Yawancin lambu suna son yin kabeji, amma ba kowa ne ya yi nasara ba. Don dalilai daban-daban, babu wata hanyar shuka seedlings a gida ko a cikin greenhouse. A wannan yanayin, zaku iya yin shuka iri kai tsaye a cikin ƙasa, wanda ya dace da nau'ikan wannan nau'in amfanin gona (farin-kai, kohlrabi, Peking, broccoli).
Ana shirya shafi don dasa kabeji
Kafin fara shuka shuki irin na kabeji, dole ne a zaɓi kuma a shirya wurin. Ya kamata a sanya gadaje masu zuwa nan gaba a wani wuri mara buɗe. Don hana haɓakar cututtuka da kwari, ya zama dole a bi ka'idodin juyar da amfanin gona, madadin dasa shuki. Kabeji ya kamata a dasa a wuri guda ba a farkon shekaru 4 ba. Mafi kyawun magabata a kai shine dankali, albasa, legumes, cucumbers.
Kabeji na son sako-sako da ƙasa mai wadatarwa tare da isasshen danshi. Don cimma kyakkyawan tsari, ana amfani da takin gargajiya ta ƙasa, kamar taki ko takin a cikin nauyin kilogram 5 a cikin 1 m². Zai fi kyau takin ƙasa a cikin kaka don tono.
A cikin shirye-shiryen da gadaje kabeji, a cikin kaka, an yi taki a ƙarƙashin digging a cikin kaka
Har sai lokacin bazara, abubuwan gina jiki zasu zama tsari mai narkewa ga tsirrai. Ya danganta da nau'in ƙasa, ana amfani da takin ma'adinai ƙari:
- a kan kasa na peat, wanda ke dauke da karancin potassium, zai buƙaci gabatarwar 20-40 g na potassium chloride ta 1 m²;
- a kan yashi mai yashi mara kyau a cikin potassium da phosphorus, superphosphate 40-60 g da potassium chloride 20-50 g a 1 m²;
- Dole ne a zubar da ruwan acidic ta hanyar amfani da lemun tsami ko ash 80-100 g da 1 m².
Baya ga kwayoyin halitta, ana kara takin ma'adinai a cikin ƙasa, kuma ana amfani da loams ta hanyar amfani da toka
Don kabeji, ƙasa tare da acidity kusa da tsaka tsaki (pH 6.5-7) an fi son su. A kan kasa mai ruwan acidic, al'adar kan dauki cigaban wata cuta kamar keel.
A lokacin kaka, an girka yankin da kabeji zuwa zurfin 20-25 cm kuma ba a bari a kwance ba har sai lokacin bazara. Tare da isowar zafi, an huda ƙasa da rake. Kafin yin shuka, an haƙa gadaje don zurfin kusan 7 cm, kuma ke biye da matakan. Idan ƙasar ba ta shirya tun daga faɗuwar ba, to a farkon bazara, an haƙa shafin har zuwa zurfin bayoneti na felu kuma ana bincika shi da rake.
Yadda za a zabi tsaba na kabeji don shuka
Zaɓin kayan ƙwaya yana buƙatar kulawa ta musamman, saboda girma da ingancin amfanin gona na nan gaba ya dogara da shi. Bari muyi cikakken bayani akan menene ma'auni a la'akari yayin zabar tsaba:
- Yankin namo. Akwai nau'ikan kabeji da yawa waɗanda aka bred don takamaiman yankuna, wanda aka nuna koyaushe akan marufi tare da tsaba. Idan ba'a samu irin wannan bayanin ba, to ana ba da farantin da za'a iya amfani dashi don ƙayyade lokacin da ake yin shuka da girbi. Da ya fi tsayi da kabeji girma lokaci, da more dumi yankin ake bukata domin noma shi.
- Characteristicsasan halaye. Ya danganta da nau'in da aka zaɓa, nau'in ƙasa wanda gonar ta ba da mafi kyawun yawan amfanin ƙasa ya kamata a la'akari dashi.
- Ripening kwanakin. Kabeji ya kasu kashi-kashi biyu: tun farko (ya girma a tsakanin kwanaki 50-120), matsakaici (kwana 90- 900) da na ƙarshen (kwanakin 160-270). Lokacin zabar tsaba, kuna buƙatar yin la'akari da wannan alamar yayin la'akari, kuma kada ku shuka irin amfanin gona iri ɗaya.
- Me ake kabeji da shi? Zaɓin iri-iri kuma ya dogara da abin da za a yi amfani da kayan lambu don: na salads, pickles ko don adana sabo. Yakamata a ba da irin wannan bayanin a kan lakabin ko marufi.
- Resistance da cututtuka da kwari. Kowane aji yana da halaye na kansa. Don haka, akwai nau'ikan da ke bayar da juriya ga cututtuka da kwari, amma ba za su iya yin alfahari da yawan aiki mai yawa ba, kuma akwai nau'ikan da ke da yawa, amma ba tare da juriya ba. Dole ne a yi la'akari da wannan alamar, tunda zai zama dole don samar da kulawa da ta dace.
- Resistance na fatattaka. Zai fi kyau bayar da fifiko ga nau'ikan da ba su da haɗari ga fatattaka, saboda ba wai kawai bayyanar kawunan ya lalace sakamakon wannan matsala ba, har ma matsalolin ajiya sun taso: ba a adana shugabannin da suka fashe.
- Yankunan gida. Don girma kabeji akan rukunin yanar gizonku, zai fi kyau ku sayi nau'ikan da aka zagi, misali, kiwo na gida. Bayan haka, ainihin wannan irin kayan zuriya ne da zai fi dacewa da yanayin damuwarku.
Bidiyo: yadda ake zabi tsaba kabeji
Yadda zaka sami tsaba da kanka
'Yan lambu suna tunanin samun nasu kabeji idan suna son wani iri, amma babu wani tabbaci cewa kakar wasa mai zuwa za'a samu damar siye shi. Yana cikin ikon kowa da kowa ya samar da kayan iri. Babban abu ba shine a yi amfani da nau'ikan matasan don waɗannan dalilai ba, tunda ba a adana halaye da yawa a cikinsu.
Da farko kuna buƙatar fahimtar cewa don samun tsaba, an rarraba kabeji kamar haka:
- giya uwar giya wata shuka ce ta farkon shekarar farawar da aka saba da kowa kuma ta zama shugaban kabeji;
- tsirrai iri - uwar giya da aka dasa a shekara ta biyu, daga ita aka kafa furanni da tsaba.
A matsayin uwar giya, tsire-tsire tare da babban kabeji, an dungu da numberan ganye kadan a kusa da kai an zaɓi
Don tsire-tsire na igiyar ciki, kawai an zaɓi kayan kayan shuka masu inganci iri-iri wanda kake son yaduwa. Varietiesarin tsaka-tsaki da na marigayi sun fi dacewa da waɗannan dalilai. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa sun fi kiyaye su har saukowa a kakar wasa mai zuwa. Kabeji, wanda za a yi amfani da shi azaman tsire-tsire na uterine, ya kamata ya kasance yana da girma mafi girma na kabeji, cob da ganyen ganye ya kamata su zama kaɗan. Plantsarancin tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire na bakin ciki da ƙaramin ganye na waje a kai ya kamata a zaɓi don tsire-tsire na uwa.
Daga ganyen kabeji, ciyawar fure zata bunkasa shekara mai zuwa, daga inda ake tattara tsaba daga baya
Ana cire tsire-tsire na farkon shekarar kafin farkon sanyi. Idan sun dan yi sanyi sosai, to ya kamata ka basu lokaci dan su "motsa". Don dalilai a cikin tambaya, ya fi kyau shuka kabeji kai tsaye cikin ƙasa. Irin waɗannan tsire-tsire suna da rhizome mafi ƙarfi, ɗan gajeren sanduna, ana iya kiyaye su. Ana tsabtace masu shayarwa uwa tare da tushen da dunƙule, daga baya kuma sai a tsame tushen tsarin a cikin yumɓu mai ruwa sannan aka cire tsiron rosette. Sannan an saka su a cikin ɗakunan ajiya, suna tabbatar da zazzabi na + 1-2 ° C. Idan mai nuna zafin jiki kasa da 0 ° C, to, tsire-tsire na cikin mahaifa za su daskare kuma idan aka dasa shuki zai zama mai saukin kamuwa da cuta. Tare da haɓaka yawan zafin jiki na fiye da + 10, С, ganye kawai zasu yi girma tare da farfaɗo.
Don dasa sel na Sarauniya, kuna buƙatar zaɓar wani shafi wanda dusar ƙanƙara a cikin bazara ba ta dame shi na dogon lokaci. Ana amfani da takin gargajiya a daidai wannan adadin don dasa kabeji. Shuke-shuke ana shuka su a ƙarshen Afrilu, tun da farko sun rufe rhizomes tare da cakuda lãka da mullein. Ana yin wannan hanyar tare da nesa tsakanin uwar giya na 60 cm, zurfafa tsire-tsire a cikin ramuka tare da shugaban kabeji. Bayan dasa, ana shayar da bushes kuma an girgiza shi a farkon zamanin, kamar yadda aka kiyaye shi a yayin dawo da daskararru ta hanyar rufe shi da fim. Kulawa an rage shi zuwa tsari iri daya kamar na kabeji talakawa: cire ciyawa, namowa, shayarwa, kayan miya.
A kan tsire-tsire na shekara ta biyu, an kafa farfajiya, waɗanda ke ɗaure zuwa goyon baya
Bayan makonni 2, lokacin da tsire-tsire na igiyar ciki suka yi tushe, ana cire sauran tsoffin ganye da petioles don guje wa lalata. Lokacin da aka kafa shinge fure, suna yin garter ga goyon baya. Harbe-raben da ba su yi fure ba, da kuma wucewar wuraren hutu, ana cire su. Lokacin fure yana kusan wata guda. Bayan fure, tsaba a cikin kwanson ya girma a cikin watanni 1.5. Suna buƙatar cire su, ba tare da jiran cikakken balaga ba, tunda ainihin farkon zasu fara zubowar ƙasa daga filayen buɗe ƙofofin. Abubuwan ƙwaya sun bushe kuma an adana su.
Bidiyo: zana tsaba
Ana shirya tsaba don shuka
Shirya kayan kabeji don shuka ba tsari bane mai wahala, amma yana da fa'idodi mai yawa. Girbin girbi na gaba ya dogara ne daidai da matakan matakan shirya.
Sifantawa
Dole ne a dasa tsaba kafin a shuka, wanda suke soaked na mintina 5 a cikin maganin gishiri na 3%. A wannan yanayin, hatsi mai sauƙi zasu fito, kuma masu nauyi zasu nutse zuwa ƙasan. 'Ya'yan da ke kan saman an zana su, kuma an tattara ragowar, a wanke su a tsaftataccen ruwa a bushe. Suna buƙatar amfani dasu don shuka.
Abubuwan cabeage suna calibrated don zaɓin mafi girma: ana amfani dasu don shuka
Gwajin Germination
Ana bincika tsaba kabeji don yin shuka don fahimtar yadda suka dace da shuka da abin da zaku iya dogaro. Don yin wannan, an lullube su cikin zane mai bushe don kwanaki 5 kuma a sanya su cikin zafi (+ 20-25 ° C). A wannan lokacin, kuna buƙatar saka idanu da laushi na masana'anta kuma, idan ya cancanta, kumatasa shi. Don sauƙaƙan lissafi, zai fi kyau a ɗauki tsaba ɗari. Ana bincika hatsi a kullun, an ƙidaya fure kuma an cire shi. Tsaba da ke kyan gani a cikin kwanakin farko na 3 yana nuna germination na seedlings, kuma germination a cikin mako za a iya yin hukunci ta hanyar germination.
Warming sama da disinfection
Mingarfafa kayan ƙwaya, yana yiwuwa a haɓaka haɓakarsa da haɓakarsa, tare da rage yiwuwar cututtukan haɓaka kamar su ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta. Za a iya dumama cikin hanyoyi da dama:
- Tsallake tsaba na awanni 1.5-2 cikin ruwa a zazzabi na + 60 ° C. Wuce ƙimar kada ta kasance, tun germination zai ƙara haɓaka.
- Ana shuka mai zurfi don watanni 2.5-3 a zazzabi na + 25-35˚С, yayin da ba a cire yiwuwar dumama mai zafi. An zana tsaba a cikin kwali kuma an sanya shi a kan batirin dumama don kula da zafin jiki da aka nuna
Don hana ci gaban wasu cututtuka da yawa, an shuka tsaba a cikin maganin 1% na potassiumgangan na mintina 25.
Don shirya bayani na 1% na potassiumgangan, ya zama dole don narke 1 g na potassiumgangan a cikin ruwa na 100 ml.
Don lalata ƙwayar kabeji, an sanya su cikin aiki a cikin bayani na 1-2% na potassiumgangan
Soaking
Don fitar da kabeji mafi kyau, ana nutsar da su a cikin bayani tare da abubuwan gina jiki na tsawon awanni 12. Don waɗannan dalilai, sodium humate, potassium humate, manufa, epin sun dace. A ƙarshen wannan magani, ana wanke tsaba a cikin ruwa mai tsabta. Hakanan za'a iya shirya maganin abinci mai zaman kansa daga ash. A saboda wannan, 2 tbsp. l toka an zuba mai da lita 1 na ruwa kuma nace a rana ɗaya, bayan haka an dasa kayan shuka na tsawon awanni 3 a cikin jiko.
Sannan an shuka tsaba a cikin ruwa tsawon awanni 12 kafin kumburi. Don yin wannan, an shimfiɗa su a kan saucer, cike da ruwa (+ 15-20 ° C) kuma sanya su a cikin wurin dumi. Ruwan ya kamata a canza shi kowane sa'o'i 4, kuma ya kamata a haɗu da hatsin kabeji. Bayan kumburi, an shimfiɗa su a kan zane mai bushe kuma an sanya su cikin firiji (+ 1-3 ° C) kwana ɗaya. Ta haka ne, hardening ne da za'ayi, wanda qara sanyi juriya da tsaba da kuma hanzarta su germination.
Za ku iya bugun ƙwayar ƙwayar kabeji ta amfani da jiko na ash, wanda suke soaked tsawon awanni 3
Yadda ake dasa tsaba a kabeji
Don dasa kabeji tare da tsaba a cikin ƙasa, yana da mahimmanci ba kawai don shirya ƙasa da iri ba, har ma don kammala wannan hanya a cikin lokaci.
Lokacin shuka
Lokacin dasa amfanin gona ya dogara da iri-iri, nau'in halitta da kuma irin yankin. Kabeji na farkon digo-mai-sanyi yana iya tsayayya da yawan zafin jiki na -5 ° C. Bai dace da ajiyar dogon lokaci ba, saboda haka bayan tsaftacewa ana cinye shi nan da nan. A farkon Afrilu, an rufe gado da wani fim saboda bayan makonni 2 ƙasar ta yi ɗumi don shuka. Ta wannan hanyar, zaku iya shuka kabeji, alal misali, a latitude na yankunan Saratov da Voronezh, kuma girbi a cikin rabin na biyu na Yuli.
A cikin Kudancin Rasha (Krasnodar Territory, Yankin Rostov) ana iya shuka tsaba kabeji har ma a farkon - a farkon Maris, kuma girbi a cikin shekaru goma na uku na Yuni. Amma game da shuka amfanin gona a cikin ƙasa a cikin tsakiyar layi, a nan kwanakin suka faɗi a farkon Mayu. A cikin Urals da Siberia, sanyi a cikin bazara ya fi tsawo a cikin yankin Turai na Rasha, don haka shuka shuka na kabeji na farko ya fi wahala.
Yadda ake shuka kabeji
Lokacin da aka shirya makircin da tsaba, akan ranar ƙarshe ta zo, zaku iya fara shuka. Dukkanin tsari ya sauko zuwa matakai masu zuwa:
- A kan gadaje suna yin ramuka na ƙananan zurfin.
Bayan an shirya makircin, gadaje suna leve tare da rake kuma an yi ramuka marar iyaka
- Dasa ramuka ana zubar da irin wannan adadin ruwan don ana iya cika su da zurfin cm 20 Bayan an shayar, an bar ramuka a awa 1-1.5 don dumama.
- A rami sauƙaƙewa an yayyafa shi da ƙasa, an yi “makwaftan” kuma suka dasa shuki da yawa zuwa zurfin 1-2 cm, an murƙushe shi da ƙasa kuma ya ɗan shayar da shi.
A cikin kowace rijiya, ana sanya tsaba 2 zuwa zurfin 2 cm, an yayyafa shi tare da ƙasa kuma an ɗan shafa tamus
- Ana rufe filaye tare da gilashin gilashi.
Bayan an shuka iri, an rufe kofofin dasawa da kwalba ko filastik filastik
Dasa tsaba da yawa a cikin rami ɗaya shine saboda gaskiyar cewa bayan an shuka ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙarfi sprouts, kuma an cire masu rauni.
Nisa tsakanin ramuka kai tsaye ya dogara da nau'in kabeji. Don haka, ana shuka nau'in cikakke da wuri daga juna a nesa na 40 cm, kuma ana shuka shuru matsakaici da na marigayi a 50-65 cm, saboda suna da girma da girma. A mafi yawancin lokuta, lokacin da kabeji ke girma, sukan yi amfani da dabarun murabus da filayen girkin talakawa. A farkon lamari, ana aiwatar da dasawa a nesa na 60 * 60 ko 70 * 70 cm, a karo na biyu - 90 * 50 cm. Bayan fitowar kuma yayin da tsire-tsire ke haɓaka, ana aiwatar da matakan agrotechnical: tsabtace, takin, girbi, cire ciyawa.
Tsarin dasa kabeji ya dogara da nau'in shuka da kuma jeri daga 40 cm zuwa 70 cm tsakanin tsirrai
Bidiyo: shuka kabeji cikin ƙasa
Dasa tsaba a kabeji
Shuka albarkatu a cikin yanayin tsirrai, kamar a ƙasa mai buɗewa, yana farawa da shirye-shiryen ƙasa da kayan shuka.
Ilasa da shirye-shiryen iri
Tun da kabeji yana da matukar son danshi, wannan fasalin dole ne a la'akari lokacin da zaɓin da kuma shirya tsarin ƙasa, yana sa ya zama mai sauƙi da sauƙi. Duniya yakamata ta ƙunshi waɗannan abubuwan:
- 2 sassan humus;
- 1 yanki na ƙasar turf;
- 1 bangare na yashi.
Don hana ci gaban ƙafafun baƙar fata a cikin cakuda ƙasa ta 1 m², kuna buƙatar ƙara 1-2 tbsp. itace ash. Don wadatar da ƙasa tare da abubuwan ganowa, kuna buƙatar ƙara potassium sulfate (20 g), ammonium nitrate (15 g), superphosphate (45 g) ta 1 m². Ilasa da wannan abun da ke ciki zai iya samar da tsirrai tare da abinci mai gina jiki. Amma game da shirye-shiryen tsaba, hanya tana kama da wacce ake yin sa lokacin shuka a cikin ƙasa.
Lokacin shirya ƙasa a cikin greenhouse, ana ƙara takin gargajiya da ma'adinai
Shuka tsaba
Tsarin dasa kabeji a cikin rufaffiyar ƙasa ya dogara da hanyar namo. Idan ka bi ka'idodin aikin namo, wato, tara, to tsakanin layuka suna yin nisan 2 cm, kuma ana shuka tsaba tare da tazara daga cm 1 Idan ba a shirya tsinkayen ba, an sanya nesa da ɗan girma:
- tsakanin layuka na 5 cm;
- tsakanin dasa kayan 3 cm.
Don shuka tsaba na kabeji, an yi furzar m tare da nisa na 2 cm daga juna
Bayan shirya furbar, an zubar da su da ruwa, ana shuka tsaba kuma an rufe su da ƙasa. Don kaucewa rikicewa, ana ba da shawarar kowane aji.
Don saurin fito da sauri na seedlings, gado tare da plantings dole ne a rufe shi da fim. Da zaran harbe sun bayyana, an cire fim din don kada ya tsoma baki tare da girma.
Dasa kabeji a cikin greenhouse yana iya zama denser idan kuna shirin nutsewa tsirrai
Don al'ada ci gaban na seedlings, ya zama dole don tabbatar da tsarin yanayin zafin jiki mafi kyau. Da rana, zazzabi ya kamata + 15-17˚C, tare da yanayin girgije + 13-15˚C, da dare + 7-9˚C. A mafi girman kyawawan dabi'u, dole ne a dauki matakan kawo su al'ada. Lokacin da harbe suka bayyana, za a saukar da zazzabi zuwa + 8-10 ° C a cikin rana, kuma ana ɗan gyara abubuwan da aka karanta cikin yanayin girgije. Ayyuka masu zuwa don narkar da albarkatu ya ƙunshi daidaitattun fasahohin fasahar noma tare da dasa tsire-tsire zuwa ƙasa.
Don haɓakar al'ada na kabeji a cikin greenhouse, ya wajaba don tabbatar da yawan zafin jiki mafi kyau
Amma game da lokacin dasa kabeji a cikin ƙasa mai kariya, sun dogara da yankin da nau'in iri da aka horar. Bugu da kari, dole ne a ɗauka a zuciya cewa ana shuka ƙwayar shuka a shafin a lokacin yana da watanni 1-2.
Bidiyo: yadda ake shuka kabeji a cikin kori ta hanyar tsaba
Cold kabeji shuka
Lokacin da ake horar da kabeji a gida, tsire-tsire suna buƙatar samar da ingantaccen haske da ƙarancin zafin jiki, in ba haka ba sprouts din zai zama mai ƙarfi da daɗewa. Irin waɗannan yanayi suna da sauƙin ƙirƙira akan titi. A wannan yanayin, ana shuka tsaba a cikin akwatin seedling, an yayyafa shi da ƙasa kuma an shayar da shi sosai. Bayan dasawa, ana ɗaukar akwati zuwa baranda, idan gida ne, ko kuma gonar, idan aka girma a cikin gida mai zaman kansa. Wurin don shigar da akwatin an zaɓi rana, kuma daga sama suna yin tsari daga fim. Ya kamata a sa bayyanar 'ya'yan fure a cikin kwanaki 10. Juyawar zuwa wurin yana gudana da zaran 1-2 ainihin ganye.
Lokacin girma kabeji ta hanyar sanyi, ana sanya amfanin gona tare da akwatin seedling a baranda ko a cikin lambu a ƙarƙashin fim
Girma kabeji ta hanyar da ba ta shuka ba, yana yiwuwa a rage kuɗin kwadago, wanda yake da mahimmanci musamman da shigowar bazara. Bugu da kari, wasu nau'ikan sun fi dacewa su girma ta shuka kai tsaye a cikin ƙasa. Sanin yadda ake zaba da shirya tsaba da ƙasa, da shuka a kan lokaci, samun kyakkyawan kabeji ba karamin ciniki ba ne.
