Nau'in innabi na fasaha: yadda ake "girma" giya mai dadi

'Ya'yan inabi' ya'yan itace ne da aka sani da daɗewa kuma ƙaunataccensu. Saboda babban zaɓi da nau'ikan iri, ana amfani da shi sabo azaman tushen tushen bitamin da kayan marmari, kazalika da kayan abinci don shirye-shiryen kyawawan giya da ruwan 'ya'yan itace. Ba shi da wahala a keɓe giya da aka kera ta gida daga itacen da aka girka da rana. Kawai kawai za a zabi da ya dace da fasaha da kuma girma inabi.

Siffofin nau'in innabi na fasaha

A halin yanzu, fiye da tebur dubu 20 da nau'in innabi na fasaha ana bred.

Fasalin halayyar 'ya'yan itacen inabi kamar haka:

1. Manyan, kyawawan launuka masu launi, aka tattara a manyan gungu.
2. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari suna da ɗanɗano na kayan zaki, daɗaɗɗun zaƙi da acid, nama mai yawan kuzari.
3. Fushi jure nau'in tebur ya bambanta daga matsakaici zuwa babba.
4. Resistance da cututtuka da kwari ne matsakaici kuma sama da matsakaita.
5. Yawancin tebur suna girma ne a cikin albarkatu na rufe.
6. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari mãsu yawa ana amfani dasu don yawan amfani.

Inabi na nau'ikan giya (giya) suna da halaye nasu, gami da abubuwa masu zuwa:

1. Sizeanan ƙaramin a ko'ina masu launuka masu launuka, tare da fata na bakin ciki, bayyanar mai hankali.
2. Bunches suna matsakaici a girma da taro.
3. Babban tsayayyen sanyi na sanyi (har zuwa -40^ºC), wanda ya ba ku damar shuka 'ya'yan inabi duka biyu a cikin ɗaukar hoto da kuma a bude.
4. Babban tsayayya da cututtukan fungal da kwari.
5. Rashin daidaituwa a barin.
6. Daga nau'ikan fasaha, ana samun kayan abinci don kera giya da kayan giya, cognacs, ruwan 'ya'yan itace, abubuwan sha mai taushi. Ana kuma sarrafa 'ya'yan itacen cikin raisins da raisins.

An kuma bambanta nau'in innabi na sararin samaniya azaman rukuni daban, wanda ya samu nasarar haɗu da mahimman halayen tebur da nau'ikan fasaha. Irin waɗannan 'ya'yan inabi suna cikin buƙatu biyu don abinci da sarrafawa.

Beckmes, halva, churchkhela, sorbet, innabi, syrup, jam, marinade da sauran kayan abinci masu mahimmanci da kayan abinci sun shirya daga inabi. Wasu 'ya'yan itacen inabi na kayan fasaha ana sarrafa su cikin ruwan inabi. Sharar gona daga sarrafa innabi da ruwan inabi ana amfani dashi ko'ina, daga cikinsu ana samarwa da giya, enanthic ether, mai, vinegar, tartaric acid, enotanine, fodder yisti, enamels da sauran samfura da mahadi.

G.S. Morozova"Viticulture tare da kayan yau da kullun na ampelography", VO "Agropromizdat", Moscow, 1987

Babban bambanci tsakanin nau'ikan fasaha daga sauran mutane ana ɗaukarsa babban abun ciki ne na sukari (har zuwa 30%) da ruwan 'ya'yan itace (70-90% na nauyin Berry ɗaya) a cikin' ya'yan itacen. A lokaci guda, berries na kowane iri-iri suna da dandano da ƙamshi na musamman waɗanda ke da bambanci da su.

Mafi shahararrun nau'in innabi, wanda ya ba da suna ga jiguna masu dacewa na giya mai kyau: Chardonnay, ire-iren Muscat (Pink, Black, Odessa, Aksaysky), Isabella, Merlot, Aligote, Cabernet Sauvignon, Saperavi, Riesling, Rkatsiteli.

Babban sukari abun ciki na 'ya'yan itãcen, sosai tsare sunadarai abun da ke ciki, da rabo daga cikin jimlar taro na berries a cikin bunch da taro na tsefe - duk waɗannan Manuniya tantance ingancin giya innabi nan gaba. Babban mahimmancin samun kayan abinci masu inganci sune:

• innabi girma yanayi
• abun da ke ciki
• adadin shekara-shekara na yanayin zafi.

Bidiyo: namo kasuwancin innabi

Rashin daidaituwa yana ba da damar samar da nau'ikan innabi na masana'antu ta hanyar masana'antu akan manyan tsiro. A lokaci guda, dasa bishiyoyi, dasa ruwa (taki, ban ruwa, namo) da girbi ana yin su ta amfani da tsire-tsire na inji.

Dasa shuki (mafi yawan lokaci-lokaci a cikin manya inabi) yana saukaka amfani da injin kayan gona

Hakanan sanannu ne nau'ikan ruwan inabi musamman tsara don aikin lambu na gida, musamman:

• Alievsky,
• Da yawa
• Damuwa
• Zelenolugsky Rubin,
• Citron Magaracha.

Fasaha don shuka inabi na nau'ikan fasaha

A cikin sharuddan gabaɗaya, fasaha don girma inabi na nau'ikan fasaha ba da banbanci ba ne ban da girma ga sauran nau'ikan.

Dasa itacen innabi

Inabi na nau'ikan fasaha, kamar na tebur, sun fi son haske, daskararru, ƙasa mara nauyi wacce ke da tsaka tsaki ko kusancin amsawar acid (pH 6.5-7.0). Yana da kyawawa cewa gutsattsaye na dutse da yashi suna cikin ƙasa. Wannan yana ba shi kaddarorin kamar ruwa mai kyau da kuma iska mai gudana. An lura cewa ruwan 'ya'yan itace da giya daga inabi waɗanda aka tsiro akan ƙasa mai tushe na tectonic asali suna da kyakkyawan dandano mai kyau, yayin da aka inganta bouquet, haɓaka ma'anar giya da tsufa, kuma ana haɓaka ruwan' ya'yan itace zuwa ɗakunan ajiya na dogon lokaci. Kodayake ƙwarewar girma inabi akan ƙasa acidic yana nuna cewa koda a ƙarƙashin irin wannan yanayi, ana samun ruwan inabi mai tsami da ruwan 'ya'yan itace daga gare ta. A wannan yanayin, halayen da ke tattare da tsire-tsire suna taka muhimmiyar rawa. Misali, Riesling, Sylvaner da Traminer ruwan innabi iri dake son ƙasa sosai da pH na 4-5. A cikin yanayin acidic, Tushen ya ɗauki microelements da ƙwazo, kuma a cikin ƙasa tare da tsaka tsaki ko kusanci, macroelements.

Ya kamata a tanadi wurare masu ɗumi don ƙarshen nau'in innabi-marigayi, har ma da nau'ikan da ke da sukari mafi girma na berries (tebur, zabibi-resin) kuma, a takaice, 'ya'yan inabi masu sanyi don farkon nau'in bishiyar, da iri iri waɗanda aka yi niyyarsu samar da shampen da hasken giya tebur tare da ƙarancin sukari da babban acidity.

G.S. Morozova"Viticulture tare da kayan yau da kullun na ampelography", VO "Agropromizdat", Moscow, 1987

Tsarin dasa shuki ya kamata ya zama mai lebur ko tare da ɗan rami (5-8 digiri), mai haske a ko'ina cikin rana. Don kare tsire-tsire daga iska mai sanyi, ana ba da shawarar cewa a sanya layuka na gonar inabin nan gaba tare da tsari, babban shinge ko bishiyun adulta adultan itace da ke haifar da ci gaba da bango.

Itatuwa na innabi suna buƙatar haske mai kyau kullun.

Kasancewa mai amfanin gona tare da haƙuri mai yawan fari, inabi ba zai iya yin haƙuri da danshi, fadama, da ƙasa mai gishiri ba. Lokacin ƙayyade wurin don shuka, ya kamata a la'akari da matakin tsaftace ruwan karkashin kasa - bai kamata ya zama ƙasa da 1.2-1.3 m daga ƙasa ba.

Don dasa shuki, muna zaɓi seedlingsan shekara-shekara 0.4-0.5 m mai girma tare da fure biyar zuwa bakwai da kuma ma'aunin gangar jikin kusan 4-8 mm. A cikin seedling tare da tsarin buɗe tushen, ya kamata a bincika tushen sosai: ya kamata su kasance fararen, tsabta, ba tare da daskararru da ƙira ba.

An shirya don dasa shuki seedlings ya zama lafiya, ba tare da lalacewa ba kuma yana da alamun ci gaba na 5-7

Idan aka sayi seedling a farkon bazara, ya kamata a dasa shi a cikin akwati tare da ƙarawa na lita biyu zuwa biyar (dangane da girman tsarin tushen) kuma a adana shi a cikin wurin dumama (+ 20-25^ºC) har zuwa lokacin sauka a ƙasa. A tsakiyar yankin, mafi kyawun lokacin dasa shuki inabi don wuri na dindindin a gonar shi ne ƙarshen Mayu - farkon watan Yuni, lokacin da ƙasa take ci gaba da yin zafi har zuwa + 12-15^ºC. A cikin yankuna na kudanci, ana jinkirtar lokacin girbin innabi wata guda kafin, zuwa Afrilu-Mayu.

Akwai hanyoyi da yawa na dasa shuki na innabi: a rami, ƙarƙashin shebur, a kan tulkar dajin. Ya danganta da lokacin shuka da yankin namowa, an zaɓi hanyar da ta fi dacewa. Growararrun mashaya giya, suna shirin dasa shuki, shirya rami mai dasa a cikin kaka, a sa shi a humus ko takin kuma a bar shi har sai lokacin bazara. Idan babu irin waɗannan yanayi, to, a cikin bazara yana da kyau a haƙa rami a gaba, kimanin wata guda kafin dasa shuki.

A bu mai kyau shuka seedlings tare da bude tushen tsarin a bazara, saboda kafin a farkon kaka kaka daji yana da lokaci zuwa tushen da kuma shirya domin wintering

Soilasa akan shafin namo na iya zama mara kyau, rashin haihuwa. A wannan yanayin, a cikin ruwa don ban ruwa (a tsaye, dumi + 20-28^ºC) 20-40 g na ma'adinin hadaddun takin ƙasa (nitroammophosk, azofosk, nitrophosk) da 10-20 g na ammonium nitrate a cikin 10 l na ruwa ya kamata a ƙara.

Dasa a cikin bazara a seedling tare da rufaffiyar tsarin (ZKS) faruwa kamar haka:

1. A kasan ramin da aka gama buƙatar kana buƙatar cika bulo biyu na ƙananan (5-12mm) dutse na dutse, tsakuwa ko yumɓu da aka faɗaɗa don magudanar ruwa.
   

   Tsarin malalen dutse wanda aka rushe zai kare tushen sashin daji daga tsauraran ruwa

2. An shirya cakuda ƙasa mai gina jiki a gaba: gwangwani 2 na katako na itace, buhunan 2 na humus ko takin, guga 1 da yashi da buhunan turf 2 na ƙasa; a cikin duka, ya kamata a samo buhunan 4-5 na cakuda.
3. Ya kamata a zuba rabin ƙasa da aka shirya a kan magudanar ruwan, ya kamata a yi ƙaramar motsi a tsakiyar ramin, kuma ya kamata a dasa seedling, tun da farko an sake shi daga kwandon. Tushen seedling yakamata ya kasance a cikin zurfin kusan 0.45 m daga ƙasa.
   

   Dole ne a fitar da daskararren daga cikin akwati kuma, juyawa gwaggwon biri zuwa arewa, a hada tare da dunƙulewar ƙasa a tsakiyar ramin saitin
4. Don saukaka ruwa da kuma kayan miya, ana saka bututun ruwa kusa da seedling (bututu mai filastik tare da diamita na 8-10 mm tare da shimfidar ƙasa). Bayan cika ramin, dole ne a yanke bututun a tsayin 10 cm daga ƙasa.
   

   An saka bututu mai filastik 60-70 cm na madaidaiciya mai dacewa tare da ramuka ya fadi a farfajiya an girka kusa da seedling

5. Sannan ana shayar da seedling tare da ruwa mai ɗumi, ruwa mai ƙoshin ruwa kuma bayan ya sha ruwan, an rufe shi da ragowar ƙasa zuwa 1/2 tsawo na seedling.
6. Soilasan ƙasa kusa da daji an mulched da humus ko peat, ciyawa bushe.
   

   Lokacin da aka gama tsarin dasa shuki, don adana danshi da rayuwa mai kyau, ƙasar da ke kusa da daji an rufe ta da ciyawa

7. A cikin kaka, rami tare da ƙaramin seedling yana buƙatar cikawa har zuwa saman tare da ƙirƙirar tudun ƙwarya a saman wani daji mai nauyin 20-30

Bidiyo: dasa shuki gero a cikin ƙasa buɗe

Don nau'in innabi na fasaha, yana da mahimmanci abin da aka rufe ƙasa tsakanin layuka na bushes. Kuna iya ciyawa da ciyawa, ciyawa, ko shuka ciyawar kore. Amma gogaggen growers bayar da shawarar rufe ƙasa tsakanin layuka tare da Layer of m tsakuwa, wanda zai zama mai kyau shugaba da zafi accumulator. Wannan zai kare farfajiyar kasar daga matsewa, kuma zai hana kwararar ruwan kogin da ambaliyar ta. Don haka, mafi kyawun yanayi don ci gaba da haɓakar inabi za'a ƙirƙira shi.

Ciyar da shayarwar inabi

Lokacin girma inabi na nau'ikan fasaha, za'a iya samun kwanciyar hankali da babban inganci na dacewa kawai idan an kiyaye duk dokokin fasahar aikin gona, gami da amfani da takin zamani na yau da kullun da wasu riguna a wasu matakai na shuka. Ana amfani da babban takin zuwa rami mai dasa sau ɗaya a cikin bazara ko a cikin fall, dangane da lokacin dasawa. Bayan dasa shuki na shekaru biyu zuwa uku, seedlings basa buƙatar taki.

Maballin innabi na balagulu yana haɗuwa da kwayoyin halitta (taki, humus, takin) sau ɗaya a kowace shekara uku zuwa huɗu, 3-4 kg / m^² (a kan kasa mara kyau - 6-8 kg / m^²) Ana amfani da (ammonium nitrate, urea, superphosphate, potassium salts) da takin gargajiya (nitrophoska, azofoska, ammofoska, nitroammofoska) ana amfani da takin ma'adinai.

A cikin bazara, takin mai magani da aka amfani da shi a cikin ruwa mai ruwa ya fi dacewa, a cikin kaka - a cikin girma ko a cikin foda.

Dangane da hanyar isar da abinci mai gina jiki zuwa sassa daban daban na shuka, an rarraba miya ta kazanta zuwa tushe da foliar. Tushen ana gabatar da su cikin ƙasa a ƙarƙashin bushes, foliar - ta hanyar feshin ganye innabi.

Lokacin kula da bushes na innabi, ana ciyar da su a ƙarƙashin tushen aƙalla sau huɗu yayin kakar girma:

1. A cikin bazara (makonni biyu kafin fure) - urea, superphosphate da gishiri gishiri. Adadin takin da aka shafa ya dogara da nau'in innabi da kuma yanayi mai girma kuma umarnin an yanke shi. Ana amfani da takin mai magani na Nitrogen da potassium a cikin nau'in ruwa, phosphoric - a bushe.
   

   Ana iya maye gurbin Urea da nitonium nitrate.

2. Bayan fure, lokacin da berries suka isa girman karamin fis, ana maimaita miya da wannan abun da ke ciki, amma gwargwadon sashin nitrogen yana raguwa.
3. A watan Yuni-Yuli, a lokacin cika da ripening na berries, ana yin miya ta amfani da superphosphate da gishiri gishiri kawai, ana cire mahallin nitrogen.
4. Bayan mun girbe, a cikin Satumba-Oktoba, lokaci ya yi don ciyarwa ta ƙarshe. A wannan lokacin, ya kamata a ba da itacen innabi a cikin nau'in kwayoyin halitta (humus ko takin) da takin mai ma'adinai a matsayin wani ɓangare na superphosphate, ash ash da kuma ammonium sulfate. Duk abubuwan da ke tattare da hadi suna bulbulowa a cikin kasar gona tsakanin bushes domin tono mai zurfi. Sakamakon gaskiyar cewa tsire-tsire suna samarwa da wadataccen abinci mai sanyi don hunturu, tsananin zafin hunturu yana ƙaruwa, itacen inabi ya fi kyau.

Bidiyo: hadi da hada inabi

A ƙarshen bazara ko farkon faɗuwar rana, bayan girbi, yana da amfani sosai don kula da itacen innabi tare da mahaɗan ma'adinai waɗanda ke ɗauke da abubuwan ganowa (MicroMix Universal, Polydon Iodine) daidai da umarnin.

Ciyar da Foliar na inabõbi yana kunna tsari na fure, yana ba ku damar samun cikakkun ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma inganta haɓakar berries, dandano da sukari, ƙara yawan amfanin ƙasa daga daji. Lokacin foliar saman miya, har ma da tushe, ya dogara da wani lokaci na ci gaban shuka. Za'a fitar da danshi sati daya kafin fure, sati biyu bayan fure da sati uku kafin girbi. Don wannan nau'in ciyarwa, yi amfani da jiko na ash ash ko shirye-shiryen da aka yi:

• Plantafol
• Kemira
• Novofert,
• Jagora

Don samun sakamako mai kyau, kuna buƙatar bin umarnin don amfani da kowane magani.

Mafi kyawun yanayin yanayi don aikin sarrafa inabi, ana ɗaukar ranar girgije tare da yawan zafin jiki na kimanin 20^ºC (ba kasa da 15 ba kuma ya ninka digiri 25).

Bidiyo: foliar innabi saman miya

Inabi na fasaha iri dake nufin wata al'ada quite fari-resistant da kuma unpretentious a cikin kulawa. Sabili da haka, shayar da bushes, wanda shima ɓangare ne na tsarin girma, ana aiwatar dashi kamar yadda ya cancanta, yin la'akari da adadin ruwan sama na halitta. A lokacin farkon shekara bayan dasa shuki a cikin dindindin wuri, da seedling bukatar watering sau ɗaya a mako. Game da yanayin zafi a lokacin rani, an yarda da yawan ruwa a kowace rana ko kuma kowace rana.

Daga baya, kan aiwatar da kulawar innabi, ban ruwa ya haɗu tare da takin, idan ya yiwu, yawan ruwan da ake amfani da shi na daji shine buhu 4-6 (40-60 l). Ba za ku iya shayar da bushes a cikin bazara a lokacin furanni ba; a lokacin rani, an dakatar da hana ruwa zuwa makwanni biyu zuwa uku kafin a fara bushe bishiyoyi.

Don mafi kyawun ripening na itacen inabi da kunnawa ga tushen ci gaban faduwar bayan ganye fall samar na ƙarshe (danshi-caji) watering. Zai iya ƙara ƙaruwa lokacin hunturu na bushes.

Bidiyo: shan ruwan inabin daidai

Mai jan tsami

Riman itacen inabi masu kyau na nau'ikan fasaha don sutura da kayan aikin da ba rufin ba sun sha bamban da yanayin lokaci. A kowane hali, ya kamata a datse harbe a lokacin tsananin ciyawar, kafin a fara fitar da ciyayi. Don rashin sa suttukan fasaha na rashin sutura tare da juriya na sanyi, ana yanke bushes a cikin kaka-hunturu, kwanaki 15-20 bayan faɗuwar ganye, kuma ci gaba da duk hunturu (a ranakun sanyi) Iyakar abin ragewa ne ake rage zafin jiki a kasa da digiri biyar.

Don rufe nau'in innabi, ana yin tuwo a matakai biyu:

• na farko (kaka) - kafin farkon sanyi yanayin da tsari na bushes domin hunturu. Ana yin datsa akan furen itacen da aka dafa don samar da sababbin hanyoyin 'ya'yan itace.
• babban (bazara) - bayan bude bushes a farkon bazara, kafin a buɗe ayoyin.A lokaci guda, yawan ƙwayayen 'ya'yan itace buds (idanu) an ƙaddara kuma an kafa nauyin wajibi akan daji. A lokacin girkin bazara, duk lalacewa, mai rauni da harbe-harbe, tsoffin hannayen riga ba tare da an cire vines na 'ya'yan itace ba.

Saukar da daji ta hanyar harbe (idanu) shine adadin 'ya'yan itace da suka rage akan daji bayan pruning. Yana bayar da babban yawan amfanin ƙasa ba tare da rage ƙarfin bushes ba a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.

Akwai hanyoyi masu zuwa na datsawa: gajeru, har zuwa 4 idanu - a kan sel na Sarauniya, da yin kwalliya da tsarin cordon, makulli na maye; matsakaici, har zuwa 7-8 idanu - lokacin da aka dasa vingin 'ya'yan itace mafi yawancin ire-iren su a suturar rufewa; tsayi, daga 9 zuwa 14 idanu - akan ire-iren ire-irensu da kuma al'adun gazebo. A yawancin wuraren da ake amfani da su na viticulture, ana amfani da cakuda cakuda - gajere da matsakaici

A.Yu. Rakitin "'Ya'yan itace sun girma. Yan majalisu na gwal na makarantar Timiryazev." Gidan Jarida na Likitoci ta Lik Press, Moscow, 2001

Don nau'in innabi na fasaha, akwai tsarin da aka yarda gaba ɗaya don ƙayyade kimanin tsawon tsintsin itacen inabin a sashin sutura na namo:

• har zuwa 4-5 idanu - harbe mai rauni tare da diamita na 5-6 mm;
• daga 8 zuwa 10 ocelli - nau'in farkon (Aligote, baƙar fata Muscat);
• daga 2 zuwa 14 ocelli - nau'in tsakiya da na ƙarshen (Cabernet Sauvignon, Traminer, farin nau'in Muscat).

Bidiyo: Hanyar girbin innabi

Tsarin innabi don cututtuka da kwari

Ganin ba da halayen na ɗanɗano, duk nau'ikan fasaha don jure cututtuka da kwari za a iya raba su zuwa rukuni uku:

• cikakken fahimta;
• iri tare da juriya na matsakaici;
• m zuwa fungal cututtuka da phylloxera.

Rukunin farko sun haɗa da nau'ikan, yawanci tare da juriya mai sanyi, waɗanda aka samu nasarar horar a cikin yankuna na arewacin da kuma yankin yanayin tsakiyar. Wannan Crystal, Platovsky, Ruby, Azos, Stanichny. Bugu da ƙari, iri iri Zelenoluchsky Rubin, Stremenny, Cabernet Sauvignon suna da rigakafi ga cututtukan fungal, da Platovsky, Cabernet AZOS, Krasnostop AZOS, Kyautar Magarach suna da haƙuri ga phylloxera. Inabi na waɗannan nau'ikan a ƙarƙashin yanayin girma mai kyau don rigakafin za'a iya bi dashi tare da fungicides. Ana yin guda ɗaya ko biyu a lokacin girma.

Don amintaccen aiki amfani da shirye-shiryen da aka yi na Kemira, Fitosporin tare da ƙari na Zircon, kazalika da maganin potassiumgangan. A farkon bazara, yana da kyau a fesa bushes tare da cakuda Bordeaux 3% (300 g na cakuda da lita 10 na ruwa) ko kuma maganin 5% na baƙin ƙarfe sulfate (500 g da lita 10 na ruwa).

Bidiyo: sarrafa kayan inabi na lokaci-iri daga cututtukan fungal

Inabi iri na matsakaici da kuma rauni mai ƙarfi zuwa ga fungi ya kamata a bi da tare da fungicides a duk tsawon shuka. Don spraying bushes, ana amfani da hanyoyi masu ƙarfi da tasiri fiye da lokacin da suke aiwatar da aikin hanawa: Ridomil Gold, Champion, Quadris 250, Acrobat, Sumylex. Dangane da ka'idodin fasaha na aikin gona, ana yin sarrafa innabi sau biyar a kowace kakar:

• lokacin bude bushes a farkon bazara;
• tare da buɗe kodan kuma a farkon farkon ganye.
• kafin fure (kwanaki 7-10);
• bayan fure (kwana 20-30 kafin girbi);
• bayan girbi na kaka da itacen inabin kafin tsari na hunturu.

Lokacin ƙayyade taro na maganin kashe guba don fesawa, buƙatun umarnin don amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi ya kamata a kiyaye su sosai. Yin aiwatarwa a cikin yanayin kwanciyar hankali, da safe ko maraice, lura da ka'idodin aminci (tabarau na aminci, safofin hannu, sutura masu dogon gashi).

Bidiyo: kare gonar inabin daga cuta

Kwayoyin kwari da suka fi shafar inabi sun hada da aphids na innabi - phylloxera, gizo-gizo gizo-giza da kuma innabi, har da mangwaro na barkono (innabi da bunch). Andarfafa da daɗaɗɗun bushes ba su da kwari. Makullin zuwa juriya mai kyau a gare su shine weeding na yau da kullun daga ciyawa, kayan miya da ruwa, kyakkyawan iska na bushes, da kwazon juriya a cikin halaye na 'ya'yan inabi.

Bidiyo: phylloxera - innabi aphid

Ka lalata phylloxera ta hanyar maimaita dazuzzuka tare da dichloroethane ko tare da Aktellik da Kinmiks maganin kashe kwari. Tare da mummunan shan kashi na gonar inabin ta hanyar aphids, ana sare bushes a ƙarƙashin tushen kuma an ƙone su. Tare da karamin adadin kwaro a matsayin "mutãne magani" faski an shuka tare da kewaye da gonar inabinsa da a cikin aisles, da wari daga abin da repels aphids.

Don magance ticks, ana amfani da shirye-shiryen maganin kwari Tiovit Jet, Phosphamide da maganin 2% na sulfur colloidal (200 g na sulfur a cikin lita 10 na ruwa) ana amfani da su. An samar da aikace-aikacen aminci ga wakilan nazarin halittu don kwari - Actofit, Haupsin, Fitoverm. Leafworms an lalata su ta hanyar feshin inabi tare da kwari Arrivo, Fastak, Fufanon, Karbofos, Aktara. Tare da adadi mai yawa na caterpillar, sakamako mai kyau shine lura da harbe-harben tare da kwayar halitta na aikin Bitoxibacillin.

Bidiyo: sarrafa inabi daga kashin innabi (itching)

Mafi kyawun nau'in innabi na fasaha

Abubuwan da ke tantance dalilai yayin zabar kwalliyar fasaha sune lokacin 'ya'yan itace, lokacin girkin, tsayayyar yawan zafin jiki, jure kamuwa da cututtukan fungal, isasshen matakin sanyi na juriya. A cikin yanayin yanayin zafi na yankin tsakiya, yankuna na arewacin, Urals da Siberia, yana da kyau a shuka iri da innabi a farkon. Farkon ripening damar 'ya'yan itacen da tattara na dole adadin sugars kafin karshen kakar, da itacen inabi - don cikakken girma da kuma shirya domin wintering. A cikin yankuna na kudanci, na tsakiya, na marigayi da marigayi iri ne ake nomawa, waɗanda sanyi ke lalata su kuma suna buƙatar adadin zafi (tare da adadin kuzarin shekara-shekara na yanayin zafi sama da digiri 3000).

Bidiyo: mafi kyawun nau'in innabi giya

Anyan innabi na farko

Don yankuna na arewacin viticulture, mafi mahimmanci su ne iri tare da ɗan gajeren girma, farkon ripening na berries da babban sanyi juriya:

• Aligote,
• Bianca
• Baki da ruwan hoda mai ruwan hoda
• Crystal
• Dlearshe na Sharov,
• Platovsky,
• Kyauta na Magarach,
• Rkatsiteli Magaracha da wasu da yawa.

Mafi kyawun iri ana ɗaukar zoned a cikin yankin da aka ba.

Idan harkar giya yanki ne mai fifikon inzalin a yankin, to ana amfani da nau'in innabi da ya dace da nau'ikan giyar su don yin giya.

Bidiyo: Itace iri-iri na gumaka na Sharov

Tebur: halaye da sifofi na farkon fasaha

* Ana ba da shawarar ire-iren nau'ikan ta Rijistar Jiha don Samun Nasarar Ceto don Amfani don Girma a cikin tattalin arzikin Gida.

Bidiyo: Platovsky innabi iri-iri

Hoton Hoto: farkon nau'in innabi giya

Marigayi nau'in innabi

Marigayi nau'ikan fasaha na ƙarshen zamani yana nunawa a cikin dogon lokacin da yake buɗewa (daga 135 zuwa kwanaki 160), wanda ya ba ku damar girbi a ƙarshen Satumba - farkon Oktoba. Irin waɗannan yanayi an ƙirƙira su ne ta hanyar sauyin yanayi na yankuna na kudu tare da kaka mai ɗumi. Ainihi, an girma inabi a cikin al'adun da ba a rufe su ba. Daga baya ana amfani da nau'ikan nau'ikan giya.

Tebur: halaye da fasali na ƙarshen fasahar fasaha

* Ana bayar da shawarar iri-iri da Rijistar Jiha don Samun Inganta Nasara don Amfani don Girma a cikin tattalin arzikin Gida.

Hoton hoto: marigayi nau'in innabi giya

Bidiyo: Aliberna innabi iri-iri

Ruwan innabi na gida, wanda aka yi da hannuwanku daga waɗanda kuka fi so irin na berries na rana - wanda zai iya zama mai ɗanɗano kuma mafi daɗi! Akwai nau'ikan giya mai ban sha'awa da yawa daga ƙaunataccen Cabernet Sauvignon, Isabella, Merlot, Aligote, nau'ikan Muscat iri-iri. Ka ɗanɗana ruwan inabin da aka cakuda? Kowane nau'in giya yana da fa'ida da rashin jin daɗi: ɗayan yana da dandano mai ban mamaki, amma ƙananan abun ciki na sukari, ɗayan, akasin haka, yana da yawan sukari, kuma dandano mai sauƙi ne. Ina so in yi tunanin abubuwan tuna ni tun ina saurayi, kamar yadda kakana ya yi giya mai hade. Yana da girke-girke da yawa, har da nau'in innabi, amma akwai ɗaya, mafi ƙaunataccen. Wanne zai iya bugu ba tare da motsa ido ba, kuma a lokacin idi “ya tashi” da farko. A cikin kaka, 'ya'yan inabin Saperavi sun yi tsiro a baya fiye da kowa a kan makamar - kakansa ya kira shi "Georgians". Ba na son shi - ya yi yawa sosai da ƙanshi. A lokacin da a ƙarshen Satumba ne mutanen saperavi suka tattara launin shuɗi mai ban mamaki, babban kakan ya yanke bunches daga daji, ɗan doused da ruwa kuma ya sa su a cikin "murkushe" - babban tukunyar yumɓu. An lalata berries tare da babban mai jan katako - "bastard", kamar yadda kakana ya kira shi. Bayan an gama giyan inabi, an ƙara ɗan sukari a cikin gurɓataccen sakamakon, an rufe jita-jita tare da wani yanki kuma an ƙaddara a cikin dafa abinci, a cikin wurin da yake da ɗumi a cikin gidan. A nan ta tsaya kwanaki da yawa. Kakana ya gauraya gruel da safe da maraice, har saida ya fara kumbura ya tashi zuwa saman kwano. Pink froth ya bayyana a saman faffadar gurbataccen abinci, nama mai ƙanshi ya zube a cikin ɗakin dafa abinci. Bayan haka, ɓangaren litattafan almara, wanda ake kira ɓangaren litattafan almara na masu yin giya, an matse shi kuma a tace ta hanyar sieve. An kara sukari a cikin ruwan da aka samo mai ruwan hoda mai haske, an zuba shi a cikin babban kwalba, an saka safar hannu na roba a saman wuya. Mako guda baya, safar hannu a kan kwalbar yayi kama da hannun mutum - ya kumbura daga yisti. Kakan kakana ya kara sukari a cikin ruwa sau biyu yana shafa kadan sannan ya sake sanya safar hannu a jikin kwalbar. Don haka wata daya ya wuce, wata rana lafiya sai safar hannu ta fara jujjuyawa, faduwa, sanya shi, kuma kakanin ya ce: "An gama!" An tace ruwan roba mai ruwan hoda mai haske daga tsinkaye da tsaftace shi na tsawon wata daya a cikin cellar sanyi don daidaitawa da bayani. Yayin da kakana ke yin giya daga Saperavi, kusan mako guda daga baya Black Opiana inabi ya bugu - na fi so, tare da m, berries mai dadi na duhu mai duhu, kusan launin baki. Ina musamman son sabon ruwan 'ya'yan itace da aka matso daga wannan innabin, tare da ɗanɗano mai daɗi, mai ɗanɗano muscat. Berriesan itacen oyun na Black Opiana sun gudana ta hanyar tsari guda ɗaya kamar Saperavi. Mako guda - kwanaki goma bayan opiana, kakan ya girbi sabon iri a cikin gonar inabinsa - Odessa Black. Na kuma son wannan iri-iri tare da wani sabon abu baƙon dandano na berries - ya yi kama sosai da ɗanɗano cherries. Lokacin da aka shirya giya matasa daga Odessa baki, har ma daga nau'ikan da suka gabata, ya riga ya kasance kaka mai zurfi a cikin yadi. Kakan uba ya kwashe dukkanin kwalaben giya daga cellar sai aka fara sihiri. Ya ɗan sha kaɗan daga ruwan inabi kuma ya cakuda shi gwargwado. Na yi ƙoƙari, na girgiza kaina cikin fushi kuma na sake hadewa. Ya ce: "Daɗin daɗin kamshi na Odessa da na Black Opiana bai kamata su rufe wajan Saperavi ba, amma ya kamata a haɗa su tare. Don haka giyar ba ta katse ba, sai dai da haɗa ɗanɗano daɗin ɗanɗanar juna," kakana ya kasance yana faɗi. Lokacin da aka gama tsarin hada kayan, sai aka zuba fitacciyar giyar da aka gama a cikin kwalaben gilasai sannan aka aika zuwa cikin gidan domin girke girken da adon karshe. A Sabuwar Shekara ta Hauwa'u, an gama "sha na gumaka" an kawo su a kan tebur.Haɗe cikin ɗanɗano da ba a iya misaltawa, an lalata matsanancin kwalliyar kwalliya da cherries tare da ƙoshin lafiya mai laushi, kuma kyandir mai ƙamshi na giya ya haifar da yanayi mai ban sha'awa da gaske.

Iri dake innabi a cikin Ukraine

Ganin kasancewar bangarori daban-daban na yanayin zafi a kan ƙasar Ukraine, kusan dukkanin nau'in innabi da aka ɗauka a sama sun dace da haɓaka a cikin yanayin yankin wani yanki. A cikin yankuna na arewacin Ukraine, nau'in sanyi mai tsaurin sanyi tare da farkon ripening ya kamata a dasa, a cikin tsakiya da na kudu, na tsakiya da na marigayi, a cikin al'adun murfin.

'Ya'yan inabi na Chardonnay da Riesling Rhine ruwan inabi nau'in sune, bi da bi, na matsakaici da matsakaici na ƙarshe. Kowane nau'in berry yana da ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano dabam dabam da kuma harsashi mai santsi. Duk nau'ikan biyu suna da tsayayyar sanyi, suna tsayayya da sanyi har zuwa -18-20^ºC, amma a cikin hunturu suna buƙatar tsari. Inabi suna da saukin kamuwa da kamuwa da cututtukan fungal (musamman oidium), sabili da haka, yana buƙatar magani na yau da kullun daga cututtuka da kwari. A cikin aikin giya, ana amfani da nau'in Riesling Rhine da Chardonnay don yin farin ruwan inabi.

Bidiyo: Riesling Rhine da Chardonnay iri

The thermophilic Merlot innabi iri-iri ne daga Faransa, amma an dade da kafa a cikin gonakin inabin Kudancin Ukraine. Babban farin ruwan hoda mai launin shuɗi-baki ana bambanta shi da ɗanɗano mai laushi tare da ɗanɗano na yau da kullun. Ana amfani da ingantaccen ruwan 'ya'yan innabi a cikin tebur da kayan zaki ruwan inabi.

Bidiyo: Merlot giya iri-iri

Anyi la'akari da kyakkyawan Isabella dattijo a matsayin "sabon nau'in nau'in." Wataƙila, babu irin wannan ƙasa ko makirci na sirri, ko dai a Arewa ko a Kudu, inda duhu innabi mai duhu, wanda ya saba da mutane da yawa, tare da ɗanɗano da baƙon abu na strawberry daji na wannan amfanin gona, baya girma. Isabella wani lokaci yana rikicewa tare da inabi na Lydia, shima yana da giya, amma tare da berries mai ƙyamar burgundy. Hanyar da ba ta sutura ba don namo, haɗe tare da babban tsananin hunturu da juriya na cuta, yana ba da izinin amfani da 'ya'yan itacen inabi na Isabella don ado na arbor, arches da kuma adon ganuwar gida. Rashin daidaituwa da iyawa don yin kyakkyawan giya da aka yi da gida daga berries yasa ya yiwu har ma da wani mai aikin lambu mai novice ya shuka iri-iri kuma ya sami kyakkyawan girbi na berries mai ƙanshi.

Bidiyo: Isabella inabi

Nazarin masu bugun giya

Riesling Rhine. Ina da bushes biyu kawai har zuwa yanzu, na yi shakkar ko za ta yi kari. Wannan shekarar ita ce farkon fruiting, matakin sukari 23.8, amma har yanzu ban yi la'akari da wannan kyakkyawan alamomin ba - kyakkyawan shekara, ƙaramin nauyi. Ba ni da niyyar yin babban kaya a gaba, 2-3 kilogiram daga daji, za mu yi yaƙi don ingancin ruwan inabin. Abun sukari a cikin wannan nau'in zai iya zama daga 16 zuwa 40 brix (wannan dole ne a mafita yayin matse ruwan inabi na kankara-kankara). Kamar yadda Valuyko ya rubuta a cikin littafin 'Inabi na Inabi,' ana lura da ganima mai kyau a cikin Riesling iri-iri tare da sukari wanda ke da kashi 17%, amma a zahiri ana samun giya mai kyau a ƙarshen girbin inabi, i.e. tare da mafi yawan abun ciki na sukari. Don samun kyakkyawan ruwan giya daga wannan ire-ire, ya ishe ku da matakin sukari kusan 17 da sama. A cikin Jamus, suna yin kyakkyawan ruwan inabi tare da matakin barasa har zuwa 9%, yayin da ruwan inabin ya kasance mai daidaituwa, mai ƙanshi, wani lokacin tare da sukari saura, a cikin ra'ayinmu semi-bushe.

Prikhodko Alexander, Kiev//forum.vinograd.info/showthread.php?t=1925

Barka dai jama'a daga Magnitogorsk. Shekaru 8 da suka wuce, dasa Alfa na farko (ba da gangan ba cikin itace ya faɗa hannun). 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari na shekaru 5. Yana ko da yaushe ripens. A kan shi na koya yanka, siffar. Yanzu ba tare da tsari a cikin gazebo ba. Pink nutmeg yakamata ya fara fruiting a wannan shekara, dukda cewa daji kusan shekaru 5 ne, amma dole ne a tura shi wani wuri a shekara ta 3. A kan Alpha a farkon Afrilu, ya yi wa Aleshenkin alurar riga kafi ta hanyoyi uku - tare da garkuwa, a cikin yanke da raba. Pasoka ya riga ya tafi kaɗan. Na yanke shawarar kawai in gwada shi, kuma saboda adana sararin samaniya - bayan duk, Alpha shine farkon, kuma yana ɗaukar mafi kyawun wuri - Na yanke shawarar saka shi a gwaje-gwajen. Landasa kan tsauni, ɗan ƙaramin yanki zuwa kudu, kudu maso yamma. Na yi la’akari da yanayin da ya dace da yankinmu.

Vic, Magnitogorsk//forum.vinograd.info/showthread.php?t=62&page=5

Girbi Aligote yarda. An yanke ranar 1 ga Oktoba. A matsakaici, daga daji na shekara ta 4 na ciyayi, an samo kilogram 7.7. Amfanin gona bai yi raba abinci ba. A kan wasu harbe har ma an ɗaure gungu guda 4, yayin da nunannyan inabi da inabin ke da kyau. Yawancin rana mai dumbin yawa, lokacin da aka fara walƙiya ƙona wuta, kusan babu ƙone-ƙone, kawai ana ƙara ƙara da sukari. Lokacin yayi kyau kwarai.

vilend Victor, Kharkov//forum.vinograd.info/showthread.php?t=4830&page=3

Bianca A iri ne kyau kwarai. Na girma har kusan shekaru 8 a cikin hanyar arbor kuma ina tsammanin wannan nau'i shine mafi kyawu a gare shi. Yawan aiki yana da girma, ya tabbata. Misali, shekarar da ta gabata na dauki kimanin kilogram 18-20 daga wani daji mai kwari. A wannan shekara ba shi da mafi ikon yinsa, Ina fatan don samun dan more - iri-iri a zahiri a hankali Bears kusan dukan kaya, Na karya fita mafi "mutu" harbe tare da inflorescences. Bunches yawancinsu daga 50 zuwa 200 g. A kan harba, ya danganta da ƙarfin ci gabanta, Na bar daga bunni 2 zuwa 3 (i.e. kusan duka ko kusan duka). A hadadden kwanciyar hankali ne high, a cikin yanayi a Yuli-Agusta wani lokacin a wasu lokuta dan grabs mildew. Berries ba su shafi komai. Manyan Biwanchi giya da ruwan 'ya'yan itace. A cikin yanayin ferment "daji", ana samun giya semisweet mai haske tare da sautunan sherry mai laushi. Yawancin suna da matsala ba matsala (Ina tunatar da ku: Ina rubutu ne don yanayin dana).

Poskonin Vladimir Vladimirovich, Krasnodar//forum.vinograd.info/showthread.php?t=4351

Dangane da ire-iren innabi iri-iri, kowane lambu mai son ya zaɓi wanda yafi dacewa da abubuwan da yake so. Ruwan inabi na gida na musamman, ruwan 'ya'yan itace mai ƙanshi mai daɗi, raisins, churchkhela - wannan ba cikakkiyar jerin ruwan yummy bane, wanda za'a iya shirya shi daga' ya'yan inabinku.