Wannan labarin ya zaɓi wani abu wanda aka tsara don ya sanar da ku da amfanin gona na musamman, yana mai da ban sha'awa da kuma sabon abu - "triticale".
Wani irin shuka ne, me ya sa aka shuka shuki da kuma kayan fasaha, an karanta a kasa.
Triticale - menene shi
Triticale ne samfurin hannayen mutane. Gwaje-gwaje na tsawon lokaci na shayarwa da aka ba da izinin nuna haske daga farkon sakamakon hatsi na hatsi - hatsin rai da alkama.
Shin kuna sani? Sunan "triticale" wanda aka samo daga kalmomin Latin guda biyu: triticum - alkama, sashe - hatsin rai.An gudanar da gwaje-gwajen akan cinye hatsi tun daga shekarun karni na sha tara a Jamus. A matasan da aka bred a 1941 da masanin kimiyya-Breeder V. Pisarev. Shi ne wanda ya fara wuce gona da iri alkama da hatsin rai. Duk sauran jinsunan da iri iri sun kasance sun kasance a kan wannan matasan. Tun 1970, triticale ya fara girma don samar da kayan aiki.
Kasancewar wannan irin amfanin gonar ita ce ta wuce fiye da iyayenta a yawancin nau'in halayen (alal misali, yawan abinci mai gina jiki da yawan amfanin ƙasa). A dangane da jure wa abubuwan da ke waje, abun da ke ƙasa, cututtuka da kwari, yana da tsari mai girma fiye da alkama da kuma tare da hatsin rai. Matsakaicin yawan amfanin ƙasa na shuka shine kashi 33.2 a kowace hectare, mai duhu - 400-500 centres a kowace hectare. 
Gwargwadon ciyawa na girma daga 65 zuwa 160 cm Tsarin kunne yana kama da alkama - akwai nau'i biyu a ciki. Nuna, lakaran daji da ƙwallon ƙafa sun fi kama hatsin rai. Halin hatsi na iya zama daban, da launi - jan ko fari.
Winter triticale yana da siffofin ilimin halitta wanda ya bambanta da sauran hatsi. Matasan suna halin babban abun ciki mai gina jiki - 11-23% (wanda shine 1.5% mafi girma fiye da alkama, da kashi 4% fiye da na hatsin rai) da amino acid: lysine da tryptophan. 9.5% na adadin abincin sinadaran abincin sinadaran hatsi ya zarce alkama. Halin alkama a cikin matasan da aka dauka shine ƙananan ƙwayar a cikin haɓakarta.
Babu shakka zai zama da amfani a gare ku don ƙarin koyo game da abin da ke shayar da gwoza, sorghum, alfalfa, sainfoin zai yi amfani dashi don ciyar da dabbobin gida.Abubuwan da ake amfani da su na hatsin rai da alkama sun hada da:
- manyan hatsi;
- high foodiness na spikelets;
- unpretentiousness a namo;
- sanyi juriya;
- juriya zuwa powdery mildew, tsatsa mai ruwan kasa, mai tsananin haske;
- rikodin kansu
Abubuwan rashin amfani sun haɗa da:
- wuya rabuwa da alkama daga hatsi;
- bayyanarwa zuwa ɓaɓɓugar ɓaɓɓuka da dusar kankara;
- marigayi balaga
Shin kuna sani? An yi imanin cewa mafi kyawun abubuwa dangane da halaye mai kyau shine burodi daga cakuda gari, wanda ya hada da kashi 70 zuwa 80% alkama da alkama da kashi 20-30%.Kamar yadda abinci, na musamman abinci da hatsi abinci iri triticale, kazalika da bambaro, silage daga gare su suna amfani. Daban triticale yana da mahimmanci saboda muhimmancin su saboda kasancewa mafi girma ga darajar dabbobi da kiwon kaji fiye da sauran hatsi.
Babban masana'antu a yau sune kasashen EU kamar Poland (jagorancin samarwa), Faransa, da Jamus. Triticale ana samar da ita a Ostiraliya da Belarus. 
Yawancin jihohi da dama suna sha'awar al'adu. Game da tsarin aikin agronomic, wannan ƙwayar shuka yana da fahimta.
Babban iri
Triticale ya kasu kashi biyu:
- hunturu;
- spring.
Bisa ga hanyar aikace-aikacen, waɗannan nau'o'in sun bambanta:
- hatsi;
- ciyarwa;
- ciyar da hatsi.
Domin tsawon wanzuwar ciyawa, yawancin ire-iren triticale an bred. Mafi shahararrun amfanin gona na hunturu shine: ADP2, ADM4, 5, 8, 11, Zenit Odessa, Amfidiproid 3/5, 15, 42, 52, Kiev Early, Cornet, Papsuevskoe. 
Daga cikin bazara: "Stork Kharkov", "Krupilsky".
Yadda za a shuka shuka
Halin da ake dasawa da girma triticale suna kama da gonar wasu hatsi. Duk da haka, akwai wasu nuances.
Shuka ƙasa
Ganye ba yana buƙatar kasa ba, zai iya girma akan kowane irin kasa, sai dai yayinda yashi yashi da kuma yankunan da ba a cinye su ba. Duk da haka, zai zama mafi kyau a girma cikin ƙasa baƙar fata. A cikin ƙasa, wanda ya ƙunshi mafi yawa daga yashi ko peat, wani matashi zai iya samar da amfanin gona mafi girma fiye da iyayensa.
Mafi kyawun pH na kasar gona don albarkatun hatsi shine 5.5-7. Saboda haka, mafi kyau don dasa shuki shuki shine kasa tare da weakly acid da tsaka-tsakin alkaline dauki. Ƙara yawan pH zuwa 6-6.5 ƙara yawan amfanin ƙasa na shuka ta 14-25%. Idan kasar gona ta yi muni sosai, dole ne ta kasance tsinkaya kafin shuka. 
Mafi mahimmanci ga triticale zai zama masara, wake, naman alade (rashin abinci), iri iri iri. Kada ku dasa shuka bayan wasu hatsi, musamman ma bayan hatsin rai, sha'ir da alkama na alkama - wannan ya faru da yaduwar cututtuka da cututtuka masu cutarwa.
Yana da muhimmanci! Lokacin shuka zai bambanta dangane da yankin. Wajibi ne a mayar da hankalin kan lokacin dasa shuki a alkama a wani wuri mai zafi wanda aka shirya don shuka shuki.A gaba, an bada shawarar yin amfani da takin mai magani na phosphorus-potassium da kwayoyin halitta a cikin nau'in taki zuwa shafin. Nan da nan kafin a shuka, a kamata a horar da ƙasa zuwa zurfin dasa.
Tillage don shuka zai fi dogara da wadanda suka riga su, yanayin yanayin da ke tattare a yankin da aka shuka ciyawar ciyawa, da kuma a kan yanayin da ake yiwa weeds da nau'insu.
Mun bayyana irin yadda ake shuka karas, barkono, farin kabeji, eggplant, faski, cucumbers.
Zabin yanayi
A karkashin shuka ta amfani da ingancin inganci mai mahimmanci tare da yiwuwar akalla 87%. Tsarin magani na tsaba yana hada da dumama tare da iska mai dumi, yin gyaran tare da furotin da kwari da aka ba su don alkama mai sanyi, magani tare da microelements da masu girma. Jiyya na cututtuka da aka gudanar ba daga baya fiye da kwanaki 15 kafin shuka.
Tsire-tsire na tsire-tsire na hunturu dole ne ta wuce ta girma kakar kafin sanyi. Ta ne kwanaki 40-60. Wannan yana nufin cewa wajibi ne a shuka hatsi a cikin lokacin daga Agusta 25 zuwa Satumba 25. 
Ciyar da amfanin gona
Hanyar shuka - ƙananan ƙwayar (15 cm) ko raguwa-girbe (7.5 cm) masu shuka seeders. Abin da aka ba da shawarar zurfafa tsaba shine 3-4 cm, tare da raguwar saukowa da bushewa na tsalle - 5-6 cm. Ya kamata a yi shuka ba fiye da kwanaki biyar ba.
Mafi yawan zafin jiki na furen iri shine +20 ° C, mafi ƙarancin shine +5 ° C, kuma matsakaicin shine +35 ° C.
Wajibi ya kamata a bayyana cikin mako guda bayan shuka. 
Fasali na girma
Don kare tsire-tsire daga weeds, ciwo da kwari, dole ne a yi amfani da hanyoyin agrotechnique da kuma hanyoyin sinadaran a lokaci.
Ana sarrafa ciyawar ƙwayar cuta ta hanyar razana da kuma amfani da herbicides. Irin wadannan kwayoyi kamar "Quartz", "Racer", "Cougar" za a iya amfani da su kawai kamar 'yan kwanaki bayan da aka shuka. A cikin lokutan littattafan farko guda uku, ban da kudi na sama, amfani da "Super", "Gusar", "Marathon", "Satis". Anyi amfani da weeds guda guda tare da taimakon "Cowboy", "Lintur".
Kuna son sha'awar koyon masara, hatsi, gero, buckwheat, oats, sugar gwoza, sha'ir sha'ir, hatsin rai, alkama, da fyade.
Kariya akan cututtuka da kwari
Lokacin zabar kwayoyi don maganin cututtukan cututtuka, dole ne a mayar da hankali ga masu kirkirar da aka halatta don alkama. Mafi haɗari ga triticale: gurguwar snow, ergot, septoria, tushen rot. Domin prophylaxis a cikin tillering mataki, jiyya tare da "Ferazyme" ana amfani da, kuma a lokacin lokacin shiga cikin bututu - "Agat".
A ciyawa ne shafi aphids, thrips, Yaren mutanen Sweden kwari, pyavitsa da sauran kwari. A cikin lokaci na ganye guda biyu da kuma tsawon lokacin da aka yiwa kunne da kunne, ana yin spraying "Dezis-extra", "Fastak", "Senpai", "Sumi-alpha". A lokacin girma girma ta amfani da "Ziperon", "Sharpay". 
Neman abinci madaya
Grass na bukatar feedings. Doses da nau'in takin mai magani don hunturu hunturu zasu dogara ne akan irin amfanin gonar, matsakaicin zafi, da kuma girman yadda ake shirin girbi.
Yana da kyau a kawo duka kwayoyin da ma'adinai. Ana bada shawara don ciyar da takin mai magani na nitrogen-, phosphorus- da kuma potassium (60 kg / ha) a cikin ƙasa mai kyau kuma a shuka a bayan mai kyau.
Shin kuna sani? Idan shuka ba ta da phosphorus, zai rage tillering da kuma samuwar mai tushe. Rashin potassium zai shafar sanyi na ciyawa.Idan an dasa shuki bayan da ya fi gaban magabata, dole ne a kara yawan taki da za a yi amfani da shi zuwa 90 kg / ha.
An gabatar da phosphorus da potassium kafin shuka. Nitrogen - lokacin girma kakar. Sashi na farko na takin mai magani na nitrogen ya kamata ya zama fiye da 60-70 kg / ha. Yi shi a gaban tillering. Na biyu ana aiwatar da shi a lokacin da aka saki cikin tube. A lokaci guda, yana da kyawawa don gabatar da foliar fertilizing tare da takin mai magani micronutrient. 
Girbi
Ana yin girbi a hanya dabam ko ta haɗin kai tsaye. Ana rarraba tarin ne a cikin lokaci na waxy ripeness na hatsi. Daidaita haɗawa ana gudanar da shi a cikin lokacin cikakke cikakke. Ba shi yiwuwa a bada izinin sake gina hatsi, tun da wannan ya dame shi ta hanyar warwarewa mai tushe.
Saboda haka, triticale wani sabon nau'in masu zaman kanta ne na tsire-tsire mai hatsin da ke da siffofin halitta tare da hatsin rai da alkama. An annabta cewa da ewa ba hatsi zai zama muhimmin wuri a samar da abinci, abinci da hatsi. Duk da haka, ya kamata a lura cewa amfanin gona na hatsi samfurin aikin injiniya ne, wanda ba a taɓa nazarin tasirinsa akan jikin mutum ba.
