Birch itace itace mai tartsatsi a arewacin arewa. Yawancin al'ummomi sun haɗu da abin da suka gaskata da gumakansu tare da shi, sunyi amfani da su a rayuwar yau da kullum da warkarwa. Abin da ya haifar da wannan alama ta mutanen Arewa, abin da yake kama da ita, wace irin nau'o'in yafi kowa kuma yadda ake amfani da birch a gida da magani - za'a tattauna wannan a gaba.
Abin da yake kama: nazarin halittu
White siririn Trunks tare da baki aibobi, kore kaifi ganye, m rassan - Birch a arewacin latitudes ba wuya a samu.
Birch yana da tsaka-tsalle masu yawa, duba fitar da shi na 10.
Bark
Launi na haushi a yawancin nau'in Birch shine haske - daga yellowish zuwa launin ruwan kasa. Akwai itatuwa da baƙar fata da launin toka. Gashin farin yana kama da shi ne saboda betulin - abubuwa a cikin takalmin kwalliya na haushi; sun cika dukan cavities a cikin wannan layin. Matsayi mai girma na haushi, wanda ake kira Birch, yana da sauƙi da sauƙi a raba shi daga gangar jikin.
Bar
Sheets suna da kyau, a kan rassan an sanya su a madaidaiciya, masu tasowa a cikin siffar, suna fadada a tushe da kuma tapering zuwa gefen, sunyi aiki. A cikin kaka suna canja launi zuwa launin rawaya kuma su fadi. Matasan ganyayyaki suna rufe da kayan abu.
A kokarin ƙoƙarin ado da mãkirci tare da irin wannan itace mai kyau da amfani, yana da muhimmanci a san fasaha na girma Birch da dwarf iri-iri.
Kodan, 'yan kunne maza da mata
Kodan suna da nau'i, an rufe su da sassauran karu.
An raba furanni zuwa namiji da mace. Mace, an sanya shi a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta, kamar 'yan kunne, sun yi girma a kan dogon harbe guda biyu ko hudu. Da farko sun kasance kore, har zuwa tsawon 4 cm, sannan sai su yi duhu.
'Yan kunne sun kunshi furanni da aka rufe da Sikeli; a cikin kowane furen akwai raƙuman ruwa tare da stamens. An rufe shi da resin, kare kariya daga dumi, furanni furanni da kuma bazara ya fara budewa.
A cikin bazara, daga Maris zuwa Mayu, furanni suna fitar da pollen da iska take ɗauke, bayan haka 'yan kunne suka fada.
Shin kuna sani? Birch itatuwa ne namiji - "birch" da kuma mace birch. Zaka iya rarrabe su a cikin jagorancin girma na rassan - rassan namiji suna zuwa sama, mace - a gefe.
'Yan kunne na mata suna bayyana a ƙananan rassan rassan da suka samo daga harbe-harbe a bara, sun kasance mafi ƙanƙanta fiye da maza. Dukansu namiji da mace furanni a lokaci guda.
Bayan hadi, haɗarin mace yana ƙaruwa, ta iya samun kafa; sannu-sannu kunne yana juya zuwa wani karamin "dunƙule". Lokacin da 'ya'yan itace cikakke, abin kunne zai rushe.
'Ya'yan itacen
'Ya'yan itace itace nutlet, ƙila a bangarorin biyu kuma kewaye da ƙananan membranes.
Tsaba
Birch tsaba suna haske - daya gram ya ƙunshi har zuwa 5,000 tsaba. Suna dauke da iska sosai. Fall a matakai biyu - a cikin kaka da hunturu. Tsire-tsire suna tsira sosai a karkashin dusar ƙanƙara kuma suna fara girma a cikin bazara a sabon wuri.
Tushen tushen
Tushen tushen shi ne mai iko da kuma karawa, yawanci yana zurfi cikin ƙasa. Lokaci-lokaci akwai rufi. Bar saukar da tushen inked a zurfin, overgrown da yawa na bakin ciki uriciform Tushen.
Saboda wannan tsari na asalinsu, a cikin shekaru uku ko hudu na ci gaba, itacen zai fara girma da sauri.
Gano irin halayen da ke tattare da tsirrai, kudan zuma, kullun, shuddai, bishiyoyi, ailanthas, velvets Amur, bishiya, ginkgo biloba, glades, paulownias, catalps, chestnuts, itatuwa eucalyptus.
A ina ne Birch yayi girma
Bambancin iri dabam-dabam na haifar da bishiyoyin bishiyoyi a arewacin arewa. Wadannan itatuwan suna rayuwa mai kyau a cikin Arctic Circle da kuma cikin yankunan Asia.
Sakamakon bambanci kuma yana haifar da rashin amincewa ga abun da ke cikin ƙasa - sun rayu biyu a cikin kwakwalwa a gefen Arctic Circle da kuma yankunan dutse, kuma tsire-tsire na jinsunan dwarf birch suna girma cikin tundra.
Nau'in iri
Babu ainihin ra'ayi da ra'ayi kan yawan jinsin wadannan bishiyoyi; Yawancin masu kare dabbobi sun yarda cewa akwai nau'in fiye da nau'in nau'in Birch a duniya. Dukansu sun kasu kashi hudu:
- Alba - wannan ya hada da bishiyoyin bishiyoyi tare da fitilar haske.
- Costata - jinsuna da ribbed kara da m ganye.
- Acuminata - bishiyoyi da manyan ganye, suna girma a cikin wurare masu zafi.
- Nana - shrubs da itatuwa tsumburai.
- Fluffy (pubescent) - girma har zuwa mita 25, yana yalwace a cikin latitudes na arewacin Turai da Amurka, ya fi son filin marshy.
- Warty (sun rataye) - Tsayin yana da mita 25-30, hawan bishiyoyi suna da duhu, amma a lokacin shekaru 10-11 ya zama fari. Rassan suna da halayyar sagging kuma an rufe su da resin resin.
- Stone (Herman) - Birch mai tsawon rayuwa, yana rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 400. Ya girma a cikin steppe da tundra na Asiya. Cold-resistant, undemanding zuwa danshi, da kyau acclimatized a kan matalauta stony kasa.
- Cherry (zaki ko mai dadi) - Dark barkono, kusan kamar ceri, yana da ƙanshi mai ƙanshi. Yana shawo sanyi ba daidai ba, saboda haka kusan ba a taɓa faruwa a arewa ba, daga Arewacin Amirka.
- Dwarf - gajere, shrub maimakon itace. Yana girma a cikin tundra da yankunan dutse.
- Karelian - yawancin itatuwan ƙananan bishiyoyi suna girma a gandun dajin arewacin Finland da Karelia. Twisted da twisted Trunks da rassan da wani sabon abu tsari, reminiscent na marmara. Bishiya mai mahimmanci.
Wasu fasali
Akwai wasu siffofin da ke rarrabe birch daga wasu bishiyoyi da dama kuma ya sa shi rinjaye a cikin gandun daji. Saboda haka, wannan itacen ne wanda ya zama na farko a cikin sarari maras kyau, ko yana fadi, haɗuwa, ko ƙetare.
Matsakaicin matsayi, ginshiƙan girka
A yawancin jinsunan, tsawo na gangar jikin ya kai m 30. Wasu samfurori na girma zuwa mita 40-45. Akwai dwarfs, wanda girmansa bai wuce mita 2-3 ba.
Yawancin itatuwan da suka fi dacewa da igiya sunyi har zuwa 150 cm.
Girma girma
Da farko, birch ke tsiro a hankali. Amma bayan shekaru uku ko hudu, halin da ake ciki yana canzawa kuma an ci gaba da ci gaba. Saboda girman girma, ƙananan dabbobi zasu iya gasa tare da ciyawa mai girma.
Shin kuna sani? A wasu al'ada da al'adun addini, birch yana da muhimmin wuri - Celts sun binne gawawwakin da aka yi da bishiyoyi bishiyoyi, kuma a cikin Orthodoxy, bishiyoyi na birki suna ado gidaje da temples a kan idin Triniti Mai Tsarki.
Lifespan
Rayuwa na tsawon birch shine shekaru 100-150. Akwai itatuwan da ke rayuwa tsawon shekaru 300-400.
Frost juriya
Yawancin jinsuna suna jure wa yanayin sanyi mai tsananin ƙarfi. Wasu sun tsira har ma a Arctic, a yanayin zafi mara kyau. Akwai kuma irin su Birch Birch da kogin Birch, wanda ba su jure wa sanyi kuma sun fi son yanayi mai matsananciyar yanayi tare da tsauraran matuka.
Chemical abun da ke ciki
Sassan daban-daban na itace suna da wadata a wasu abubuwa masu sinadarai wadanda zasu ƙayyade abubuwan da suke amfani da su da kuma bayyanar su.
Bark
A kusan dukkanin irin haushi, betulin yana samuwa - launin fata mai launi wanda ya ba da fata launi. Abubuwa na betulin sun bambanta daga 5 zuwa 44%, dangane da irin itace.
Koda
Birch buds dauke da tar, alkaloids, bitamin C, flavonoids da kuma acid mai. Manyan mahimmanci ma sun kasance.
Bar
Ganye suna da wadata a cikin kayan mai, dammaran da aka samu, coumarins, tannins da flavonoids.
Yadda zaka yi amfani
Birch itatuwa sun samo amfani da su a ayyukan tattalin arziki na mutum, aikin likita da zane.
Familiarize kanka tare da amfani Properties na Birch da Birch buds.
A cikin tsarin shimfidar wuri
A cikin zane-zane, ana amfani da itatuwan birch don yin ado da tafkuna, suna haɗaka da kuma kirkiro ƙungiyoyi tare da conifers. Ana amfani da nau'o'in tsire-tsire kamar tsire-tsire na tsire-tsire.
Yana da muhimmanci! Ya kamata a tuna cewa Birch yana da tasiri sosai a kan mafi yawan tsire-tsire, yayin da yake girma da kuma tasowa da sauri, yana kwantar da ƙasa a kusa da shi. Bugu da ƙari, ƙwayoyin saɓo sun lalata wasu nau'in shuka.
A cikin kudan zuma
Ƙudan zuma tattara pollen pollen ba da yardar rai ba. Amma gine-gine mai ƙarfi daga ganyayyaki da haushi shine kyakkyawar tushen propolis - wani abu mai mahimmanci ga ƙwayar kudan zuma.
A cikin mutane magani
Healers da herbalists na yin amfani da birch a cikin magunguna. Asusun dogara da shi lafiya warkar da raunuka, kawar da kumburi, taimaka zazzabi, su ne mai kyau diuretic. Kuma kowa ya ji game da bathhouse da bishiyoyi birch - saboda haka kakanninmu suka bi da sanyi, raunuka da cututtuka fata, cire gajiya.
Yana da muhimmanci! Dabbobin Birch na iya zama haɗari ga mutanen da cutar koda, don haka ya kamata a yi amfani da su tare da hankali.
Wood
Woodwood Daga wannan itace suna ba da zafi mai yawa da ƙonawa na dogon lokaci - wannan shi ne daya daga cikin mafi kyau don shayar da su.
Gano wanda itace itace mafi kyau.
Bai dace da abu mai gina ba - yana farawa da rushewa tare da fungi sosai da sauri, duk da haka yana da kyau kayan kayan aiki da kayan aiki daban-daban. Karelian birch tare da kayan itace mai ban sha'awa ne musamman yaba.
Birch yana yin kyawawan jiragen ruwa, masu amfani da makamai, kayan wasa; Har ila yau, ya dace da kayan abu mai kyau don yin plywood.
Cap - ginawa a kan ƙwanƙwasa - hidima a matsayin mai kyau abu don yin snuffboxes, shayari lokuta, daban-daban kyauta. 
Tar
Tar - wannan shi ne ruwa da aka samu a lokacin pyrolysis na itace. Birch tar ya ƙunshi paraffin, creosote, toluene, da tar. An samo shi ne a cikin rukuni na Rasha, aka fitar da shi kuma an san shi a matsayin waje na "man fetur na Rasha".
An yi amfani dashi a matsayin masana'antu a cikin masana'antun fata domin karewa daga juyawa da kuma lokacin yin laushi (fata mai laushi), a matsayin mai lakabi ga sassa na katako, ciki har da ƙafafun, don kariya daga kwari da kwari a gonar.
Balsams na Vishnevsky da Wilkinson, da sabulu na sabulu, an halicce shi bisa ga tar. A magani na dabbobi, lichens da raunuka a cikin dabbobi ana bi da su tare da tar, da kuma hooves a cikin shanu da dawakai ana bi da su.
Shin kuna sani? A fassara, sunan Icelandic Bjork yana nufin "Birch".
Beresta
Beresta - Wannan wani bakin ciki ne na bakin ciki na Birch. An yi amfani da Beresta a zamanin d ¯ a - a matsayin abu don gina gidaje da kayan aiki. Suka yi naman gine-gine daga bisansa - tuesa da kwanduna. An yi amfani da Birch da littattafai don rubutawa.
Yanzu birchwood yana aiki ne a matsayin kayan aiki na kayan aiki na kayan aiki daban-daban - makamai na wuƙaƙe, abubuwan tunawa, samfurori na masu sana'a.
Da yake jawabi game da Birch, ya kamata a tuna da shi, wani naman gishiri ko birch wanda ya kasance a kan bishiyoyi, wa anda aka warkar da su.
Juice
Da farkon sap ya gudana a bayan narkewar da kuma kafin hutu, bishiyoyi suna samar da sabo a kan rassan rassan rabu ko kuma a cikin cututtukan - ruwa mai tsabta, dace da sha. Daga itace ɗaya kowace rana samun lita lita na ruwan 'ya'yan itace.
Birch sap masu arziki a cikin bitamin na rukuni B. An tattara ruwan 'ya'yan itace a matsayin abin sha mai mahimmanci, ko kuma sun shirya abin sha masu yawa akan shi - ruwan inabi, syrup, kvass.
Nemo lokacin da aka tattara Birch SAP da amfani.
Don haka, Birch ba kawai itace mai tartsatsi ba ne, kuma yana da amfani ga mutane. Ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa yawancin imani da imani sun danganta da Birch, kuma yawancin mutanen arewacin sun bauta mata a matsayin allahiya. Kuma a zamanin yau yana ci gaba da kawo amfani ga jama'a.
Video: ban mamaki game da Birch
