Kabeji yana daya daga cikin sanannen kayan lambu na kayan lambu wanda kusan kowane lambu ke tsiro a kan makircin sa. Ya ƙunshi adadin adadin ma'adinai, sunadarai da carbohydrates. Bugu da kari, ana iya cinye kabeji ta kowane nau'i: cuku, stew, sauerkraut. Ana iya girma a cikin shuka da tsire-tsire. A yawancin yankuna na ƙasar mu, ana shuka kabeji da tsire-tsire. Babban abu shine shirya yadda yakamata domin dasa shuki kuma nan gaba don samar da 'ya' yan farauta tare da wajibcin kulawa.
Shirya ƙasa
Don namo kabeji ta hanyar shuka, ya zama dole don shirya tankuna, ƙasa da kayan iri.
Shiri kasar gona da kwantena
Zabi da kuma shirin kasar gona dole ne a matso tare da kulawa ta musamman. Firstasar farko da ta shigo ba ta da kyau. Idan, alal misali, kuna la'akari da ƙasa daga gonar, to, zai iya ƙunsar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta masu haɗari da tsutsa kwaro. Cakuda don shuka seedlingsan girma shine mafi kyawun sayan kayanda aka yi ko kuma kanku. Zaka iya zaɓar ɗayan girke-girke:
- ƙasa turf, peat da humus a cikin rabo na 1: 1: 1;
- peat, sod ƙasa da m yashi - 1: 3: 1/4;
- itace ash, lemun tsami, yashi mai laushi - 1: 1/4: 1/4.
Don girma seedlings na kabeji, an sayi cakuda ƙasa ko an shirya shi daban-daban
Babban halaye waɗanda ƙasa don shuka dole ne su sadu da su shine haihuwa, ruwa da isar da iska.
Zai fi kyau a shirya ƙasa daga faɗuwa kuma a adana ta a cikin wuri mai sanyi har zuwa lokacin bazara.
Don shuka da girma kabeji seedlings a gida, zaka iya amfani da:
- kofuna
- tukwane
- kwalaye
- kaset.
An zaɓi ƙarfin gwargwadon yawan adadin tsire-tsire da za a yi girma. Idan kundin suna da girma, to zai fi dacewa ayi amfani da akwatunan seedling da cassettes tare da tumatir masu zuwa. Komai amfanin shuka da za'a yi, yakamata a sami bude kofofin a cikin tukunyar don kada ruwa ya yi tsauri.
Za'a iya girma gawan kabeji a cikin seedlings kuma a cikin kwantena daban
Ana bada shawara don aiwatar da akwati tare da bayani na potassiumganganate. A saboda wannan, 5 g na potassium permanganate an diluted a cikin guga na ruwan zafi (kusan tafasa). Shiryayyen bayani ana shayar da kwantena da kayan aikin da ake amfani da su domin dasa shuki.
Tsarin iri
Kafin shuka iri, kana buƙatar shirya:
- zaɓi abu mai inganci
- ya watsa shi
- kara germination.
Sifantawa
An caba tsaba kabeji a cikin maganin gishiri 3% na minti 5. A cikin ruwan gishiri, hatsi masu haske zasu fito, hatsi masu nauyi za su nutse har ƙasa: ya kamata a yi amfani dasu don dasawa. Sannan an wanke tsaba a cikin tsaftataccen ruwa da bushe. Don shuka, zaka iya amfani ba kawai babba ba, har ma matsakaiciyar abu.
Kafin dasa shuki, dole ne a kwantar da kabeji don zaɓar mafi kyawun zuriya.
Gwajin Germination
Don ƙayyade ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta, an nannade shi da zane mai bushe, kuma ya fi kyau ka ɗauki guda 100 don ƙididdigar mafi dacewa. Ana aiwatar da Germination a cikin wurin da ake kiyaye yawan zafin jiki a + 20-25 ˚С, yayin da ya zama dole a kula da yanayin ƙwayar kuma hana shi bushewa. Kowace rana, ana bincika tsaba, an shuka fure kuma an cire su. Daga hatsi da suka tsiro a farkon kwanaki 3 na farko, zaku iya tantance yadda abokantakar zata kasance, kuma ta gaskiyar cewa sun kyankyasar a cikin kwanakin 7, germination na kayan abu.
Rashin kamuwa da cuta
Don lalata ƙwayoyin cuta daga cututtukan ƙwayar cuta da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta, a cikin mafi yawan lokuta suna ba da magani tare da maganin 1-2% na potassiumganganate, biyo bayan wanka cikin ruwa mai tsabta. Kuna iya samun sakamako mafi girma ta hanyar maganin zafi ta sanya tsaba a cikin jaka ta ruwa a cikin zafin jiki na + 48-50 ° C na minti 20. Kadai wuce zafin jiki da aka nuna, tunda tsaba zasuyi asarar su, kuma tare da karamin magani babu wani sakamako.
Don lalata ƙwayar kabeji, ana bi da su cikin maganin 1-2% na potassiumgangan
Yadda za a hanzarta germination
Don 'tsaba su girma cikin sauri, ana narke su cikin ruwa a zazzabi a ɗakin kuma a sanya su a cikin wurin da yakamata su kasance a kusa da sa'o'i 12, yayin da aka bada shawara don canza ruwan a kowane sa'o'i 4. Yawan ruwa ya zama irin wannan cewa yana rufe tsaba kawai. A kan aiwatar da soya, hatsi suna kumbura. Idan lokacin seeding bai zo ba tukuna, to, suna nannade cikin zane mai bushe kuma an sanya su akan ƙananan shiryayye na firiji.
Hakanan za a iya yin daskare a cikin mafita na musamman (alal misali, a cikin jiko na ash ash). Don shirye-shiryenta:
- A cikin lita 1 na ruwa mai dumi, ana zuba cokali 2 na ash.
- Nace a rana, sannan tace.
- A wannan mafita, ana yimaka soaking na tsawon awanni 3.
- Bayan an wanke tsaba da ruwa mai tsabta.
Za ku iya bugun ƙwayar ƙwayar kabeji ta amfani da jiko na ash, wanda suke soaked tsawon awanni 3
Wuya
Kafin shuka kabeji, ana shawarar tsaba don taurare don ƙara juriya ga yanayin zafi. Bayan duk hanyoyin shirye-shiryen, ana sanya kayan iri a cikin ƙananan firiji (+ 1-2 ° C) kwana ɗaya. Bayan wannan lokacin, an yanke tsaba kuma sun fara shuka.
Dasa tsaba don shuka
Lokacin shuka kabeji don shuka ya dogara da al'adu iri-iri, yanki da kuma lokacin da ya kamata ya sami amfanin gona.
Lokaci
Lokacin girma kabeji na farko iri a wasu yankuna, ana shuka seedlings a cikin ƙasa a ƙarshen Afrilu, wanda ke nuna buƙatar shuka iri a tsakiyar Fabrairu ko farkon Maris. Iri na balaga na matsakaici don tsire-tsire dole ne a shuka shi a farkon Afrilu, ƙarshen ripening a ƙarshen watan. Shuke-shuke da ire-iren waɗannan ana shuka su ne a cikin ƙasa mara kariya daga tsakiyar Mayu zuwa farkon watan Yuni. Amma don ƙarin madaidaitan ranakun, zasu dogara ne akan yanayin yanayi na wani yanki. Ba shi da wahala a lissafta lokacin shuka iri na kabeji don shuka: kimanin kwanaki 10 ke wucewa daga shuka zuwa shuka, kuma kwanaki 50-55 daga farkon farawa zuwa dasa shuki a cikin ƙasa. Wannan yana nuna buƙatar dasa iri na shuka na kwanaki 60-65 kafin dasawa cikin ƙasa.
Yadda ake shuka
Shuka al'adun da ake tambaya mai sauki ne kuma yana ɗorawa waɗannan ayyukan:
- Tankunan saukar da filaye suna cike da ƙasa kuma suna yin ƙananan tsagi tare da zurfin 1 cm tare da nisan 3 cm daga juna.
Tankunan saukar da filaye suna cike da cakuda ƙasa, bayan wannan an girka girki ko ƙananan recesses, gwargwadon nau'in kwandon shara
- Yada tsaba tare da tazara ta 3 cm kuma yayyafa da yashi ko peat don hana samuwar ɓawon ƙasa.
Yada tsaba na kabeji tare da tazara na 3 cm, bayan haka sun yayyafa da peat, yashi ko cakuda ƙasa
- Isasar tana da kyau zubar da ruwa, bayan haka an rufe kwantena tare da fim ɗin zahiri kuma an sanya shi a cikin wurin dumi (+20 ˚С).
Bayan an shuka iri, an rufe kofuna da jakar filastik kuma a sanya shi a cikin wurin dumi (+20 ˚С)
Bidiyo: shuka kabeji don shuka
Kula da seedlings na kabeji a gida
Don haɓaka ƙoshin lafiya da ƙwayoyi masu ƙarfi, tana buƙatar samar da kulawa da ta dace. In ba haka ba, ba wai kawai ci gaba da ci gaba ba ne zai yiwu ba, har ma ya faru da cututtuka, kuma a cikin mafi munin yanayi, mutuwar seedlings.
Zazzabi
Kabeji ya kamata ya bayyana a rana ta 9-10 bayan an shuka shi. A wannan lokacin, dole ne a rage yawan zafin jiki zuwa +10 ˚С. A mafi girma kudaden, matasa seedlings za a elongated. Bugu da kari, akwai yuwuwar ci gaban cututtukan da kuma mutuwar seedlings.
Idan an shuka seedlings a cikin wani ɗaki, to, wurin da ya fi dacewa shine glag loggia (baranda).
Bayan makonni 1-2, ana tashin zazzabi zuwa + 16-17 ° C, da dare ana kiyaye shi a + 7-10 ° C, yayin tabbatar da samun iska ta yau da kullun.
Lokacin girma seedlings na kabeji, yana da mahimmanci a lura da tsarin zafin jiki dangane da matakin haɓaka
Manyan miya
A m gwargwado a kula da kabeji seedlings ne babba miya. Shuke-shuke suna buƙatar ƙarin abinci mai gina jiki, wanda ke tabbatar da ci gaban aiki da ci gaban su. Ana amfani da takin mai magani sau da yawa:
- Makonni 2 bayan fitowar - ammonium nitrate (2 g), superphosphate (4 g), takin mai magani na potassium (2 g), wanda aka diluted a cikin lita 1 na ruwa, ana amfani dashi azaman abinci mai gina jiki. Sakamakon bayani yana shayar da seedlings a tushe tare da bushewa na farko na kasar gona da ruwa.
- Makonni 2 bayan ciyarwar farko - yi amfani da takin zamani iri daya a cikin rabbai, amma ya danganta da 0.5 l na ruwa.
- Makonni 2 kafin saukowa a kan shafin - amfani da nitrate (3 g), superphosphate (5 g) da taki potassium (8 g) a kowace lita 1 na ruwa.
Haske
Don haɓaka al'ada, ana buƙatar kabeji don samar da sa'o'in hasken rana na 12-15 hours. Ana amfani da Luminescent, phyto ko LED lamp a matsayin tushen karin haske. An sanya su akan seedlings a tsayin 20-25 cm.
Ba'a ba da shawarar yin amfani da fitilar incandescent azaman hasken wutar lantarki ba, tunda ba wai kawai suna kunna haske ba, har ma suna sha iska.
Abbawan kabeji suna buƙatar awanni 12-15 na hasken rana, waɗanda ke amfani da ƙarin hasken wuta
Zaba
Iyakar waɗancan seedlingsan seedlings da aka shuka a cikin akwatunan seedling suna ɗaukar hoto. Idan an shuka seedlings cikin kwantena daban, to suna da isasshen sarari don ci gaban al'ada. An fara yin shuka 10 kwanaki bayan fitowar. Kuna buƙatar fahimtar cewa wannan tsari ne mai raɗaɗi ga tsirrai, tunda tushen tsarin ya lalata. Yi la'akari da yadda ake dasa shuki a cikin kwandon shara (kofuna, tukwane):
- Pre-ruwa da seedlings, moistening kasar gona da kyau.
Kafin zana, an shuka zubar kabeji da ruwa
- A hankali cire tsire-tsire, riƙe su da ganyen cotyledon.
Don cire tumatir na kabeji, yi amfani da spatula wanda zai share ɓarawon tare da dunƙule na duniya
- Muna bincika tushen kuma gajarta 1/3 tsayi tare da almakashi.
- Muna cika tanki mai saukowa tare da kayan ƙasa (na ainihin yanki don shuka), wanda muke yin hutu da yayi daidai da tsawon tushen.
Thearfin ƙwayar kabeji yana cike da cakuda ƙasa, barin rami don thean itacen a tsakiyar
- Mun zurfafa seedlings zuwa matakin cotyledon ganye, yayyafa da ƙasa kuma ɗauka da sauƙi m.
A lokacin da ruwa seedlings kabeji, da sprout dole ne a zurfafa zuwa matakin cotyledon ganye
- Muna yin yawaita ruwa kuma cire tsire-tsire a cikin wani wuri mai duhu na tsawon kwanaki 2.
Tunda ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na kwayar cuta na iya shigar da tushen tushen lokacin ruwa, bayan cire seedling daga akwatin seedling, yana da shawarar tsoma shi a cikin wani rauni bayani na potassiumganganate (1 sauke 1 a kowace lita na ruwa).
Bidiyo: kabeji da aka girka a kan misalin broccoli
Seedling hardening
Makonni 2 kafin dasa shuki na kabeji seedlings a kan shuka dole ne a taurare. Anyi wannan saboda su dace da yanayin matsakaici. Ana ɗaukar seedlings zuwa zuwa veranda, baranda ko zuwa gonar, da farko na awa 1, sannan a hankali ƙara yawan lokacin da aka ɓata. A lokacin shuka, ya kamata tsire-tsire su kasance a waje a kusa da agogo. Bugu da kari, sati daya kafin dasawa, sai suka fara rage ruwa, suna hana seedlings bushewa.
Domin tsire-tsire na kabeji don daidaitawa da yanayin waje, dole ne a fara taurare
Saukowa
An zaɓi yankin da ke da fitila don kabeji, kuma an shirya su a gaba:
- cire ciyayi da sauran tarkacen tsire;
- 6-8 kilogiram na takin ko takin da aka dafa da kuma g 100 na itace ash a 1 m² ana yin su don digging.
Tsarin dasa shuki ya dogara da nau'in iri iri:
- nau'ikan farko - 35 × 45 cm;
- tsakiyar lokacin - 60 × 60 cm;
- marigayi - 70 × 70 cm.
Kyakkyawan yanayi don dasa shuki a cikin ƙasa bude sararin samaniya ne. Sayen tanki dole ne a fara shayar dasu. Tsarin ya ƙunshi matakai masu zuwa:
- An yi ramuka mara zurfi a ƙarƙashin seedlings kuma an zubar da ruwa (aƙalla 1 lita).
Rijiyoyin don seedlings na kabeji suna yin girman tushen tsarin tsirrai, la'akari da tasirin laka
- A hankali cire tsire-tsire daga kofuna waɗanda tare da curin dunƙule kuma ku sanya su a cikin ramukan da aka shirya.
A hankali cire seedlings na kabeji daga kofuna tare tare da dunƙule na dunƙulen ya kuma sanya su cikin ramuka
- Seedlingsajin suna da zurfafa zuwa matakin farkon ganye na farko, an yayyafa shi da ƙasa kuma ana shayar dashi.
Kabeji seedlings suna zurfafa zuwa matakin farkon ainihin ganye, yafa masa ƙasa kuma an shayar dashi
A cikin fewan kwanaki bayan dasawa, ya zama dole don inuwa da tsire-tsire daga rana kuma fesa da ruwa da yamma.
Hanyar don girma seedlings kabeji
Yawancin amfanin gona na lambu suna girma a cikin seedlings. Babban zaɓi mafi yawa ga lambu shine seedlings ko kwantena daban. Koyaya, a cikin yanayin gidan ba mai sauƙi ba ne don samar da yanayin da ake buƙata don tsirrai, musamman tare da adadi mai yawa na seedlings. Sabili da haka, kwanan nan, an yi amfani da sababbin hanyoyin yin shuka seedlings kuma da yawa, wanda zai iya rage farashin kwadago, rage yankin da aka mamaye ba tare da wani lahani ga ingancin seedlings ba. Yi la'akari da waɗannan hanyoyin daki-daki daki daki daki.
A cikin allunan peat
Don kawar da lalacewar Tushen ƙwayar kabeji yayin nutsewa, ana iya girma seedlings a cikin allunan peat, wanda ya ƙunshi dukkanin abubuwan gina jiki da ake buƙata. Har sai an dasa tsirrai a wurin, ba za su buƙaci ƙarin abinci mai gina jiki ba. Jerin ayyukan yayin da ake shuka shuki a cikin allunan kamar haka:
- Zabi Allunan tare da diamita na akalla 4 cm, saka su a cikin akwati na girman da ya dace kuma cika su da ruwa mai ɗumi (50 ° C) don kumbura.
Don kabeji, an zaɓi allunan peat tare da diamita na akalla 4 cm kuma an zuba su da ruwa mai ɗumi a cikin akwati da ta dace
- Bayan haɓaka ƙarar allunan ta hanyar sau 7-8, ana kwashe magudanan ruwa, kuma ana sanya 2 tsaba a cikin hutu, bayan wannan an rufe su da peat.
A cikin Allunan kumbura yada tsaba na kabeji da rufe tare da peat
- Ana canja akwati tare da allunan zuwa wuri mai haske tare da zazzabi na + 18-20 ° C kuma an kiyaye shi a cikin irin wannan yanayi har fitowar.
- Bayan germination, ana cire kwayar cutar mai rauni ta hanyar yankan a ƙarƙashin tushe.
Bayan fitar da tsaba kabeji, ana cire ƙwayar mai rauni ta hanyar yankan shi zuwa tushen
Idan Tushen suka tsiro ta hanyar kwamfutar hannu, ana dasa shuki a cikin akwati na dasa tare da kwamfutar hannu, ta 'yantar da ita daga kayan da aka samo.
A cikin "katantanwa"
Amfani mara izini na seedlingsan seedlings a cikin "katantanwa" shine ƙafar ƙafa: za a iya girma shuka 15 a cikin yanki ɗaya, kuma girmanta yana daidai da tukunyar matsakaita. Bugu da ƙari, cakuda ƙasa don wannan hanyar zata buƙaci ƙasa da lokacin da ake dasa shuki a ƙayyadadden hanya. Otsan buɗe ido a cikin "katantanwa" suna kwanuka a hankali kuma kada ku tsoma baki tare da juna don haɓaka. Ofayan ɗayan kayan yau da kullun don wannan hanyar samun seedlings shine substrate ƙarƙashin laminate. Tsarin saukar da ƙasa ya ƙunshi matakai masu zuwa:
- An yanke kayan a cikin tube 20 cm fadi da kusan 1 m tsawo.
Don kerawa na "katantanwa" a yanka abin da ya rage a cikin yatsun cikin yatsun 20 cm kuma tsawon 1 m
- A madadin, ana zubar da ƙasa mai laushi tare da wani yanki na 3 cm, 3 cm kuma an sake dawowa daga gefuna kuma an sanya tsaba a cikin ɓangaren ɓangaren na gaba "snail" tare da tazara na 10 cm.
A kan substrate, ana zuba ƙasa mai laushi kuma an sanya tsaba a cikin ɓangaren sama na gaba "snail"
- Cire kayan a cikin yi, ta amfani da roba don ɗauka tare, sannan ku rufe shi da jakar filastik kuma canja shi zuwa zafi (+ 20-25 ° C) don tsiro.
Mirgine kayan a cikin yi, ɗaure daɗaɗaɗa na roba, sannan rufe tare da jakar filastik kuma canja wurin zuwa zafi
- "Snail" yana tafe a hankali a hankali yana shaka, kuma bayan fitowar, an cire kunshin.
- Lokacin dasa shuki a cikin ƙasa, an ɗora littafin kuma an cire seedlings tare da ƙasa.
Bidiyo: 'Ya'yan shuka a cikin "snail" akan misalin barkono
A cikin "diapers"
Hanya mafi sauki wacce za'a shuka shuki kabeji yana cikin "zanan". A wannan yanayin, kuna buƙatar jakakkun filastik na 20 × 30 cm ko guda na fim, kazalika da cakuda ƙasa. An bada shawarar danshi ƙasa kuma ƙara karamin adadin sawdust don mafi kyawun samuwar. Sannan aiwatar da wadannan matakai:
- Ana sanya dunƙule na ƙasa a kan polyethylene kuma an kafa bututu.
- Bayan an rufe, ana samun kofi tare da ƙasa mai laushi ba tare da tushe ba.
- Irin waɗannan kwantena an sanya su a cikin akwatina tare da sawdust.
- A cikin kofuna, ɗan ƙaramin yatsa ya sa ya zama 1 cm kuma ya yada tsaba 2 idan mutum bai girma.
- Jirgin tare da kofuna waɗanda ke nannade cikin jaka na filastik kuma sanya shi cikin duhu da wuri mai kyau don shuka.
- Lokacin da sprouts suka bayyana, an cire kunshin kuma an sanya akwatin a kan windowsill, yana samar da hasken al'ada.
- Lokacin da ganye cotyledonous ya bayyana, ana ɗaukar seedlings zuwa ga greenhouse ko zuwa loggia, tunda seedlings kabeji ba sa son zafi da ƙarancin zafi.
Shuka kabeji seedlings a cikin "diapers" yana ceton sarari
- Yayinda ƙasa ke bushewa, tana dafe daga kwalban feshi.
- Ana aiwatar da ƙasa daidai da sharuɗɗan yankin su.
Bidiyo: tsiro na tsiro a cikin "diapers" akan misalin cucumbers
Shuka seedlings ba tare da ƙasa ba
Lessarancin ƙasa na kabeji na shuka, wanda kuma ana kiranta hanyar Moscow ko "yi birgima", yana sauƙaƙe samarwa na shuka da kuma ɗimbinsu a cikin dindindin. Tare da wannan hanyar, ba a buƙatar tanki na ƙasa da ƙasa. Rashin hulɗa tsakanin shuka da ƙasa a farkon haɓakar tsire-tsire yana kawar da abin da ya faru na cututtuka: irin waɗannan seedlings basu da ƙafa baƙar fata. Kamar sauran hanyoyin zamani, zaɓin mara izini yana ba ku damar adana sarari da sanya adadi mai yawa na kwantena masu tsire-tsire tare da tsire-tsire waɗanda suka fi son zafi.
Don wannan hanyar, kuna buƙatar takarda bayan gida mai faɗi uku, tire don salo daɗaɗɗen sigari, fim ɗin cling da tsaba. Dukkanin tsarin aikin ya sauko kan wadannan ayyuka:
- Mun yanke fim ɗin a cikin tube daidai da nisa da takarda bayan gida, yayin da tsayin ya kamata yakai 40-5 cm.
- Mun shimfiɗa fim ɗin a kan ɗakin kwana, sanya takarda a saman kuma sanya shi da ruwa.
Zai fi kyau danshi takarda da kwanon roba ko bindiga mai feshi don kada ya tsage.
- Muna juyawa daga gefen 2 cm kuma mun fitar da tsaba tare da tazara tsakanin 4-5 cm tare da tsawon takarda. Don dacewa, zaka iya amfani da hancin.
- Bayan shuka, rufe tsaba tare da takardar takarda, jika shi, kuma sanya fim mai tsayi a saman.
- Muna murɗa “sanwic” mai sakamakon, ƙoƙarin yin ko gefuna, ɗaure shi tare da maɓallin roba kuma sanya shi a cikin kwanon rufi (tsaba a sama), ƙara ruwa kaɗan.
'Ya'yan da aka yi birgima tare da tsaba suna ɗaukar sararin ƙasa da ƙasa sosai
- Mun sanya jakar filastik a saman kuma mu sanya ramuka don samun iska.
Mun sanya "jakar filastik" a saman “rollaukan-kai" kuma muna yin ramuka don samun iska
Lokacin da shuka kabeji da dama iri, kai tsaye alamar su, misali, ta yin alamar alama a kan rubutu “-an wasan-kai”.
Bayan fitowar ta fito, an cire kunshin. A lokacin namo seedling, ya kamata a yi takin har sau biyu: a lokacin lokacin da aka yi zurfin tsiro kuma a lokacin da aka kafa takalmomin farko na gaskiya. Zai fi kyau a yi amfani da magunguna kamar Gumi-20, Ideal da makamantansu don caji. Lokacin ɗaukar, a hankali ɓoye "mirgine", cire seedlings tare da takarda kuma dasa su a cikin kwantena cike da cakuda ƙasa.
Bidiyo: tsire-tsire masu girma ba tare da ƙasa ba
Cututtuka da kwari na kabeji
Girma ƙwayar ƙwayar kabeji kusan ba zai yiwu ba tare da wani nuances da ke hade da bayyanar cututtuka da kwari. Don amsa lokaci don dacewa game da wata matsala, kuna buƙatar iya gane shi kuma ku ɗauki matakan da suka dace.
Cutar
Mafi yawan cututtukan cututtukan ƙwayar ƙwayar kabeji sun haɗa da ƙafafun baƙar fata, peronosporosis, fusariosis da sauransu.
Kafa baki
Cutar fungal da ke cutar da tushe da tushen tsirrai. Babban alamar ita ce tushen baƙi wanda aka saƙa na dutsen, ya fizge, sannan bushewa. Yanayin da ba'a dace dashi ba don cigaban wannan cutar sune:
- babban zafi
- ƙasa mai ɗumi
- kauri saukarwa
- acidic ƙasa
- Rashin kwararawar iska tsakanin tsirrai.
Don ƙayyade acidity na ƙasa, ana amfani da na'urar ta musamman ko takaddun mai nuna alama (gwajin pH). Kabeji yana buƙatar matakin acid a cikin kewayon pH 6-8.
Don hana haɓakar ƙafafun baƙar fata, ya zama dole a bi ka'idodi don shuka shuki:
- shirya kasar gona tare da matakin da ake so na acidity;
- kar overmoisten kasar gona;
- kauce wa lokacin farin ciki
- bi da tsaba da ƙasa kafin shuka.
Legaƙwalwar baƙar fata ita ce cutar mafi yawan cuta na kabeji seedlings, a cikin abin da duhu yake haifar da tushe a cikin tushe
Idan har yanzu cutar tana cutar da tsirrai, zaku iya komawa ga hanyoyin da za ku bi don magance ta:
- cire cirewar da ta fashe daga akwatin seedling tare da dunƙule mai laushi;
- dasa bishiyar tsire-tsire masu lafiya zuwa cikin sabuwar ƙasa mai gurɓatacciyar ƙasa, da jefa marasa lafiya tare da ƙasa;
- don kula da tsire-tsire masu lafiya tare da maganin maganin sulfate, ruwa na Bordeaux ko potassium permanganate;
- amfani da soda a cikin ƙasa (1 teaspoon da 1 gilashin ruwa).
Powdery mildew
Bayyanar cututtuka da kamuwa da cuta na ƙwayar cuta tare da mildew powdery - bayyanar farin aibobi akan seedlings. Powdery mildew, ko da yake ba a yi la'akari da cuta mai tsanani ba, musamman ma ga shuka manya, na iya cutar da matasa, don haka ya kamata a bi da tsire-tsire. Ofayan mafi kyawun zaɓi don waɗannan dalilai shine Fitosporin-M.
Tare da mildew foda, farin aibobi ya bayyana akan tsire-tsire waɗanda zasu iya cutar da ƙananan kabeji seedlings.
Peronosporosis
Tare da peronosporosis, ganyayyaki sun lalace kuma suka mutu da wuri. Haka kuma cutar tana faruwa yayin rashin bin ka'idodin yanayin shuka. Don magance cutar, zaku iya amfani da maganin maganin sulfate na jan karfe, sabulu mai ruwa, ko nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta na Topaz (1 tablespoon na kowane samfuran da aka jera a cikin ruwa 10).
Peronosporosis yana faruwa ne lokacin da rashin bin ka'idodin yanayin shuka kabeji
Canji
Cutar naman gwari tana shafar manya da ƙananan tsire-tsire, ta bayyana kanta a cikin nau'in baƙar fata a cikin ganyayyaki. Lokacin da aka kirkiri shugaban kabeji, aibobi ya mamaye ganye na waje, wanda zaku iya lura da plaque, mai kama da fata - wannan shine silar naman gwari. Don hana cutar, ana shuka iri tare da Planriz kafin dasa, kuma ana kiyaye dokokin juyawa na amfanin gona. Idan har yanzu cutar ta shafi shukokin a hanyar cuta, to kwayoyi kamar su Skor, Quadris ya kamata ayi amfani dasu.
Ana nuna kabeji na Alternaria a cikin nau'in baƙar fata a kan cotyledons, sannan a kan ganyayyaki na waje
Fusarium zai
Fusarium walƙiya yana shafar ba kawai kabeji ba, har ma da wasu albarkatu na gicciye. Yana yiwuwa a tantance cewa tsire-tsire ke haifar da wannan cuta ta fungal da rawaya aibobi a cikin ganyayyaki tare da bushewarsu na gaba da mutuwa. A kan tsire-tsire mafi tsufa, an kafa ƙarami da maras kyau a kan kai. Idan an samo ciyawar da abun ya shafa a gonar, dole ne a cire ta a zubar da ita, kuma ya kamata a kula da wurin da ake shuka iri iri kamar su Benomil, Tekto, Topsin-M.
Tare da fusarium wilting na kabeji, ana lura da yellowing na foliage, sai ya bushe da mutuwa
Kila
Alamomin masu zuwa suna nuna bayyanar wannan cuta akan tsiro:
- ganye bushe da bushe;
- outgrowths a cikin nau'i na tubers a kan asalin sa.
Dole ne a cire seedling da ya shafa daga ƙasa tare da tushen kuma ya ƙone. Dalilin bayyanar da keel a kan kabeji mai nauyi ne da ƙasa mai acidic, i.e., rashin daidaiton ƙasa don wannan amfanin gona.
Za'a iya yin hukunci game da kamuwa da kabeji ta hanyar yellowing da wilting na ganye tare da gefuna, tasha a cikin ci gaban kai
Karin kwari
Karin kwari na iya haifar da ƙarancin lahani ga tsire-tsire matasa, don haka dace da ingantaccen iko wajibi ne tare da su.
Aphids
Aphids na kabeji ƙananan kwari ne da ke lalata ganyen amfanin gona. Kuna iya yin hukunci da lalacewar wata shuka ta wannan kwaro ta farin ko launin ruwan kasa mai rufi a cikin ganyayyaki tare da murgudawa mai zuwa. Kuna iya yaƙar aphids ta hanyoyi da yawa:
- decoction na taba taba,
- sabulu mai kashe kwari
- Deltamethrin.
Aphid akan kabeji yana shafar ganye, wanda yakan kai ga juya su
Kabeji asu
Kwaro shine malam buɗe ido wanda yake ciyar da tsiro. Cututtukan suna haifar da lalacewar mafi girma ga seedlings: suna cin ganye, ƙamshi da mai tushe. A sakamakon irin wannan lalacewar, an katse hancin ganyayyaki, kuma a cikin yanayi mai zafi sukan karɓi ƙonewa daga rana. Bayan cin naman kwayayen, an lura da amfanin gona nan gaba. Daga cikin sinadarai na kula da kwaro, zaka iya amfani da Decis, Actellik, Ripcord. Wajibi ne don tattara caterpillars da qwai daga tsire-tsire, ciyawar ciyawa. Hakanan akwai girke-girke na jama'a, koyaya, wannan magani dole ne a maimaita shi sau da yawa don cimma sakamako:
- maganin itacen ash (kofuna 2 na ash da cokali 1 na yankakken sabulu a lita 10 na ruwa), wanda aka fesa da tsire-tsire;
- jiko na celandine ko daskararre (yankakken bushes suna narkar da ruwan zãfi a cikin gwargwado na 1/5 kuma nace na rabin sa'a).
Kabeji asu ya ci ganye, ganyayyaki da ganyen kabeji, wanda ke kaiwa ga mutuwar shuka
Cruciferous fleas
Wannan karamin kwari ne (2-4 mm), wanda aka bambanta ta da tsalle mai kyau da cin ganyayyaki da mai tushe na tsirrai, tsutsotsi kuma suna lalata tushen tsiro. Tare da adadin fleas da yawa, inji zai iya mutuwa a cikin 'yan kwanaki. Idan za a iya ajiye tsiron daga tsiro, to za a lalata bayyanar. Sabili da haka, ana bada shawarar matakan kariya don ciyarwa gaba:
- hana haɓakar ciyawar gwanaye (jakar makiyaya, colza, radish daji);
- aiwatar da weeding na zamani, namowa da manyan miya;
- shuka kabeji kusa da tsire-tsire phytoncide.
Phytoncide tsire-tsire, wanda ya haɗa da calendula, marigolds, nasturtium, suna fitar da ƙanshin da ke tayar da ƙyallen ƙwallon kabari.
Lokacin da kwaro ya mamaye, sukan fara amfani da magunguna kamar su Decis, Karbofos, Aktara.
Karnukan Cruciferous da yawa suna iya kashe kabeji ta cin ganyayyaki
Kabeji tashi
Matar macen ta sanya ƙwai a cikin ƙasa mai zafi kusa da tsire-tsire, kuma ƙyamar ƙyamar da aka lalata ta lalata tushen ƙwayar, wanda ke haifar da bushewar su da mutuwa. Don yaƙin ta amfani da jami'ai masu guba Topaz, Zemlin, Iskra, Karbofos ko Rovikurt. Hakanan zaka iya zuwa ga hanyoyin mutane, alal misali, tsarma 5 ml na ammoniya a guga na ruwa da zuba akan gadaje kabeji.
Idan kabeji ya tashi daga lalacewar kabeji, tsirrai za su yi rashin lafiya
Kabeji Farar fata
Wannan kwaro da aka sani da kowa da kowa a matsayin kabeji (malam buɗe ido), amma ba ita ba ce ke haifar da haɗari ba, amma mata ne ke cin ganyen kabeji. Mabudin za a iya gane shi da sauƙin launin shuɗi-shuɗi tare da maki mai jujjuya jiki. Hanya mafi inganci don magance kwaro ita ce bincika ganyen kabeji, lalata ƙwai da matafila. Haka ma, wannan bu mai kyau ga bincika tsire-tsire da aka dasa kabeji kusa. Za'a iya amfani da kwari iri iri akan farar fata, amma Fitoverm da Kinmiks sune suka fi tasiri. Kuna iya dafa jiko mustard:
- 100 g busassun foda zuba lita 10 na ruwan zafi kuma barin kwanaki da yawa.
- Kafin amfani, tsarma maganin a cikin rabo 1: 1 tare da ruwa kuma fesa tsire-tsire.
Caterpillars na kabeji fata suna cin ganyen kabeji, galibi suna barin manyan jijiyoyi
Matsalar girma
Kabeji yana da matukar damuwa ga yanayin girma, sakamakon wanda, tare da kulawa da ba ta dace ba, wasu matsaloli sun taso.
Seedlings miƙa
Ba zana seedlings ba sabon abu bane. Akwai dalilai da yawa akan wannan matsalar:
- rashin haske;
- zazzabi mai zafi;
- takin mai magani na nitrogen a cikin ƙasa.
Kabeji seedlings ya shimfiɗa a cikin ƙananan haske
Don tabbatar da haske na yau da kullun, yana da mahimmanci ba kawai don shigar da ƙarin tushe ba, har ma da amfani da kayan tunani (farin takarda, tsare). Amma ga zazzabi, kabeji baya son zafi musamman zafi. A karkashin yanayin da bai dace ba, ba kawai shimfidawa ba, amma ya mutu gaba ɗaya. Sabili da haka, wajibi ne don tabbatar da tsarin zazzabi da ya dace.
Idan tsire-tsire suna karɓar adadin nitrogen, to, ganye suna haɓakawa ga lalata tushen tsarin. Wannan yana nuna buƙatar dakatar da sake maye gurbin tare da nitrogen har sai an dasa shuki a ƙasa.
Seedlings ba su yi girma
Dalilin kabeji seedlings ba sa girma a gida yawanci ana samun shi a cikin ƙananan zafi da kuma yawan zafin jiki. Don tabbatar da yanayin al'ada, an fi sanya seedlings a cikin gidan kore, inda yafi sauƙin ƙirƙirar microclimate da ake buƙata.
Partashin ɓangaren tushe yana bushewa
Matsalar bushe ƙananan ɓangaren kara yana haifar da rashin danshi a cikin ƙasa, ciyayi mai kauri da iska mai bushe. Duk waɗannan abubuwan suna nuna buƙatar ƙirƙirar da kuma ingantaccen yanayi na tsirrai matasa. Kabeji amfanin gona ne mai daɗin ruwa wanda yake buƙatar yin ruwa na yau da kullun da matsakaici, kuma idan tsire-tsire suna da kauri sosai, simplyan seedlings ba su da isasshen danshi. A wannan yanayin, da seedlings bukatar a thinned fitar da mai tushe ɗauka da sauƙi yafa masa ƙasa.
Kabeji - daɗaɗɗen-ƙaunar al'adu
Don haɓaka matakin laima, ana buƙatar fesa tsire-tsire lokaci-lokaci.
Seedlings zai Fade
Akwai yanayi idan ganyen kabeji ya bushe. Dalilin na iya zama tsananin wuce gona da iri da kuma rashin kwancewar kasar gona, a sakamakon wanda aka kirkirar duniyan gona, wanda yaduwar iskar oxygen zuwa tushen ke da wuya. A wannan yanayin, Tushen tsirrai suna bushe. Bugu da kari, zai zama da amfani a bincika magudanan magudanar ruwa na tankokin saukar da filayen. Idan sun makale, to lallai ruwan ba shi da inda za a toka. Dalilin wilting na iya kasancewa saboda rashin isasshen ƙasa.
Dalilin bushewar ƙwayar kabeji ana iya haifar da rashin isashshen oxygen, ɗumbin danshi a cikin ƙasa ko kuma rashin dacewawar acidity
Seedlings juya rawaya
Idan seedlings sun juya rawaya, dalilin shine rashi ko wuce haddi da takin zamani. Idan ana amfani da takin mai wuya don miya, to babu buƙatar amfani da wasu baturan. Idan an mamaye ƙasa da takin mai magani, dole ne a wanke shi da babban adadin tsabtataccen ruwa tare da yiwuwar gudummawa kyauta. A cikin matsanancin yanayi, ana iya dasa shuki zuwa wasu ƙasa.
Tare da rashin takin zamani, seedlings kuma na iya juya launin rawaya. Nemi takin bai isa ba, zaka iya akan wadannan filaye:
- rashiwar phosphorus - rawaya ganye a kan mara;
- rashin potassium - tukwicin ganye masu launin rawaya;
- karancin baƙin ƙarfe - ganye yana jujjuya launin rawaya a duk kan gindi.
Kabeji na iya canza launin rawaya saboda rashi ko wuce gona da iri
Hakanan ana iya haifar da yellowness na tsire-tsire ta hanyar bayyanar kamuwa da cuta, wanda aka gabatar dashi tare da tsaba. Idan aka sarrafa zuriyar a cikin ƙwayoyin potassium, to wannan ba za a iya raba wannan zaɓi ba.
Don haɓaka ƙwayar kabeji lafiya, ya wajaba don ƙirƙirar yanayi mafi kyau duka tsire-tsire.Noma na al'ada yana da nasa abubuwan, amma, lura da dokoki da shawarwari masu mahimmanci, kazalika da ɗaukar matakan magance cututtuka da kwari, don haɓaka shi ƙarƙashin ikon kusan kowane lambu.
