Dabbobi suna da saukin kamuwa da tarin fuka, kuma wannan cututtukan yana haifar da lalacewar tattalin arziki. Yawancin lokaci yana da nau'i na yau da kullum kuma yana da matukar damuwa. Yawanci sau da yawa yana rinjayar huhu, hanyoyi, ƙwayoyin lymph da wasu ɓangarorin ɓeraye da kyallen takalma. Ka yi la'akari da maganin cutar, cututtuka, ganewa, jiyya da rigakafin tarin fuka a cikin shanu.
Tarihin tarihi
Sunan cutar tarin fuka ne ya gabatar da Laennec, likita Faransa, har zuwa 1819.. Ba da daɗewa ba, a 1869, Vilmen yayi bincike da tabbatar da cewa wannan cututtuka ne mai cutar kuma zai iya haifar da annoba.
A cikin shanu, an gano wannan cutar a 1828, duk da haka, alamu da alamun bayyanar an kwatanta ne kawai a shekara ta 1895 kuma ana kiran su ne bayan masanin kimiyya, gidan yarinya na Jon.
Ranar 24 ga watan Maris, 1882, wani mai nazarin halittu daga Jamus, R. Koch, ya rarrabe kuma ya bayyana mai wakiltar cutar, wanda yanzu ake kira Koch wand.
Bayan bincike mai zurfi, ya samar da duniya tare da tuberculin, wanda ya sa ya yiwu ya gano kasancewar tarin fuka a cikin mai haƙuri. Domin wadannan binciken, an ba shi kyautar Nobel a shekarar 1905.
Shin kuna sani? A tsohuwar Girka, an nuna saniya da wani ɗan maraƙi wanda yake wakilci wani nono, wanda ya nuna ikon Allah wanda ke ciyar da kansa.
Pathogen, hanyoyin da hanyoyi na kamuwa da cuta
Ƙungiyar Koch suna cikin rukuni na kwayoyin da suka shafi jikin Mycobacterium tarin fuka. Wadannan cututtuka na tarin fuka sune kwayoyin nerobic, wadanda ba su da tsaka-tsakin zuciya, da kwayoyin maganin cutar. Suna kama da sanda mai tsayi ko dan kadan mai girman mita 1-10 a 0.2-0.6 microns.
Akwai siffofin uku na Koch da za a iya samu a shanu:
- bovine iri. Ma'aikata masu yawa su ne shanu, amma an sauƙaƙe shi zuwa wasu dabbobi, ciki har da mutane;
- dan Adam. Bugu da ƙari, mutum, suna sha wahala daga shanu, aladu, jawo dabbobi. Cats da karnuka suna da wuya;
- nau'in tsuntsu. Ana kiyaye shi a cikin tsuntsaye da tsuntsaye, amma wasu lokuta yakan faru a cikin dabbobi (mafi yawan lokutan aladu). Mutane suna fama da rashin lafiya.
Wadannan igiyoyi na iya canzawa kuma ya zama wasu nau'ikan. Suna da matukar fargaba kuma suna da tsayi a cikin yanayi na waje.
Alal misali, a cikin ƙasa, wadannan microbes sun ci gaba har zuwa watanni 6, a cikin yanayi mai dadi - har zuwa watanni 5, a cikin wuri mai bushe da haske - har zuwa watanni 2, kuma a cikin ɗaki mai duhu da bushe ko kuma a cikin gawawwakin shanu za su iya zama mai yiwuwa har zuwa shekara.
Tare da yanayi mafi kyau na rayuwa (rigar, duhu, wuri mai dumi), tarin fuka na pathogens zai iya zama mai yiwuwa har zuwa shekaru 7.
Microbes da suke a cikin jikin tsuntsaye mara lafiya, zasu mutu ta tafasa don mintuna 5. Wadannan microbes suna kula da kwayoyin chlorine da kuma hydrogen peroxide.
Karanta kuma game da irin waɗannan cututtuka na shanu kamar: pasteurellosis, teliasiosis, cysticercosis, brucellosis, anaplasmosis, dictiocaulosis, babesiosis.
Akwai hanyoyi masu zuwa na kamuwa da cutar tarin fuka:
- jirgin sama. Madogarar kamuwa da cuta a cikin wannan yanayin shine mutum mai rashin lafiya wanda ya skeezed kuma ya lalace a gaba. Halin yiwuwar kamuwa da cuta yana ƙaruwa da dabbobi da yawa da kuma cikin barns mai kwakwalwa;
- abinci. Koch sandunansu suna shiga jiki ta hanyar tsarin narkewa. Alal misali, idan an ci abinci marar lafiya ko kuma mai ciwo daga wannan nau'in, ƙwayar dabbar da ke fama da ita ta shiga abinci ko abin sha. Mai maraƙi zai iya kamuwa da shi da marar lafiya maras lafiya ta cinye madararta;
- fil. Ba a taɓa fuskantar ba;
- kamuwa da cutar intrauterine. Ya juya a sakamakon launi na ƙwayar mace ko ya faru a yayin haihuwar maraya maraya. Har ila yau rare.
Maganar kamuwa da cuta a cikin shanu shi ne yawan dabba marar lafiya - sputum, manada, madara, taki da fitsari. Tun da wakili mai tarin tarin fuka yana da matukar damuwa, tsire-tsire-tsire a stalls, makiyaya, wurare na watering, wurare na ma'aikata, kayan aikin dabbobi da wasu abubuwan da suka kasance tare da masu lafiya ba zasu iya zama m.
Cutar cututtuka da kuma irin wannan cutar
Tare da shigarwa cikin kamuwa da cuta a cikin jiki, bayan lokacin shiryawa (2-6 makonni), wadannan cututtuka na iya faruwa a cikin mara lafiya mara lafiya:
- ƙara yawan jiki (har zuwa 40 ° C);
- ƙusar ƙanƙara;
- rashin ƙarfi na numfashi, numfashi;
- asarar nauyi;
- bushe, sako-sako da fata.
Ƙara koyo game da hanyoyi na kula da shanu, wato: game da tarin da kuma sako-sako.
Kwayar cututtuka da kuma ciwo da tarin fuka suna dogara da wurin da launi ke. A cewar wannan alamar, an raba cutar zuwa iri masu zuwa:
- tarin fuka. Yana faruwa mafi sau da yawa da kuma alamun bayyanar da ke sama a gaba gare shi. Rashin lafiya na dabbobin lafiya yana faruwa ne ta hanyar ruwan sama da iska ta hanyar ruwa;
- na hanji. Lokacin da shine tushen kamuwa da cutar don wasu dabbobi ne. Cutar cututtuka sun hada da cututtukan da aka haɗu tare da ƙyallen jini da turawa, rashin;
- ƙananan tuberculosis. Kamuwa da cuta yana faruwa ta hanyar madara. Mai nono marar lafiya marar lafiya a cikin baya yana faduwa kuma ya zama mai wuya, yana jin zafi lokacin da aka guga. A lokaci guda kuma, za a kara ƙuƙwalwar lymph a sama da maiwa, ƙananan za su lalace, za a cire madara da ƙwayoyin jini;
- na'urar intrauterine. A cikin shanu, wannan nau'i yana tare da hawaye da sifa, kuma a cikin maraƙi, ta hanyar kumburi da ƙumburi na gabobin jikin jini. Ana iya daukar nauyin jima'i;
- nau'i na kowa. Tare da shi, ƙwayar cuta ta yada ta jini kuma tana rinjayar kwayoyin da kuma tsarin dabbobin. An bayyana shi ne da ƙananan ƙwayoyin lymph. Idan kwakwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar kwakwalwa ta faru a cikin dabba, to, anyi kwakwalwa da sauran cututtuka na tsarin kulawa na tsakiya da alamun bayyanar.
Yana da muhimmanci! Tun da tarin fuka a cikin shanu yakan tasowa a cikin tsari mai mahimmanci ko asymptomatic, waɗannan alamun bazai bayyana a fili ba. Yana iya ɗaukar fiye da wata ɗaya, kuma wani lokacin bayyanar cututtuka sun bayyana bayan shekaru biyu na kamuwa da cuta. Mutane da yawa marasa lafiya ba su bambanta da masu lafiya.A cikin ƙananan dabbobi, hanya na cutar na iya zama mai tsada ko m. Sa'an nan kuma, ga bayyanar cututtukan da ke sama, haɓaka a cikin ƙwayar lymph da nakasun kwayoyi (maƙarƙashiya ko zawo) za a iya kara da su, tun lokacin da tarin fuka zai iya zama cikakkunta.
Diagnostics
An samo yawan tarin fuka bayan kashe dabba. Yana da muhimmanci ga masu zaman kansu su kula da bayyanar cututtuka na tarin fuka, kuma a cikin manyan batutuwa da kuma matsakaitan matsakaicin ƙwayoyin gonaki ya kamata a gudanar a kai a kai.
Ana iya amfani da hanyoyin da gwaje-gwaje na gaba don ganewar asali:
- tsarin rubutun. Hakan ya bayyana yanayin halin da ake ciki na epizootic, matsayi na yadu da hanyar gabatarwar kamuwa da cuta;
- Hanyar asibiti. Hankali ya kusanci alamun bayyanar cutar. Wannan hanya tana dauke da muhimmanci, duk da cewa tarin fuka na iya zama damuwa;
- hanyar rashin lafiyar. Hanyar da ta fi dacewa ta gano wannan cuta. Ana kwantar da dabbobi tare da 0.2 ml na maganin alurar riga kafi tare da tuberculin a tsakiyar wuyansa ko sub-tailband (masana'antu masana'antu) kuma jira 3 days. Idan shafin intanet ya karu da 3 mm ko fiye, ana jin dadin jin dadi, yanayin zafin jiki ya tashi, to hakan ana ganin sakamako mai kyau. An yi gwajin tuberculin sau biyu a shekara kuma tare da amsa mai kyau, ana gudanar da bincike mai zurfi kuma an dauki matakai;
- hanya autopsy. Ana yin autopsy akan dabba marar mutuwa. Yawancin lokaci ana aikatawa a gaban kasancewar gwagwarmaya ko rikici a gwajin tuberculin. Na farko, suna neman bayyanar canjin bayyane na tarin fuka, sannan kuma ana gudanar da gwaje gwaje-gwaje.
Idan sakamakon sakamakon rashin lafiyar ya zama maras kyau, ana gwada gwaji na biyu, ana duba sakamakonsa a rana bayan allurar. Maiyuwa bazai zama subcutaneous, amma wadannan:
- intraocular. Don gwajin gwajin, 3-5 saukad da maganin alurar riga kafi an binne a karkashin fatar ido. Ana bayyana bayyanar conjunctivitis bayan 8-9 hours a matsayin mai kyau;
- intravenous. An sanya allurar rigakafi a cikin wani nau'i, bayan da aka auna dabba don yawan zafin jiki kowane sa'o'i uku. Ƙara yawan zafin jiki na 0.9 ° C yana nuna sakamako na gwaji mai kyau.
Yana da muhimmanci! Dabba mara lafiya ko mutum da wani abu mai kyau zuwa tuberculin yana da kyau a aika don yanka.
Canje-canjen Pathological
A lokacin bude wani mai haƙuri da tarin fuka, an lura da wadannan:
- bayyanar nodules a cikin kwayoyin halitta da kyallen takalma suna cikin girman daga ƙananan kernel zuwa kwai kwai. Sau da yawa a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar bovine, ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙananan sau da yawa - hanta, ƙwaƙwalwa, nono, hanji. Irin wadannan nodules (tubercles) suna da tsari mai launin launin fatar jiki tare da jinsin nau'in cheesy a cikin tsakiyar, wadda ke kewaye da matakan haɗi;
- akwai canje-canje a cikin jigilar abubuwan da ke tattare da kwakwalwar katako da peritoneum (duniyar lu'u-lu'u);
- da mucous surface na pharynx, hanji ya ƙunshi bumps da sores na daban-daban girma, an rufe shi da wani curd salla da kuma samun cikakken tushe;
- a cikin raunuka masu tsanani, akwai cin zarafin musayar gas a cikin huhu, anemia;
- a cikin mummunan cututtuka na cutar, ciwo mai tsanani ya auku;
- a kullum, an lura da bronchopneumonia.
Ƙara koyo game da cututtuka maras lafiya.
Zai yiwu ya warke
Abin baƙin ciki shine, kwayoyi masu tasiri ba su wanzu a yau, don haka ba zai yiwu a warkar da shanu ba.
A game da wannan, za a kula da ganewa da kuma aiwatar da wannan cuta a cikin shanu da cikakken alhakin.
Tashin fuka bazai iya ci gaba a cikin dabba da tsarin kulawa mai kyau ba - a cikin wannan yanayin, cutar tarin fuka ba ta girma kuma zai iya mutuwa a hanyar da ta dace. Amma idan cutar ta fara ci gaba da hanzari, to dole ne a kawar da dabba.
Shin kuna sani? Tsohon allahn Masar na sama, Nuth, an nuna shi azaman saniya.
Shin zai yiwu a sha madara daga shanu masu cutar?
Shan shanu da ke dauke da tarin fuka yana da haɗari ga mutane, musamman ga yara, wanda, idan sun cinye, zasu iya cutar da wannan cuta a 90-100%.
Zai zama da amfani a koyi game da dukiya na madara, wato: yawancin, mai ciki mai ciki, da kuma amfani da cutarwa na madara.
Tashin fuka na Mycobacterium yana da tsayayya ga yanayin da ake ciki. Saboda haka, a cikin madara mai madara suna rike kayan halayen kyawawan abubuwa na kwanaki 20, a cikin samfurori da man shanu - har zuwa shekara guda, da kuma a cikin ice cream - har zuwa shekaru 6.5.
A yawan zafin jiki na 60 ° C, ana amfani da mycobacteria cikin rabin sa'a.
Ya kamata a buƙafa da shanu daga cikin shanu da yawa don kimanin minti 10 da amfani kawai don ciyar da dabbobi.
Koyon yadda za a ciyar da shanu da kiwo daidai.
Milk da aka samo daga shanu mai kyau, amma daga wani wuri mara kyau ga wannan cuta, an shirya ta pasteurization a zafin jiki na 90 ° C na minti 5, kuma a 85 ° C - akalla rabin sa'a.
An yarda da tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire na samar da kwaya kawai bayan shiri na pasteurization. Daga shanu da ke da kyakkyawan sakamako ga tuberculin, ya kamata a buƙafa madara da kuma amfani kawai a cikin gonaki da ke dauke da su, amma ana aiki da wannan madara a cikin man shanu mai narkewa.
Ƙara koyo game da shanu.
Rigakafin rigakafi da maganin alurar rigakafi akan shanu da shanu
Don ci gaba da rigakafi kuma a matsayin takamaiman ƙwayoyin cuta suna amfani da maganin rigakafin BCG, an sami Calmette da Geren (1924).
A saboda wannan dalili, ana maganin alurar rigakafi ta hanyar allurar a cikin makonni biyu na makonni bisa ga ka'idojin da suka biyo baya:
- Tashin ƙwayar cuta - 0.05-0.07 MG / kg;
- Warar BCG - 0.05-0.1 mg / kg nauyin jikin dabba.
An yi rigakafin tarin fuka bisa ga ka'idojin sanitary da dabbobi:
- Lokacin da sayen dabbobi, dole ne ku rijista su tare da likitan dabbobi, da samun tag tare da lambar rijista. Har ila yau, wajibi ne don tabbatar da ajiya irin waɗannan tags;
- duba shanu don gwajin tuberculin sau biyu a shekara;
- Dukkan aiki tare da shanu (saya, sayarwa, duk wani motsi, sayar da kiwo da samfurori) ya kamata a yi kawai tare da izini da ilimin kungiyoyin jihohin sabis na dabbobi;
- samar da kayan da ake bukata na sanin dabbobi da sanarwa;
- bi dukkan ka'idojin tsabta lokacin shirya kayan abinci don kauce wa cututtuka;
- lokacin da ake samun dabbobi, yana da muhimmanci don gudanar da carantine a cikin wata guda don ɗaukar dukkan gwaje-gwajen, alurar rigakafi da cututtuka;
- sanar da ayyukan dabbobi na wasu cututtuka na cututtuka na dabbobi da ake zargi da cewa tarin fuka (asarar hasara, ciwon huhu, ƙwayar lymph mai ƙumi);
- gudanar da gwaji na likitoci, gwaji da jiyya;
- a kan jagorancin aikin na dabbobi, ya bayyana alamar daji da kuma saka dabbobi marasa lafiya tare da kudade masu dacewa;
- gano lokaci da kuma cire dukkan masu dauke da tarin fuka. Don yin wannan, an sake haifar da 'ya'yan dabbobi marasa lafiya, suna ciyarwa da sayar da nama kafin su zama tushen yaduwar cutar;
- tsare shanu a cikin ɗakunan da suka dace, da ɗakunan dakuna, kamar yadda suke ajiyewa a cikin ɗakunan da ba a dumi ba tare da kwanciya ba, yiwuwar rashin lafiya ya kara;
- saka idanu da abinci mai kyau, girbe su daga yankuna masu wadata, samar da bitamin da ma'adanai masu mahimmanci;
- don gano matakin farko na cutar don daukar samfurori don nazarin gawaba bayan kisan;
- don kiyaye ka'idodin tsabta a cikin gidan, dace da dakin dakin, maye gurbin litter, nuna duk kayan aiki da kayan aiki don kulawa da kyau kuma kiyaye shi tsabta.
Shin kuna sani? A matsakaici, saniya daya yana karɓar madara a cikin adadin kuɗin dalar Amurka dubu 200. Wata garken shanu, masu yawan adadin 60, suna ba da madara madara a rana daya.Ba a kula da tarin fuka ba a cikin shanu kuma yana da cututtuka. Zai iya faruwa ba tare da mummunar cututtuka ba, don haka yana da muhimmanci a gudanar da bincike na yau da kullum da matakan tsaro.
Wannan microbe yana da matukar damuwa ga yanayi na waje, kuma an haramta dabbobi marasa lafiya, kamar yadda zasu iya zama tushen kamuwa da cuta ga sauran garke da kuma mutane.
Video: alurar riga kafi na shanu don tarin fuka
