lokacin kafin shuka.
Idan an dasa sorghum a kan wurin tsire-tsire, kafin shuka shi wajibi ne don gudanar da wani tsabta mai tsabta tare da taimakon kayan aiki na musamman. Idan ya cancanta, ya kamata a sake maimaita hanya ko kuma bugu da žari yana bin ƙasa tare da herbicide roundup.
Yana da muhimmanci! Idan ba a aiwatar da tafarkin shawogi ba a lokacin (ba da daɗewa ba bayan girbi wanda ya riga ya kasance), ƙasa za ta sami lokaci zuwa bushewa da kuma ƙeta, sakamakon haka, aikin zai fi wuya.
Mataki na biyu - farfadowa da ba kasa da 25 cm ba don kawar da perennial weeds. Bayan haka, ya kamata a laka ƙasa, ba tare da barin wannan hanya har sai bazara, in ba haka ba ƙasa ba zata iya riƙe dashi ba kuma tara shi cikin isasshen yawa.
Kyakkyawan girbi na sorghum ba zai yiwu bane ba tare da kara ƙasa ba dole, la'akari da bincike akan ƙayyadaddun ƙwayoyin ƙasa, adadin ma'adinai na ma'adinai - da farko nitrogen, phosphate da potassium. Zai fi kyau takin kasar gona a kaka, saboda a cikin bazara, saboda bushewa na ƙasa, tushen asalin sorghum ba zai iya amfani da cikakken addittu ba.
A cikin bazara, kafin shuka, ƙasar ta razana: yashi sand a daya waƙa, loam a cikin biyu. Noma kafin a shuka dole ne a gudanar da ita, idan filin ya ci gaba da farfaɗo tare da sako, ana maimaita hanya akai sau biyu.
Idan dudu a cikin kasa bai isa ba, yana da amfani don yin gida: zai dumi da kuma tsaftace ƙasa, zai kara girma da ciyawa, wanda za a rushe ta hanyar namo.
Gaba ɗaya, hanya don shirya ƙasa don sorghum yana kama da abin da aka gudanar kafin dasa shuki kayan lambu.. Babban abin da ake buƙatar cimmawa shi ne don wanke ƙasa a mafi kyau a matsayin mai kyau a cikin Layer inda tsaba zasuyi girma.
Tsarin shirye-shiryen shuka
Ya kamata a gudanar da shuka sorghum bayan aikin shirya tare da tsaba, wannan shine mabuɗin ingantaccen shuka. Da farko, gwaji na shuka dole ne a girbe shi yadda ya kamata: idan hatsi ya rigaya a lokacin girbi, ya kamata a cire shi daban, don tabbatar da bushewa da ƙwayoyin da hatsi. Ana tsabtace tsaba da aka bushe, an ware su, sun kawo yanayin shuka kuma adana su a wuraren busassun da iska mai kyau.
Game da wata daya kafin shuka, ana shuka tsaba don cire kariya daga fungi, kwayoyin cuta da kwari, kazalika da lalata microflora da suke shigar da tsaba a lokacin ajiyar hunturu.
A tsakar rana na shuka iri, dole ne a maida tsaba dole a tashe su don ingantaccen shuka. Don yin wannan, tsaba suna warwatse a cikin bakin ciki a kan tarpaulin kuma sun bar wata mako a rana, suna motsawa lokaci-lokaci. Idan yanayin yana da damuwa a daidai lokacin, zaka iya sauke tsaba a cikin bushewa na yau da kullum.
Mafi kyau kwanakin don sihirin shuka
Zai fi kyau shuka shuka bayan ƙwayar ƙasa zai warke sosai bayan hunturu. Don irin nau'o'in hatsi, yawan zafin jiki na yau da kullum a zurfin shuka zai kasance akalla 14-16 ° C, don sukari da makiyaya, an yarda da digiri a ƙasa. A yanayin zafi mafi girma, sorghum yakan sau biyu azumi.
Yana da muhimmanci! Girbi na farko yana kaiwa ga mummunan germination, banda haka, al'adun ke tsiro da rauni kuma da sauri da tsire-tsire.
Rashin ruwa a lokacin dasa ya kamata ya zama 65-75%.
Hanyar shuka sihiri don ciyar da dabba
Tun da sorghum na da tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire, ba za'a iya dasa shi da zurfi sosai ba: harbe tare da irin wannan shuki ya bayyana a baya kuma ya kara muni. A gefe guda kuma, idan an dasa sihiri a ƙananan ƙananan, bazai hawan sama ba saboda hakikanin cewa ƙasa ta dade a saman. Bisa ga wannan, yana da muhimmanci a lura da zurfin gani don dasa shuki - kimanin 5 cm a cikin ruwa mai sanyi da kuma 'yan centimeters mafi zurfi a cikin yanayin bushe (dole ne a karu da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu).
Hanyar shuka sorghum, nauyin shuka da 1 ha na yanki, kazalika da daidaituwa na dasa shi ne muhimmiyar abubuwa a cikin fasaha na girma amfanin gona, tun da abinci, respiration, amfani da ruwa da kuma tsarin photosynthesis na sorghum ya dogara ne akan kiyaye su. Hakanan, ta hanyar daidaita matakai masu dacewa, zai yiwu a canza lokacin girbi na amfanin gona, wanda yana da mahimmanci don samo amfanin gona mafi kyau a yanayin musamman.
Mafi sau da yawa, ana shuka sorghum a cikin wata hanyar jeri-jere da zanen jeri na 70 cm. Idan kuna da kayan aiki masu dacewa, ƙwayar hatsi na nau'in nau'i mai nau'in halitta za a iya shuka kusan sau biyu a lokacin farin ciki, wanda ya ba ku izinin girbi fiye da 1 amfanin gona daga kadada 5.
Ana iya bunkasa Sorghum fiye da žasa da ƙananan, dangane da yanayin yanayi, yanayin yanayi da yanayin ƙasa, kazalika da iri-iri da manufar sa namo.
Saboda haka, a yankunan da aka bushe, ana shuka tsaba tare da wani nau'i na fiye da miliyan 0.1 da 1 ha, makiyaya za a iya shuka 20% lokacin farin ciki. Idan akwai karin hazo, za a iya ƙara yawan nau'in noma daji na dirarru kamar haka:
- don yin amfani da abinci maras nama - 0.25-0.3 miliyan raka'a da 1 hectare;
- don silage - 0.15-0.18 miliyan raka'a da 1 ha;
- don hatsi hatsi - 0.1-0.12 miliyan kwakwalwan kwamfuta. a kan hectare 1;
- domin makiyaya iri-iri-iri-iri-biyu. a kan 1 ha.
Bugu da ƙari ga hanya mai fadi da za a yi amfani da shi a ƙarƙashin fodder kore, ana kuma shuka bam din tare da tef ɗin layi biyu ko hanyoyin da suka dace. Hanyoyin amfani da tsaba - 20-25 kg na 1 hectare.
Har ila yau, an yi la'akari da ingancin shuka naman sorghum gauraye da legumes (misali, Peas ko waken soya) ko tare da masara.
Abincin noma na Sorghum
Abun kula da amfanin gona na Sorghum shine karewa daga lalacewa da kwari, wanda za'a iya bayarwa ta hanyoyi na injiniya ko hanyoyin sinadaran.
To hanyoyin aikin injiniya sun hada da iri-iri daban-daban, namo da tsaunuka. To sunadarai - magani tare da herbicides.
Shin kuna sani? Sorghum, saboda tarin alkaloid da ke cikin hatsi, da kuma cikin ganyayyaki - glycosides na durrin da silica, suna da kariya ta musamman wanda ke haifar da tsire-tsire ga cututtuka daga abin da wasu albarkatun gona suka sha wahala.
Bugu da ƙari, kula da ƙwayoyin cuta, yana da muhimmanci a ciyar da amfanin gona na sorghum, wannan yana kara yawan amfanin gona.
An yi amfani da takin mai magani mai kyau kafin dasa shuki, ma'adinai - nitrogen, phosphate da kuma takin mai magani na potash a cikin rabo 1: 1: 1, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, ana amfani da su a cikin kaka, amma an yi amfani da takin mai magani, a kari, a matsayin farkon abinci stalk. A lokacin shuka, ana gabatar da superphosphate na granular a cikin layuka, kuma a kan tsautsaye kasa - cike da ma'adinai masu daraja. Idan, kafin shuka, sunadarai na ma'adinai don daya dalili ko wani ba a amfani dasu ba, to sai a ciyar da tsire-tsire a cikin 3-4-leaf phase tare da nitroamophosphate a cikin kudi na 2 q / ha.
Yana da muhimmanci! Sorghum don abinci mai kore ba za a hadu da hawan da aka ƙera ba daga nitrogen mai magani, tun da yake suna taimakawa wajen tarawa mahadar cyanide mai guba a cikin kore.
Phosphorus da potassium suna da soluble da rashin ƙarfi kuma sunyi tafiya cikin ƙasa, saboda haka, ciyar da su bayan shuka ba shi da amfani: waɗannan abubuwa na ma'adinai sun jingine a cikin ƙasa a zurfin 10-12 cm, yayin da tushen tsarin sorghum ya fi zurfi, sabili da haka basu da damar shiga taki. Ana buƙatar karin phosphorus don shuke-shuke da aka dasa a kan chernozem, a kan kirji kasa suna ba da hankali ta musamman ga nitrogen-phosphorus da takin mai magani, potash cire gaba daya.
Mechanical da kuma sunadarai sako kariya
Nan da nan bayan da shuka, ana yi wa sorghum tare da rollers na musamman. Dole ne ya motsa hanzari don tabbatar da samuwar ciyawa saboda faduwa daga ƙurar ƙasa.
Kafin fitowar harbe yana buƙatar yin razana. Wannan zai rabu da ƙananan weeds. A lokacin sanyi, lokacin bayyanar da fararen farko an jinkirta, ana gudanar da tsari sau biyu, wani lokaci har sau hudu. Lokacin da sorghum ya taso, har ila yau za'a iya aiwatar da kariya ga kudan zuma, amma wannan ya kamata a yi sosai a hankali da sannu a hankali don kada ya lalace amfanin gona.
Bayan bayanan tsabta na layuka, noma na iya farawa: na farko a low gudu, daga baya, lokacin da sorghum yayi girma, a matsakaici da babba tare da tsauraran lokaci. Wannan ƙarshen ya lalata tsire-tsire kuma yana kare tsire-tsire daga iska, kuma a cikin kari, yana samar da kyakkyawan tsari na tushen tsarin.
Baya ga kayan aiki, sorghum yana bukatar kare kariya. Don yin wannan, girbitsidy, kazalika da shiri na kungiyar "2,4D + dicamba."
Wajibi ne a gama gwadawa har sai lokacin da sorghum yana da fiye da biyar ganye, in ba haka ba da shuka fara ragu girma, curl da ƙarshe ba mummunan girbi.
Girbi sorghum for silage, kore fodder da hay
Ana girbe sorghum don shayarwa a cikin lokaci daga maƙaryaci-kakin zuma zuwa cikakke nau'in hatsi. Wannan hanya tana ba ka damar rage hasara, ta yin amfani da dukkanin tsire-tsire na monokorm. Tattara da yankakken sa a cikin kwantena da aka shirya, an tattake su kuma an rufe su.
Ana amfani da shi azaman sorghum na hatsi da aka cire bayan maturation na panicle. Da abun ciki abun ciki na hatsi bai wuce 20% ba. Nan da nan bayan girbi, an yanke shugabannin, an tsabtace hatsi kuma aka bushe. Ana ajiye hatsi a cikin rami na rami.
Bar da kuma mai tushe bayan bayan aiki su ne kayan kayan da za a girbe su. Ana girbi sorghum na silage lokacin da hatsi ya kai tsire-tsire, idan kunyi shi a baya, dabbobin ba sa yin amfani da wannan nau'i saboda mummunan da ke cikin dandano.
Sorghum mows kore fodder da hay game da dama bayan bayyanar panicles, kuma zai fi dacewa mako-mako kafin. A baya da tsaftacewa, da ƙasa a cikin kore taro na fiber, amma more Protein da carotene. Idan har don tsaftacewa tare da tsaftacewa, ƙwaƙwalwar yana juya mafi muni, banda a cikin wannan yanayin ɗayan amfanin gona ya bayyana ƙasa.
