Ruwa, zafi, haske da kayan abinci suna da muhimmanci don ingantaccen amfanin gona na hatsi da kuma samun kyakkyawan ƙwaya.
Mafi muhimmanci daga cikin wadannan abubuwa bayan oxygen, carbon da hydrogen sune ma'adanai - nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) da potassium (K).
Ko da yake sun kasance a cikin abun da ke cikin ƙasa, adadin su bai isa ba, wanda ke haifar da buƙatar takin mai magani.
Da takin mai magani don hatsi: halaye na gari
Taya takin gargajiya sun kasu kashi biyu: kwayoyin halitta da marasa tsari. Organic - taki, takin da peat - su ne na shuka da dabba. Ma'adinai suna da yanayi marar amfani. Sun kasance mafi sauki, mafi inganci kuma suna da tasiri mai yawa. Bugu da ƙari, sun kasance mai rahusa kuma sauki don sufuri.
Koyi yadda za a yi amfani dashi azaman taki, naman alade, zomo, tumaki, doki mai doki, kaza da kumbun tattabara.Ma'adinai na ma'adinai sun hada da karafa da kuma acid, oxides, salts. Su masu sauki ne, sun hada da abu ɗaya, da kuma hadaddun.
Babban iri sauki ma'adinai da takin mai magani:
- Nitrogen - ruwa ammoniya, ammonium chloride;
- phosphoric - superphosphate sauki, phosphate rock;
- potash - potassium chloride.
Gano ma'anin kaya na peat, yadda ake yin takin.Nitrogen Yana da matukar muhimmanci a duk matakai na ci gaba da tsire-tsire da kuma samuwar tayin. Yana kai tsaye yana rinjayar dukiyar albarkatu da adadin amfanin gona.
Phosphorus, bi da bi, ba dole ba ne don ci gaba da tushen tsarin, flowering da bayyanar hatsi. Rashinsa ya haifar da raguwa a cikin ci gaba da dukan tsire-tsire, ci gaban furanni da kuma cobs.
Potassium mafi yawan alhakin harkokin sufuri da rarraba ruwa. Idan ba tare da wannan nau'i ba, hatsi ba su da tsayayyar maganganu da fari.
Yana da muhimmanci! Lokacin da sayen amfanin gona da amfanin gona tare da ma'adinai na ma'adinai, ya kamata ka fara fahimtar kanka da umarnin mai amfani da aka haɗe don amfani da su. Wannan shi ne ainihin gaskiya ga aikace-aikacen aikace-aikace na takin mai magani.
Ayyuka da kuma sharuddan aikace-aikace na ma'adinai na ma'adinai don hatsi
Yi la'akari da kayan ado na mineral da ake buƙata don amfanin gonar hatsi, da kuma lokacin da kuma yawan kuɗin da suka kamata a yi.
Masara
Al'adu yana da wuyar gaske a kan nauyin ƙwararru na ƙasa, kuma ba tare da takin zamani ba wanda zai iya tsammanin yawan amfanin ƙasa. Masara yana buƙatar abincin da ke farawa daga kakar girma har zuwa cikakke nauyin hatsi. Mafi yawan abincin na gina jiki yana faruwa a cikin lokaci daga bayyanar gashin furanni zuwa flowering.
Tsarin: lokacin da za a ciyar da masara
Koyi irin nau'o'in iri da irin masara akwai, yadda ake shuka, aiwatar da herbicides, lokacin da za a tsabtace, yadda za a yi girma don silage, yadda za a adana masara.An adana potassium da phosphorus don yin shuruwar hunturu (ko yin noma a cikin yankin nonchernozem). Nitrogen an buƙatar da gaske a cikin bazara a lokacin girbi na shuka, lokacin da aka yi amfani da takin mai magani a lokacin da aka dasa shuki a noma.
Don kauce wa illa masu illa ga mafita a kan masara, a kan nisa daga nesa - 4-5 cm zuwa gefen kuma 2-3 cm a kasa da tsaba. A lokacin da ya fi girma girma yana da kyau don ciyar da tsire-tsire da nitrogen.
Masara taki a kan gandun daji-steppe chernozem:
- nitrogen: kafin shuka - 100-120 kg / ha, bayan shuka - 2 kg / ha;
- phosphorus: kafin shuka - 60-80 kg / ha, bayan shuka - 5 kg / ha;
- potassium: kafin shuka - 80-100 kg / ha.
Mutane da yawa ba su sani ba game da amfanin masarar masara, fiye da amfani da amfani ga lafiyar mutum.
Alkama
Alkama yana da kyau sosai wajen hada ma'adinai. Girma na marmari ya ƙare shafar babban ɓangaren kayan na gina jiki don lokacin sauraron - flowering. Idan masu ƙaddarawa sun kasance hatsi, dankali ko beets, to, buƙatar ƙarin abinci, musamman ma da nitrogen, dan kadan ne. 
Tsarin: lokacin da za a ciyar da alkama Idan an shuka amfanin gona a cikin ƙasa maras baƙar fata, inda legumes da kuma hatsi sunyi amfani da su, kuma a cikin nau'in tsabta a yankunan m, to, baya bukatar ƙarin nitrogen.
Gano ma'anin shuka shuka alkama, abin da kuma yadda ake ciyar da alkama.Yawancin lokaci ana ciyar da shuka tare da nitrogen kafin shuka. Hakan da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin layuka yayin da aka dasa shi tare da zurfin dasawan takin mai magani don kaka a raye a cikin hadaddun da ƙananan kashi na superphosphate.
A cikin yankunan da ba a shafe su, yana da hikima a yi amfani da samfurin hadu da nitrogen tare da ƙara yawan allurai. Fertilizing tare da nitrogen bayan flowering, musamman tare da urea, zai kara yawan abubuwan gina jiki da kuma yin amfani da burodi na hatsi.
Taki na hunturu alkama a kan gandun daji-steppe chernozem:
- nitrogen: kafin shuka - 30-40 kg / ha, bayan shuka - 40-60 kg / ha;
- phosphorus: kafin shuka - 40-60 kg / ha, yayin da shuka - 10 kg / ha;
- potassium: kafin shuka - 40-50 kg / ha.
Shin kuna sani? Alkama shine daya daga cikin hatsi na farko na gida. Babban muhimmiyar rawa za a iya hukunta shi ta hanyar cewa a zamanin dā an kira Roman Empire "daular alkama". Kuma a Rasha tun daga lokacin noma amfanin gonaki an kira "wadata." A nan gaba, wannan kalma ta fara bayyana wani abu a cikin ƙididdigar yawa, kuma kalmar "daga" ta bayyana.
Barley
Barley kuma yana maida martani ga abubuwan da ake ma'adinai. Ya kusan gama shayarwa na gina jiki a lokacin kunne - flowering.
Ana amfani da takin Nitrogen fertilizer tare da lokaci guda tare da maganin shuka na farko. Gubar da sha'ir da phosphorus da potassium mai kyau ne don samarwa da zurfin dasawa na miya don damun kaka a cikin hadaddun tare da ƙananan girma na superphosphate ko ammophos a cikin layuka lokacin da aka shuka.
Koyi yadda za a shuka shuki da kuma bazara.Ban ruwa yana bukatar farkon fertilizing tare da ƙara allurai na nitrogen da takin mai magani. Ciyar da nitrogen bayan flowering, musamman tare da urea, zai kara yawan abincin sinadarai na sha'ir kuma inganta yanayinta.
Barley taki tsarin a kan gandun daji-steppe chernozem:
- nitrogen: kafin shuka - 60-80 kg / ha;
- phosphorus: kafin shuka - 80-100 kg / ha, yayin da shuka - 10 kg / ha;
- potassium: kafin shuka - 100-120 kg / ha.
Oats
Macizai ba haka ba ne a kan abun da ke cikin ƙasa, kamar alkama ko sha'ir. Yana dauke da ƙasa mai kyau acidic kuma yana da tsayayyen gajere.
In ba haka ba, ana nuna shi da irin wannan aiki na shayarwa na gina jiki da kuma buƙatar gabatar da nitrogen, phosphorus da potassium a lokacin shirye-shiryen shuka kafin shuka.
Koyon yadda za a ci hatsi, da magungunan amfani da hatsi a matsayin gefe.Oat taki tsarin a kan gandun daji-steppe chernozem:
- nitrogen: kafin shuka - 40-60 kg / ha;
- phosphorus: kafin shuka - 40-60 kg / ha, yayin da shuka - 10 kg / ha;
- potassium: kafin shuka - 40-60 kg / ha.
Pic
Yawancin wuraren da shinkafa ke girma ba su da ƙwaya kuma suna dauke da rashin ƙarfi na phosphorus da nitrogen. A potassium abun ciki yawanci isa. Idan har yanzu ba a cika ruwan sama ba, ruwan saman yana dauke da adadin nitrates, wanda, lokacin da ake ambaliya, an wanke shi da sauri kuma ba a rage ba, ko rage zuwa ammoniya.
A dangane da yiwu leaching shinkafa, ammonia siffofin nitrogen kari ya kamata a shafi - ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride da urea. Ƙarshen baya ba ta tunawa da ƙasa ba kuma ana iya wanke shi da ruwa mai ban ruwa.
Ana amfani da takin mai amfani da nitrogen a lokacin tsawon lokaci na bukatar shinkafa - daga germination har zuwa karshen tillering. Ana amfani da mafi yawan (2/3) kafin shuka tare da phosphate, da sauran - lokacin da suke ciyarwa a cikin lokaci daga germination zuwa tillering.
Sakamakon mafi kyau na nitrogen ga shinkafa akan kasa mai salin shine 90 kilogiram / ha da kuma adadin phosphorus (bayan alfalfa - har zuwa 60 kg / ha). Duk da haka, a yanayin yanayin ruwa tare da shuka shinkafa, 120 kilogiram / ha na nitrogen ana ajiye su a kan gwangwani mai kwakwalwa da ƙasa mai laushi, da 180 kg / ha na nitrogen da 90-120 kg / ha na phosphorus akan yashi da yashi mai yashi.
Rashin wuce haddi da yawanci na nitrogen yana haifar da ƙarar girma, ya rage juriya na shinkafa don zamawa da kuma shan kashi na cututtukan fungal, da kuma yanayi mai sanyi - don karuwa a cikin hatsi mara kyau. 
Phosphorus yana rage sakamakon mummunan tasiri na nitrogen, musamman ma a lokacin girke shinkafa da tillering. Bisa ga ƙananan motsi na phosphorus a cikin ƙasa, za'a iya yin shi a gaba don hunturu don yin noma ko don yin noma kafin shuka. Tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire tare da waɗannan takin mai magani suna haifar da karami a yawan amfanin ƙasa fiye da yadda aka shuka su ko yin amfani da su.
Ana amfani da takin mai magani a cikin 'yan shekaru kadan bayan girma shinkafa a cikin daya rajistan.
Saboda haka, idan aka sanya shinkafa a kan nau'i nau'i na hatsi bayan hatsi da kuma shuka mai maimaitawa, dole ne a saka kashi 90-120 kg / ha na nitrogen da 60-90 kg / ha na phosphorus, da 60 kilogiram / ha a cikin rassan ciyawa da kuma bayan wasu legumes. phosphorus da nitrogen. Ana amfani da takin mai magani na Nitrogen ne kawai kafin shuka shinkafa da kuma ciyar da ladan.
Shin kuna sani? Indiya ita ce wurin haihuwar shinkafa, an samo ragowarsa, kwanakin yana zuwa shekara 7000 BC. e. Alexander Macedonian ya kawo shinkafa zuwa Turai, kuma Bitrus da Great ya kawo shi zuwa Rasha karkashin sunan "Saracen Millet". A cikin Asia da Japan, wannan al'ada ya zuwa yanzu la'akari da wata alamar dũkiya. Saboda haka ne al'adar da za a yayyafa 'yan matan aure tare da shinkafa, suna son samun wadataccen kudi.
Hanyoyin shinkafa
Gero
Yanayin al'adu yana da matukar muhimmanci kan amfanin gona da kuma yanayin halin da ake fuskanta na fari. Mafi yawa daga cikin abubuwan gina jiki yana cinyewa a cikin kwanaki 40-50 - daga tillering zuwa hatsi loading.
A lokacin da aka dasa gero a ƙasa mai baƙar fata na Kudu da kuma kasa na filin da aka fara, masu amfani da phosphate sun zama tsakiya. Yana da matukar tasiri don ƙara yawan kwayoyin superphosphate zuwa layuka - 10 kg a kowace hectare.
Koyi yadda za a shuka hatsi.A lokacin fari, sakamakon ciyar da ƙarawa tare da ban ruwa, to, phosphorus da nitrogen suna da tasiri a cikin hadaddun. A kan ƙwayoyi masu daraja, cikakke takin mai magani ma'adinai sun nuna kansu.
Ana yin amfani da kayan ado mafi girma da ke dauke da potassium da phosphorus a cikin kaka don noma, da kuma nitrogenous - a cike a lokacin namo kafin shuka. Sa'an nan a cikin layuka tare da tsaba kana buƙatar yin granular phosphorous tuk a cikin adadin 10-15 kg / ha. (dv shine aiki mai aiki).
Kashi na phosphorus shine 60-80 kg / ha d. A., Potassium - 90-110 kg / ha d. A cikin. A kashi na nitrogen gabatar ya dogara da precursor:
- bayan leguminous, tilled, clover - 90 kg / ha d.
- bayan flax, buckwheat, hatsi na hunturu - 110 kg / ha d.
Rye
Har zuwa tillering, al'adun ba sa bukatar adadin abubuwan gina jiki, amma yana da matukar damuwa ga rashin su, musamman ma phosphorus. Matsakaicin bukatun ma'adanai an rubuta shi a cikin lokaci daga shiga cikin bututu kafin sauraron - farkon flowering. Duk da haka, lokaci mafi muhimmanci shi ne lokacin farawa na girma girma da lokacin daga fitowar harbe zuwa tashi don hunturu.
Cikakken abincin gina jiki na hatsin rai tare da potassium da phosphorus na da tasiri mai amfani a kan tillering, tarawa da sukari da karuwa a cikin hunturu.
Koyon yadda za a shuka hatsin rai da kuma yadda za a yi amfani da ita a matsayin mai kore.A lokacin bazara, lokacin da hatsin rai na rai ya fara girma, dole ne a ba shi kyauta tare da nitrogen. Bugu da ƙari kuma, a wannan lokacin, saboda ƙananan zafin jiki, lalata, da denitrification, ƙasa tana da ƙwayoyin nitrogenous. Anyi amfani da haɗin da ake yi da nitrogen don inganta ingancin hatsi kuma baya rinjayar adadin amfanin gona.
Da takin mai magani na hunturu hatsin rai a kan gandun daji-steppe chernozem:
- nitrogen: kafin shuka - 30-40 kg / ha, bayan shuka - 40-60 kg / ha;
- phosphorus: kafin shuka - 40-60 kg / ha, yayin da shuka - 10 kg / ha;
- potassium: kafin shuka - 40-50 kg / ha.
Yana da muhimmanci! Bugu da ƙari, da tsada mai girma, ma'adinai na ma'adanai suna da ikon haɓaka yanayi, saboda haka dole ne a yi la'akari da kuma kula da hankali don amfani da su.
Kuskuren Kasa na Ganye Ganye
Masiba 1. Kuna iya yin ba tare da sanyaya ba, yana da isa kawai don takin ƙasa.
Wannan ba daidai ba ne: abinci yana da muhimmanci ga dalilai masu zuwa:
- Tare da isasshen adadin nau'in da ake buƙata a cikin ƙasa mai ƙananan zafin jiki bazai iya ƙyale shi don daidaita shi ba ga tushen, sa'an nan kuma yin amfani da taki akan takardar zai bada sakamako mai so.
- Rigunnukan layi na yau da kullum suna da tasiri a cikin lokacin ƙarancin tushen tsarin.
- Ciyar yana da kyau don gudanar da wani abu lokacin da ba zai yiwu ba a yin aiki tsakanin jere, alal misali, lokacin da hatsi ya kai wani tsawo.
- Abinci a kan takardar ya ba ka damar kara yawan asarar taki, wato, duk abin ya shiga cikin shuka.
- Sabbin hanyoyin fasaha na makamashi suna iyaka hanyoyin hanyoyin aikace-aikacen taki, sabili da haka yana da muhimmanci a yi amfani dashi daidai.
Wannan kuma ba gaskiya bane, saboda ciyar da takarda yana ba da umurni na girman ƙasa ƙasa da abubuwa fiye da yadda ake buƙatar shuka. Wannan shi ne ainihin gaskiya game da amfanin gona na hunturu a farkon lokacin, lokacin da aka samo hatsi mai yawa daga ƙasa. 
Bugu da ƙari, ya kamata a tuna cewa zaɓin hanyoyin da ba daidai ba da lokacin ciyar da tsire-tsire zai iya haifar da rushewa daga ci gaban su har ma ya samu hasara.
Kuskuren mafi yawancin:
- Cigaba mai yawa na maganin zai iya haifar da ƙanshi. Don kauce wa wannan, bincika umarnin da hankali ga miyagun ƙwayoyi.
- Hanyoyin haɓaka tare da sauran kayan abinci zasu iya haifar da kafawar magungunan sinadarai mara kyau ga shuka kuma cutar da tsire-tsire. Dole ne ku fahimci kanku tare da matakan samfurin ajiyar da masana'antun suka samar.
- Inganta ko rashin rarraba kai tsaye a kan launi, ba tare da rufe jikin ganye ba.
- Daidaitaccen lissafin lissafi don aikace-aikacen tef. Ya kamata a gudanar da lissafi ba tare da jimlar shafin yanar gizon ba, amma ta ainihin wuri mai saukowa.
- Daidai ma'anar kalmomin gabatarwa.
Taki amfanin gonar hatsi tare da ma'adinai na ma'adinai yana da muhimmiyar muhimmiyar fasaha mai zurfi, tabbatar da ingantaccen tsire-tsire da tsire-tsire. Duk da haka, kada ka manta cewa an shirya tsarin gina jiki a kowanne ɗayan gona da nau'in hatsi.
Yadda za a takin hatsi: sake dubawa
