Ku san siffofin kowane bangare na albarkatun gona wajibi ne ga wadanda za su shiga gonar su. Daga wannan ya dogara da yawan amfanin ƙasa da wadata. Har ila yau, don amfanin gona da yawa, wajibi ne a samar da yanayi na musamman, ba tare da abincin ba zai samar da amfanin gona ko zai mutu ba. Ka yi la'akari da al'adun da suka fi muhimmanci.
Cereals
Dukkan wakilan wannan al'ada suna cikin nau'i na bluegrass. An raba su zuwa gurasa da legumes. 
Ƙungiyar farko tana da wakilai fiye da 10:
- alkama;
- sha'ir;
- quinoa;
- oats;
- hatsin rai;
- Alamar takarda;
- gero;
- masara;
- buckwheat;
- kwarin;
- sorghum.
Yana da muhimmanci! Dukan kayayyakin amfanin gona zai kawo babban amfani ga jiki. Gurasar da ba a tsare ba ita ce tushen fiber, bitamin da ma'adanai. Samfurori daga irin waɗannan hatsi suna da amfani a lokacin bukatun da kuma rike da adadi.
Wadannan tsire-tsire suna cikin tsarin tushen fibrous, wanda yakan kai kusan mita 3 a tsawon. Yana ci gaba da girma a cikin lokacin busasshen lokacin rani, wanda ke taimakawa shuka don shiga cikin zurfin ƙasa a cikin ƙasa kuma ya karu karin kayan abinci.
Ƙarfin kowace amfanin gona ya bambanta: hatsin rai yana da karfi da rhizome fiye da alkama, kuma hatsi sun fi sha'ir. Wannan damar ya sa hatsi ya karu da ƙasa daga ƙasa kuma yayi sauri.
Duba manyan nau'in hatsi.
Tsaba na wakilan hatsi bayan dasa shuki germinal Tushen. Rice, masara, gero, sorghum suna da irin wannan.
Kuma iri masu biyowa suna girma daga guda biyu:
- sha'ir - har zuwa 8;
- hatsin rai - 4;
- alkama - har zuwa 5;
- oats - har zuwa 4;
- triticale - 6.
A kan hatsin hatsi akwai nau'i bakwai, daga cikinsu akwai ganye da kusa da tushe. A saman tayin har zuwa furanni 5, an tattara su a cikin ƙumshi.
Gwaran kwayoyi na iya zama karu (alkama, hatsin rai, sha'ir) da panicle (gero, sorghum, shinkafa). Nau'in farko yana nufin cewa ɗakuna suna samuwa a cikin layuka guda biyu, da na biyu - ɗaya a gefen reshe.
Dukan 'ya'yan itatuwa na hatsi ana kiransa hatsi, ko karyops. Babban halayensu shine ƙwayar iri da 'ya'yan itace.
Cereals suna da nau'i uku na fasalin:
- madara;
- kakin zuma;
- cikakke.
Girbi a lokacin da kakin zuma lokacin da hatsi sune launin rawaya, kuma a cikin rubutun yayi kama da kakin zuma. Lokaci ne da wuri don tattarawa a cikin lokacin kiwo, saboda kusan rabin abin ciki shine ruwa. Girbi a cikakken lokaci yana yiwuwa ne kawai ta hanyar haɗuwa, tun lokacin da hatsi sun riga sun damu da yawa sunyi crumble. 
Shin kuna sani? Fassara - daya daga cikin amfanin gonar hatsi. A cikin 4-5 dubu BC. er wakilai na al'adun Tripoli sun kaddamar da kayan ado a kan kayan ado.
Legumes
Wannan ƙungiya ce mafi arziki a furotin. Kwararru suna ba da shawara ga masu cin ganyayyaki da mutanen da ke rashin lafiyar sunadaran madara mai yalwa don a hada su a cikin abincin.
Wakilan kungiyar sun fi 60, amma mafi mashahuri:
- Peas;
- chickpeas;
- waken soya;
- lupine;
- wake;
- lentils.
Rhizome na wannan al'ada yana da mahimmanci. Babban tushe yana girma cikin ƙasa zuwa zurfin m 3 m, inda ya fara barin tushen gefen. 
Don ci gaba mai kyau, inji yana buƙatar sako-sako, ƙasa mai takin. Halin da aka samu daga legume tushen shine asiri ne, wanda zai taimaka wajen kwantar da takin mai magani kamar phosphates.
Kwayoyin phosphate sun hada da irin takin mai magani kamar Ammophos, superphosphate, superphosphate guda biyu, cin nama.
Tsarin yana ciyawa, yana iya zama daban-daban ƙarfi. Matsayin mai yawa wakilan al'ada. Gidajen ba shi da hankulan su. A cikin wake, waken soya, chickpea da lupine, mai tushe madaidaici ne.
Ganye suna haɓaka da opnopalnopchatye, trifoliate, palmate. Zaɓin farko shine nau'i na Peas, lentils, wake, chickpeas, na biyu don waken soya da wake, kuma na uku kawai don lupine.
Kwayoyin da ba su jure wa cotyledons suna dauke da seedlings lokacin da ganye sun bayyana sama da ƙasa. Sauran - tare da bayyanar cotyledons. Kashi na gaba shine mataki na flowering, da kuma bayan - maturation. An girbe amfanin gona lokacin da wake ya juya launin ruwan kasa. 
Ciyar
Ma'aikatan wannan al'ada suna girma musamman don ciyar da dabbobi. An shuka shuke-shuke da makiyaya, da wurare dabam dabam. Samar da abinci na amfanin gona ya riga ya zama masana'antar masana'antu, wanda ake kira fodder production.
Girbi da ake amfani da shi a cikin sito, a matsayin ƙara a hay. Wadannan tsire-tsire suna da wadata a furotin, bitamin da ma'adanai.
Daga cikin abinci na yau da kullum za'a iya bambanta:
- legumes (clover, alfalfa, zaki mai dadi);
- hatsi (makiyaya Timothawus da ovsyannitsa, wheatgrass, yanki na shinge).
Wadannan su ne dukkanin fata, wanda zai iya girma gaba daya kuma a cikin kamfanin tare da wasu maƙwabta na wannan al'ada. 
Suna halayyar rhizome fibrous. Kamanin wannan rukuni shine cewa kwayoyin nodule suna rayuwa akan asalinsu. Su, su biyun, suna satura ƙasa tare da nitrogen, mayar da haihuwa kuma kara yawan kwayoyin halitta.
Masu wakilcin wakilai suna da zabi sosai zuwa wurin ci gaba - ba za su tsira a yankuna masu dadi ba, damshin a cikin ƙasa yana da mahimmanci a gare su. Sabili da haka, don samun girbi mai kyau, wajibi ne don tabbatar da inganci masu kyau, idan akwai matsalolin hazo a cikin yankin.
Har ila yau kana bukatar tabbatar da cewa kasar gona tana da matsakaicin matakin acidity. Don legumes na bukatar bukatun phosphate.
A cikin yanayin kirki, tsire-tsire suna ba da babban girbi. Alal misali, clover - har zuwa 250 kg / ha, da kuma alfalfa tare da ƙarin watering - har zuwa 800 kg / ha. Chumiza, sorghum, ciyawa ta Sudan, kuma Mogar zai kasance da wuri a wuraren busassun wuri. 
Tun da kayan abinci mai ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ne, yawanci yakan kai 20 kg a kowace hectare. Abinda ya kece shi ne ceto - har zuwa 90 kilogiram.
Man fetur
Wannan rukuni yana girma don fasaha da kayan mai.
Wannan ya hada da yabanyaccen kayan lambu da na shuke-shuken shekara-shekara:
- sunflower;
- flax;
- kirki ba;
- rapeseed;
- waken soya;
- mustard
Har ila yau, mafi yawan shahararrun abubuwa ne daga 'ya'yan itatuwan tsire-tsire:
- itatuwan dabino;
- koko;
- tung
Mai zai iya zama mai ƙanshi (sunflower, rapeseed, da dai sauransu.) Da m (kwakwa, koko). Kwayoyin da 'ya'yan itatuwa na wadannan tsire-tsire sun ƙunshi daga 16 zuwa 60% man fetur. Wadannan alamun sun bambanta dangane da halaye na yankin girma.
Yankunan kudu maso gabas sun ba da izinin yawan yawan man fetur saboda yawancin yanayi mai dadi da matsanancin zafi.
Yana da muhimmanci! Yawancin tsire-tsire na wannan al'ada ana daukar su ne. Wannan na nufin cewa bayan su albarkatu zasu yi girma sosai. Bayan haka, asalinsu suna girma sosai don su nutsar da weeds a cikin wannan yanki. Sabili da haka, saboda wadannan bishiyoyi, ƙasar za ta kasance a shirye don ci gaba mai girma.
Ga waɗannan tsire-tsire, kana buƙatar kara takin kasar gona - phosphate, nitrogen da potash da takin mai magani. Yana da mahimmanci don saka idanu akan tsarin zafin jiki, kuma idan ya cancanta, ya rufe shuke-shuke. Saboda haka, kirki ba zai iya ɓacewa a yanayin zafi a ƙasa 0 ° C. 
A gefe guda, saffron madara mustard da raunana gishiri na iya matsawa. Mafi yawan zafin jiki na kowane irin manseeds daga +18 zuwa +20 ° C.
Zai yiwu a karbi girbi daga lokacin shuka a kwanaki 75-150. Gyaran Castor da kirki balaga ne mafi tsawo.
Samun kayan aikin man fetur wanda aka gama zai iya kasancewa kawai. Kafin wannan, an cire kayan abu mai tsabta. Kernels, bi da bi, an tsaftace su daga harsashi, an zubar da su, an shayar da su kuma an aika su zuwa gawar.
Na gaba, ana samo samfurin a hanyoyi biyu:
- latsa;
- hakar (hakar man fetur ta amfani da sauran ƙanshin mahimmanci).
Essential mai
Tsire-tsire daga wannan al'ada suna girma don samar da mai.
Don amfani da kayan mai, oregano, citronella, da kuma lavender.
An yi amfani da su a cikin kwaskwarima, da samarwa, dafa abinci, da turare. A cikin dukkanin akwai nau'in nau'in shuke-shuke 200 da ke samar da mai. 
Daga cikinsu akwai:
- Cumin;
- coriander;
- Sage;
- wani fure;
- Anise;
- geranium;
- Mint;
- 'ya'yan itatuwa citrus;
- itatuwan coniferous.
A cikin waɗannan tsire-tsire, ko dai rassan ko ganye suna da alhakin samar da mai. Sau da yawa fitar da man daga furanni da 'ya'yan itatuwa. Ana samar da su ta hanyar Kwayoyin musamman, suna da ƙanshi. Sun ƙunshe da alcohols, sunadaran, aldehydes da sauransu.
Kusan rabin dukkanin tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire suna girma a cikin wurare masu zafi da kuma subtropics - waɗannan su ne 'ya'yan itatuwa citrus, kirfa, cloves. Basil, Sage, Patchouli, Dill suna dacewa da yanayin sauyin yanayi. 
Rashin ruwa mai mahimmanci a cikin shuka daya zai iya zama har zuwa 25%. Har ila yau har zuwa 45% akwai man fetur. Zaka iya cire mai mahimmancin man ta hanyar distillation ta amfani da ruwa mai turba. Bayan haka, ana amfani da man fetur na musamman ta amfani da ƙididdiga na musamman.
Fasaha
Ana bunkasa albarkatu na masana'antu don samar da kayan aikin masana'antu. Ana amfani da sassansu ko tsire-tsire.
Akwai irin waɗannan:
- walwala (hemp, jute, flax);
- bast (dankalin turawa, dankalin turawa);
- man fetur (sunflower, kirki);
- dyeing (madder);
- magani (allura, eucalyptus, Mint);
- sugar gwoza (gwoza, cane);
- Tonic (kofi, shayi, koko);
- rubber (Brazilian hevea).
Daga cikin layi ko fibrous, kamar yadda ake kira su, auduga ne mafi mashahuri. 
Ana amfani dashi don yin tufafi, mai da kuma abincin dabbobi. Ya samar da mafi yawa a kasar Sin, Indiya, Amurka, Brazil. Yana da wahala ga mine - an yi ta hannun.
Shin kuna sani? Ana amfani da launi don yin tufafi don shekaru fiye da dubu 10,000.
Sugar amfanin gona mafi yawanci fitar daga Turai - Ukraine, Rasha, Faransa (beetroot) da Brazil, Mexico, Cuba (Cane). Yawancin yawan amfanin duniya na sukari ya fadi a kan canjin (60%).
Daga cikin albarkatun noma, dankali shine mafi mashahuri da kuma neman bayan. Ana buƙatar don samar da sitaci da barasa. Don al'adu na tonic, ana buƙatar abubuwa masu zafi da kuma subtropics. Masu fitar da labaran sune India, China, da kofi da koko ne Brazil. 
Kayan lambu
Shuka kayan lambu don amfani da su a cikin abinci, zaɓi da girbi daga cikin wadannan albarkatu shine ke kula da kayan lambu. Akwai fiye da 100 nau'in kayan lambu.
Su ne:
- 'ya'yan itace da kayan lambu;
- leafy;
- bulbous;
- tushen kayan lambu.
Har ila yau ya hada da hatsi, alal misali, masara, legumes. Akwai wakilai na wannan rukuni na shekara-shekara, nagarganci da sanannun.
Kayan kayan lambu suna rarraba zuwa kungiyoyi masu yawa wadanda suka fi dacewa don amfani dasu a aikin nazarin aikin gona da cinikin kaya. 
Ƙungiyar mafi yawan jama'a shine agronomic:
- Tuber amfanin gona - dankali, mai dadi dankali;
- 'ya'yan itace solanaceae - barkono, tumatir, eggplant;
- kabewa - kokwamba, kabewa;
- melons - guna, kankana;
- legumes - peas, wake, chickpeas;
- bulbous leeks, shallots, tafarnuwa;
- tushen kayan lambu - karas, gwoza, turnips, seleri;
- kabeji - farin kabeji, farin kabeji, ja;
- kore letas - Romain, kabeji na kasar Sin, letas;
- namomin kaza;
- alayyafo - alayyafo;
- perennials - artichoke, horseradish, zobo.
Duk kayan lambu sukan shiga cikin wadannan hanyoyi na rayukansu:
- Tsarin iri - ƙwayar su daga ƙasa, lokacin da suke tattara ruwan sha, don haka enzymes zasu shiga aiki kuma su samar da yanayi don ci gaba mai girma;
- lokacin shuka - bayan bayyanar cotyledons sama da kasa, injin ya canza zuwa yanayin rayuwa ta autotrophic;
- da girma daga ganyayyaki masu ganyayyaki - shine gina rhizome da ganye, sannan kuma a jikin kwayoyin halitta (tubers, Tushen);
- da girma daga mai tushe - a cikin shuke-shuke na shekara-shekara, wannan lokaci yana tare da wanda ya gabata, a cikin shekaru biyu - a shekara ta biyu ta rayuwa;
- budding - da samuwar buds da kuma kara shirye-shiryen flowering;
- flowering - pollen da ovary ripen a kowace flower, da lokaci ƙare da pollination;
- Tsire-tsire-tsire-tsiren - samuwa da karuwa a cikin girman 'ya'yan itace, ripening a cikin su tsaba da kuma na gina jiki;
- ya'yan 'ya'yan itace - launin launi, abubuwan gina jiki sun shiga cikin aiki mara aiki;
- lokaci na embryonic - tsaba sun shirya don kara ƙwaya, tsirrai da tsire-tsire suna bayyana a kansu.
Magungunan
An yi amfani da nau'ikan daji fiye da 21,000 wajen samar da magunguna, a maganin gargajiya da kuma rigakafin cututtuka daban-daban. Wannan rukuni yana haɗuwa da adadin tsire-tsire masu yawa, ciki har da mafi mashahuri: calendula, lingonberry, chamomile, aloe, licorice, mint, sage, kare da sauransu.
Shin kuna sani? Mabiya Sumerian sunyi la'akari da komawa zuwa karni na 3 na BC. e, suna da maganin maganin kwayoyi guda goma da suka hada da mustard, fir, Willow, Pine da 'ya'yan itace. Sama da shekaru 3 BC. er Ana amfani da al'adun magani a Misira, Indiya, Sin.
Akwai irin wannan jinsin wadannan al'adu:
- shuke-shuke na asibiti - ana ba da izinin amfani da albarkatu masu amfani da shirye-shirye na likita, ana iya samun jerin sunayen a cikin takardar jihar na kayan magani na Rasha;
- Pharmacopoeias su ne tsire-tsire masu amfani, suna da wasu bukatun akan ingancin albarkatu na kayan kansu;
- shuke-shuke na maganin gargajiya - ba su da tabbaci na tasiri a cikin takardun da suka dace.
Kowace wakilan wakilai na miyagun ƙwayoyi suna da nau'in kayan aiki guda ɗaya ko fiye. Za a iya mayar da hankali ga sassa daban-daban na shuka ko kawai a daya, sabili da haka, lokacin tattarawa da amfani, dole ne a san abin da ɓangaren shuka yake don kada a kuskure.
Daga ganye da 'ya'yan itatuwa suna yin infusions, decoctions, mai. Ana samar da samfurin ruwa da kuma foda-ƙwayoyi.
Fure-fure
Ma'aikatan wannan rukuni sun kasu kashi kashi-uku da shekara-shekara. Na farko zai iya girma a cikin wannan yanki ba tare da dashi daga shekaru 2 zuwa 40. Mafi tsawo shine yawan mutanen da suke zaune a wuri daya - daga 30 zuwa 40. Yayinda ƙananan bishiyoyi suka girma, ƙananan za su iya rayuwa a kan tabo.
Dangane da irin tsarin tushen, irin waɗannan nau'ikan suna bambanta:
- rhizome - iris, phlox, astilba;
- bulb - tulip, narcissus;
- Corm - gladiolus, canna;
- Korneklubni - dahlia, orchid.
Yana yiwuwa a yadad da irin wadannan tsire-tsire iri-iri da kuma da tsaba. Ana amfani da zaɓi na biyu a masana'antun masana'antu, saboda wannan tsari mai tsanani ne. Ya kamata a raba tsaba a iri, suna buƙatar shirye-shiryen farko (soaking, hardening).
Har ila yau, akwai tsaba da ke tsiro da wuya - lupine, poppy, cyanosis, wanda dole ne a shuka a cikin fall.
Vegetatively propagated a cikin irin wannan hanyoyi:
- cuttings;
- tushen tafiyar matakai;
- rabo daga tushen ko daji;
- tushen kayan furen a cikin greenhouse.
Yana da muhimmanci! Abinda ya fi kyau shi ne cewa suna bukatar kulawa mai kyau. A lokacin kakar sun sha dukkan kayan da suka dace daga ƙasa, suna barin shi komai. Saboda haka, wajibi ne don takin da kuma ciyar da wuraren ci gaba har zuwa sau 2 a shekara. Wajibi ne don sassauta da ruwa da ƙasa. A lokacin hunturu, an yi amfani da kwararan fitila ko an rufe su.
Kwanan shekara suna gudanar da shirin rayuwarsu a shekara - an shuka su a cikin bazara, kuma a cikin rassan sun yi fure suna mutuwa. Suna ciyar da makamashi mai yawa a kan ci gaban su - harbe a bayyane bayan makonni bakwai daga shuka. Furewa dangane da iri-iri da yanayi.
A ƙarshen rayuwarsu, ana saran tsaba, wanda zai yi aiki don dasa shuki a shekara mai zuwa. Ana iya adana su har zuwa shekaru 4. Shuka su a farkon spring, a watan Afrilu. Wannan hanya za a iya yi a cikin kwalaye, kuma tare da zuwan sabbin furanni an sake sake su a cikin ƙasa. Suna buƙatar rigar, tsabtace ƙasa.
Furen furanni suna da dadi mai kyau, delphinium, verbena, cornflower, marigold, carnation na China, hagu, dahlias da sauransu.
Fruit da Berry
Wannan rukuni yana girma don samar da berries, kwayoyi, da 'ya'yan itatuwa. Akwai fiye da iri iri na 'ya'yan itace. 
Babu shakka dukkanin su - perennials, waxanda suke da fure da deciduous. Za a iya horar da su ko daji.
Mafi yawancin 'ya'yan itace ke tsiro a Caucasus, a Asiya Ƙananan da Asiya ta Tsakiya - kadan a kasa da mutum ɗari. Daga cikin su akwai ɓaure, rumman, pistachios, almonds, da ƙananan. Ƙananan 'ya'yan itace da Berry suna iya samuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa. Alal misali, don gabashin Asiya, akwai lychees, unabi da lokva.
Akwai kungiyoyi:
- woody - goro, ceri, apricot, avocado, peach, orange;
- marasa galihu maras kyau - gwanda, bishiyar guna;
- bushy - kofi, lemun tsami, carambola;
- daji - currant, rasberi;
- lianovye - inabi, lemongrass;
- herbaceous perennials - blueberries, cranberries, banana, abarba.
Akwai bambanci daban-daban na 'ya'yan itace da amfanin gona na Berry, wadanda suke dogara ne akan manufar namo, tsarin' ya'yan itatuwa, abun da ke ciki, da wuraren ci gaba. 
Bisa ga tsarin da asalin 'ya'yan itace, irin wadannan al'adu sun bambanta:
- sunflower tsaba - dutse ash, quince, pear;
- 'ya'yan itatuwa na dutse - ceri, dogwood;
- Berry - rasberi, strawberry;
- gyada - pistachio, hazel;
- Citrus 'ya'yan itatuwa - ganyayyaki, lemun tsami;
- subtropical - persimmon, fig.
A cikin amfanin gona na Berry, tsaba suna girma daga ovules na ovary, kuma jikinsu yana kewaye da su. Yawancin berries suna da raguwa da pistils. Kuma a yayin da aka hadu da kowane pistil, 'ya'yan itace ke tsiro daga gare shi. Alal misali, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, blueberries, cranberries.
Shin kuna sani? Mutum yana amfani da 39 zuwa 50% na filin ƙasa don bukatun noma.
Saboda haka, amfanin gona ya fara taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar kakanninmu. Ganye, 'ya'yan itatuwa, kwayoyi, asalinsu sun yarda su tsira idan babu masana'antun abinci. Kowane al'ada yana da manufarta da manufarsa - don ciyar da mutane, dabbobi ko kuma zama tushen magunguna.
Mun yi la'akari da albarkatun noma mafi muhimmanci, har ma a yau an Adam ya cigaba da bunkasa, zaɓi kuma ya karu.
