Kowane mutum ya san cewa ruwa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar shuka. Tsarin al'ada na kowane kwayoyin shuka yana yiwuwa ne kawai lokacin da dukkan jikinsa da kyallen takarda suna da cikakke da danshi. Duk da haka, tsarin musayar ruwa tsakanin tsire-tsire da yanayi yana cikin haɗari da multicomponent.
Mene ne sha
Sugawa - tsari ne mai sarrafawa na motsi na ruwa ta hanyar kwayoyin kwayoyin halitta, wanda ya haifar da asarar ta hanyar evaporation.
Shin kuna sani? Kalmar "transpiration" ta fito ne daga kalmomin Latin guda biyu: wucewa da kuma numfashi - numfashi, numfashi, exhaling. An fassara wannan kalma a matsayin fassara, sweating, gumi..Don fahimtar abin da ake sawa a cikin matakan farko, ya isa ya fahimci cewa ruwa mai mahimmanci ga tsire-tsire, wanda aka samo daga ƙasa ta hanyar tsarin tushen, dole ne ya kai ga ganye, mai tushe da furanni. A cikin wannan yunkuri, yawancin danshi ya ɓace (cirewa), musamman ma haske mai haske, iska mai iska, iska mai karfi da zazzabi.
Saboda haka, a ƙarƙashin rinjayar abubuwan da ke cikin yanayi, ruwan da yake ajiya a cikin ɓangarorin da ke sama sun ci gaba da cinyewa kuma, sabili da haka, dole ne a sake cika su a duk lokacin saboda sababbin bayanai. Yayinda ruwa ya kwashe a cikin kwayar shuka, wani tsumbura mai karfi ya taso, wanda "ya janye" ruwa daga cikin sassan makwabta kuma haka tare da sarkar - har zuwa tushen. Sabili da haka, babban injiniyar "ruwa" daga ruwa zuwa ganyayyaki yana samuwa a cikin sassan ƙananan tsire-tsire, wanda, don sanya shi kawai, aiki kamar ƙananan farashin. Idan kun shiga cikin tsari kadan kadan, canjin ruwa a rayuwa mai shuka shine sashi mai zuwa: zana ruwa daga ƙasa ta asalinsu, dauka zuwa gabobin da ke sama, kwashewa. Waɗannan matakai guda uku suna cikin hulɗar juna. A cikin kwayoyin tushen tsarin shuka, an kirkiro magungunan osmotic, a ƙarƙashin rinjayar ruwa a cikin ƙasa yana rayewa ta hanyar tushen.
Lokacin, saboda sakamakon fitowar mai yawa da ganye da kuma karuwa a cikin yanayin zafi, ruwa ya fara farawa daga cikin tsire-tsire ta wurin yanayin kanta, akwai gurguwar matsawa a cikin tasoshin tsire-tsire, wanda aka kawo zuwa ga tushen kuma yana tura su zuwa sabon "aikin". Kamar yadda kake gani, tushen tsarin shuka yana jan ruwa daga ƙasa karkashin jagorancin dakarun biyu - da kansa, aiki da m, wanda aka lasafta daga sama, wanda ke lalacewar ta.
Wace rawa rawa ne ake yi a cikin motsa jiki a cikin tsire-tsire?
Tsarin goge yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar shuka.
Da farko, ya kamata a gane cewa Yana da ruwan sha wanda yana samar da tsire-tsire tare da kare kariya. Idan a ranar rana mai haske muna auna yawan zafin jiki na furen lafiya da ƙurewa a cikin tsire-tsire guda, bambancin zai iya zama digiri bakwai, kuma idan wani ganye mai laushi a cikin rana zai iya zama zafi fiye da iska mai kewaye, to, yawan zafin jiki na ganye mai sauƙi yana yawanci digiri a ƙasa ! Wannan yana nuna cewa tsarin tafiyar da ke faruwa a cikin wani ganye mai kyau ya ba shi damar kwantar da kansa, in ba haka ba yaron ya mutu kuma ya mutu.
Yana da muhimmanci! Bugawa shine tabbacin hanyar da yafi muhimmanci a cikin rayuwar shuka - photosynthesis, wanda ke faruwa mafi kyau duka a zazzabi na 20 zuwa 25 digiri Celsius. Tare da karuwa mai girma a cikin zazzabi, saboda halakar chloroplasts a cikin kwayoyin shuka, photosynthesis yana da wuyar gaske, sabili da haka, yana da mahimmanci ga shuka don hana irin wannan damuwa.Bugu da ƙari, motsi na ruwa daga tushen zuwa ganyayyaki na shuka, wanda ci gaba yana samar da jini, yayin da yake hada dukkanin kwayoyin halitta a cikin kwayoyin halitta guda daya, da kuma karfi da shayarwa, yawancin tsire-tsire na tasowa. Muhimmancin gumi yana cikin gaskiyar cewa a cikin tsire-tsire manyan abubuwan gina jiki zasu iya shiga cikin kyallen takalma tare da ruwa, sabili da haka, hakan ya fi karfin yawan jini, da sauri cikin ɓangaren tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire suna karɓar ma'adanai da kwayoyin halitta wanda aka rushe cikin ruwa.
A ƙarshe, bugun jini abu ne mai ban mamaki wanda zai iya sa ruwa ya tashi a cikin tsire-tsire a ko'ina cikin tsawo, wanda yake da muhimmanci, misali, ga itatuwan tsayi, manyan bishiyoyi, saboda tsarin da aka yi la'akari, zasu iya karɓar nauyin da ake buƙata na danshi da na gina jiki.
Irin ire-iren
Akwai nau'i biyu na tsawa - stomatal da cuticular. Don mu fahimci abin da yake daya da sauran jinsuna, muna tuna daga darussan da aka tsara na ganye, tun da yake wannan kwayar itace ne wanda ke da mahimmanci a cikin aiwatar da bugun jini.
Saboda haka Shafin yana kunshe da wadannan masana'anta:
- fata (epidermis) shine rufewar launi na leaf, wanda shine jere guda guda na sel, mai haɗuwa da juna don tabbatar da kare kaya daga ciki daga kwayoyin, lalacewar injiniya da bushewa. A saman wannan Layer sau da yawa wani kakin zuma mai karewa, wanda ake kira cuticle;
- ainihin nama (mesophyll), wadda ke cikin ɗakunan biyu na epidermis (babba da ƙananan);
- veins tare da ruwa da kuma kayan lambu narkar da shi motsa;
- Kwayar stomata tana kulle kwayoyin halitta da budewa a tsakanin su, a ƙarƙashin abin da akwai tasirin iska. Kwayoyin stomatal suna iya rufewa da bude dangane da ko akwai isasshen ruwa a cikinsu. Tana cikin wadannan kwayoyin da ake aiwatar da tsarin yitawa da ruwa da musayar gas.
Stomatal
Da farko, ruwan ya fara farawa daga farfajiyar jikin mutum. A sakamakon haka, wadannan sel sun rasa danshi, manisci na ruwa a cikin capillaries sunyi ciki, yanayin tashin hankali ya kara, da kuma cigaba da yaduwar ruwa ya zama da wuya, wanda ya ba da damar shuka don adana ruwa. Sa'an nan kuma ruwa mai tsawa ya fita ta cikin kwarin stomatal. Muddin stomata suna budewa, ruwa yana kwashe daga ganye a daidai wannan fansa kamar daga ruwa, wato, rarraba ta stomata sosai.
Gaskiyar ita ce, tare da wannan yanki, ruwan ya yadu sama da sauri ta hanyoyi masu yawa da ke cikin nesa fiye da ɗaya daga cikin manyan. Ko da bayan stomata an rufe shi cikin rabi, tsananin karfin yana kasancewa kamar girman. Amma a lokacin da stomata ta kusa, ruwan sha yana raguwa sau da yawa.
Yawan stomata da wurin su a wurare daban-daban ba iri ɗaya ba, a wasu nau'in su ne kawai a cikin gefen leaf, da sauransu - duk daga sama da kasa, duk da haka, kamar yadda za'a iya gani daga sama, ba yawan adadin stomata ba ne ya shafi kudi na evaporation, amma mataki na budewarsu: idan akwai ruwa mai yawa a cikin tantanin halitta, da stomata bude, lokacin da rashi ya auku - an rufe kwayoyin rufewa, ƙananan ƙwayar stomatal ya rage - kuma stomata kusa. 
Cuticular
Cuticle, da stomata, yana da ikon amsawa da nauyin saturation na ganye tare da ruwa. Gashi a kan murfin ganye yana kare leaf daga iska da hasken rana, wanda zai rage ruwan asara. Lokacin da aka rufe stomata, cututtuka na cuticular yana da mahimmanci. Girman wannan nau'in wuka yana dogara ne da kauri daga cikin cuticle (wanda ya fi ƙarfin Layer, da ƙarancin evaporation). Yawan shekarun shuka kuma yana da muhimmancin gaske - ruwan ruwa a kan ganyayyakin ganye yana da kashi 10 cikin dari kawai na tsari mai tsabta, yayin da yaran zasu iya kai har zuwa rabi. Duk da haka, haɓakawa a cikin cututtukan cuticular yana kiyaye a kan bishiyoyi da yawa, idan kullun kare su ya lalace ta hanyar tsufa, fasa ko fasa.
Bayyana fasalin sukar
Tsarin gubar yana shafar abubuwa masu yawa.
Abubuwan da ke shafar yadda ake aiwatar da su
Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, ƙarfin wuka yana ƙaddamar da ƙaddamar da saturation na kwayoyin kwayoyin shuka tare da ruwa. Hakanan, wannan yanayin yana shafar yanayi na waje - zafi, zafin jiki, da adadin haske.
A bayyane yake cewa tare da iskar busassun iska ana aiwatar da matakai sosai. Amma danshi mai lalacewa yana shafar wutan lantarki ta hanyar da ba haka ba: drier ƙasa, ruwan kasa bai shiga cikin tsire-tsire, mafi girma da kasawarsa kuma, bisa ga abin da ya faru, ƙananan ƙarewa.
Tare da ƙara yawan zafin jiki, transpiration yana ƙaruwa. Duk da haka, watakila babban dalilin da yake shafi sweating har yanzu haske ne. Lokacin da ganye ya sha hasken rana, ƙananan zafin jiki ya ƙaruwa, kuma, yadda ya kamata, stomata budewa da kuma karfin jini yana karuwa.
Shin kuna sani? Ƙarin chlorophyll a cikin shuka, wanda ya fi ƙarfin hasken yana rinjayar tsarin tafiyarwa. Tsire-tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire sukan fara motsi danshi kusan sau biyu kamar yadda haske ya yada.
Bisa ga rinjayar haske a kan ƙungiyoyi na stomata, akwai magunguna guda uku masu girma kamar yadda yake a yau da kullum. A cikin rukuni na farko, an rufe stomata a daren, da safe zasu bude kuma motsawa a lokacin hasken rana, dangane da kasancewa ko rashin ruwa. A cikin rukuni na biyu, yanayin kwastan stomata shine "canzawa" na rana (idan sun bude lokacin rana, kusa da dare, da kuma mataimakin mugunta). A cikin rukuni na uku, a lokacin rana rana jihar stomata ta dogara ne da saturation na ganye tare da ruwa, amma a dare sukan bude su. A matsayin misalai na wakilan rukuni na farko, ana iya nuna wasu tsire-tsire na hatsi, ga rukuni na biyu sun hada da tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire, misali, Peas, beets, da clover, zuwa rukuni na uku, kabeji da wasu wakilan duniya mai duniyar da rassan ganye.
Amma a zahiri ya kamata a ce da dare, mai tsabta yana da mahimmanci fiye da lokacin rana, saboda a wannan lokacin rana yawan zazzabi yana da ƙananan, babu haske, da kuma zafi, akasin haka, an ƙãra. A lokutan hasken rana, shawazai yawanci yawanci a tsakar rana, kuma tare da ragewa a cikin aikin hasken rana, wannan tsari yana ragu.
Ra'ayin ƙarfin motsawa daga wata naúrar gefen wani takarda da naúrar lokaci zuwa evaporation na irin wannan yanki na ruwa mai laushi ana kiransa hawan jini.
Ta yaya gyaran ruwan gyaran ruwa
Tsire-tsire yana shayar da yawan ruwan daga ƙasa ta hanyar tsarin tushen.
Yana da muhimmanci! Kwayoyin tushen wasu tsire-tsire (musamman ma waɗanda ke girma a yankuna masu tsabta) suna iya samar da karfi, tare da taimakon wannan laka daga ƙasa ya sha har zuwa dubban yanayi!Tushen tsire-tsire suna da damuwa da adadin laka a cikin ƙasa kuma suna iya canza shugabancin ci gaba a cikin jagorancin ƙara yawan zafi.
Bugu da kari ga tushen, wasu tsire-tsire suna da ikon sha ruwa da gabobin ƙasa (alal misali, mosses da lichens suna sha danshi a duk faɗinsa).
Ana rarraba ruwa zuwa cikin shuka a duk jikinsa, yana motsawa daga tantanin halitta zuwa tantanin halitta, kuma an yi amfani dashi ga matakan da ake bukata don rayuwa ta shuka. An rage adadi mai laushi a kan photosynthesis, amma yawancin wajibi ne don kula da nau'in kyallen takalma (abin da ake kira turgor), da kuma ramawa ga asarar daga jini (evaporation), ba tare da abin da muhimmin aiki na shuka ba zai yiwu ba. Rashin ruwa yana kwance a kan kowane haɗuwa da iska, don haka wannan tsari yana faruwa a duk sassan shuka.
Idan adadin ruwan da aka shuka da tsire-tsire yana daidaita tare da biyan kuɗin a duk waɗannan manufofin, an daidaita ma'aunin ruwa na shuka daidai, kuma jiki yana tasowa kullum. Rikicin wannan daidaituwa na iya zama yanayi ko tsawo. A tsarin juyin halitta, yawancin tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire sun koyi yadda za su magance haɓakaccen lokaci a cikin ma'aunin ruwa, amma raguwar lokaci na rushewa a cikin samar da ruwa da kuma tafiyar da evaporation, a matsayin mulkin, zai kai ga mutuwar wani shuka.
