Bayan yanke shawara don shuka ƙasa tare da hatsin rai, ba ku kuskure ba. Wannan wani zaɓi na cin nasara, idan kawai saboda a al'adun agronomy an yi amfani dashi a matsayin amfani da tsire-tsire mai laushi da magungunan ƙasa. Za'a iya amfani da girbi na girbi - akwai wasu kayan girbi da kayan girke-girke, da magungunan da ake amfani da ita a ciki, hatsi, bran kuma har ma hatsin rai. Mun gudanar da tattara shawara mai kyau daga masana masana'antu mafi kyau game da yadda za a shirya shirye-shiryen, dasawa da noma wannan ciyawa.
Shin kuna sani? Ana samun filayen raye a kusan dukkanin Arewacin Yankin duniya. Mafi yawan masana'antun sune Jamus, Poland, Rasha, Sin. A kasar mu, ana tara kimanin 640 ton kowace shekara.
Spring da hunturu hatsin rai: bayanin
Da farko, muna bayyana abin da rai shine, menene siffofinsa da bambance-bambance.
Don dalilai na aikin gona don girbi mai yawa na forage sown hatsin rai, samu a cikin aiwatar da ƙetare dabba da kuma horar da nau'in. Ba a taɓa fuskantar ba. A yankuna arewacin Ukraine, iri iri "Tatyanka" da "Vesnyanka" suna da mashahuri, kuma a yankunan kudancin - "Odessa perennial".
Don saduwa da bukatun abinci da kuma kayan lambu, ana amfani da hatsin rai, wanda ke tsiro a shekara guda. A mafi yawancin lokuta, irin wannan rukuni na wakiltar iri iri ("Amanda", "Gwagwarmaya", "Bohuslavka"), wanda ke nuna juriya ga sanyi da lightness. Sannan kuma sun kasance marasa amfani ga yanayin girma. Nazarin lokaci mai tsawo da kuma gwaje-gwaje na masu shayarwa da aka samu tare da fitinar hatsin gwiwar tetraploid, alal misali, "Puhovchanka", alamomin alamun su ne jimre don zama mai tushe da hatsi mai yawa.
Mai karfi tushen tsarin bambanta na shekara-shekara hatsin rai iri. Tushen launi yana zurfafa mita 1.5 - 2 kuma baya dogara akan watering. Bugu da ƙari, suna da babban ikon yin amfani da na gina jiki. Tare da tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire, an sanya nau'ukan daji a matakan biyu: babba da ƙananan Matsayin yana zama a cikin ɗaya a cikin babba na sama na ƙasa. A cikin sharaɗɗan sharaɗi, fiye da 50 harbe na iya girma daga iri guda. Yawan aiki a cikin 20 - 40 c / hectare.
An rarraba iyalin 'ya'yan herbaceous na shekara da shekaru na iyalin hatsi zuwa kashi biyu: bazara da hunturu. Ko da kuwa irin yadda ake rarrabawa, hatsin rai yana da tsire-tsire masu tsari kuma bisa ga bayanin irin halaye ya kasance akan alkama. Da fari dai, yana da wuya ga yanayin girma, abu na biyu, kawai kayan jikin phytosanitary suna da muhimmanci a ciki, kuma na uku, injin ya ƙi cututtuka da kwari da kyau.
Yana da muhimmanci! Idan akwai kananan potassium a cikin ƙasa, ƙwayar rai za ta ci gaba da rashin talauci, ƙarfin jaririn da kuma juriya za ta rage. Tare da rashin phosphorus da potassium, tsire-tsire yana da damuwa akan rage yawan zafin jiki.
A aikace, ana shuka shuki a cikin sau da yawa (Niva, Khakada, Drevlyanskaya). Suna samar da mafi yawan amfanin ƙasa har ma a ƙasa mai yatsun kasa, yalwata yawan acidity na kasar gona, rassan ruwa da tsutsa a lokacin raƙuman ruwa. Ba tare da rufe zai iya tsira 25 digiri na sanyi. An tsinke hatsin rai na rukuni ta hanyar fasalin halittu kuma yana ba da furanni na farko a ranar 1 - 2 °, kuma a cikin rani 12 ° C gaba daya ta rufe yankin da sauri daji. A matsakaici, kakar girma yana daga kwanaki 270 zuwa 350. A lokaci guda, al'ada yana da matukar damuwa da yanayin yanayin zafi, zai iya ɗauka a lokacin girtu, kuma idan aka yi amfani da shi a matsayin tsaka-tsire tsire-tsire tana narke ƙasa sosai. An dasa shi a wurin kayan lambu da ake bukata a shayar da shi sosai. An shuka ruwan 'ya'yan marmari a spring, har zuwa mafi girma a yankin Carpathian da yankunan karkara na Carpathians. A tsakiya da arewacin yankuna na Ukraine, an ƙara girma a matsayin inshora a kan daskarewa na amfanin gona hunturu, da kuma a cikin abincin gauraye. Popular iri ne "Onokhoy", "Tulunskaya", "Kabarda". Abinda suka bambanta shi ne buƙatar ƙara yawan ƙwayar iri saboda mummunan tillering. Duk da wanzuwar nau'o'in shuka iri-iri daban-daban, an yi amfani da hatsin rai a cikin aikin gona na gida.
Fasali na dasa hatsin rai
Shuka hatsin rai a lambun kayan lambu, kakan kare shi daga yashwa da wadatar da shi tare da nitrogen, potassium, abubuwa masu kwayoyin da zasu taimakawa wajen kwantar da hankalin ƙasa. Bugu da kari, a lokaci guda rabu da mu m kwari da weeds. Koda perennials kamar wheatgrass da kulle ba zai tsaya ba.
Zai zama abin da zai dace don hatsin rai na hunturu don shirya shafin a gaba kuma tsara da shuka bayan amfanin gona. Ana iya amfani da shi a matsayin mai ƙaddara ga matattu da hatsi na marmari ko a matsayin tsaka-tsire. Ba abin mamaki ba cewa agronomists kira hatsin rai hatsi, wanda ba na baya a cikin inganci zuwa humus da kuma ma'adinai ƙananan gidaje. A saboda wannan dalili, dole ne a lissafta shuka don kada a kafa magunguna na nan gaba kafin a fara bazara.
A cikin ɓacin lokaci, lokacin da yawancin wakilan kayan lambu ba su iya cikawa ba, tushen asalin rai ya sassauta ƙasa, tare da farkon wani narkewa, suna ci gaba, wanda yakan kara yawan kwayar halitta. Za a kara shuka da ƙwayar da za a kara ta hanyar hargitsi gado tare da rake. Hda kuma 'yan makonni kafin a dasa shuki babban amfanin gona, an yanke rassan hatsin rai, idan har tsawonsu ya kai 60 cm, kuma an binne su ta hanyar 3-5 cm a ƙasa, saboda haka an rufe taro kuma an rushe shi a cikin ƙasa. A matsakaita, kimanin kilo 5 na kore ya kamata ta kowace mita. Dankali, zucchini, tumatir, kabewa, kabeji, cucumbers zasu yi sauri a kan wannan ƙasa.
Yana da muhimmanci! Ba'a ba da shawarar shuka rhubarb da zobo bayan hatsin rai ba, kuma ba za a iya gina gado mai rai ba a kan shafin yanar gizon legumes.
Zai fi kyau a shuka hatsi bayan lupine, hatsi, ciyawa mai kyau tare da yanke iri, flax, masara silage, dankali. By hanyar, yana da bayan wannan asalin amfanin gona cewa ƙasar tana da lafiya tare da nematodes kuma yana buƙatar gyarawa, wanda ake buƙatar abincin rai.
Yadda za a shirya ƙasa don hatsin rai
Dangane da waɗanda suka riga su da kuma ƙasa da yanayi na yanayin damuwa, da kuma manyan bishiyoyi da aka dasa su. Shiri fara wata daya kafin shuka. Don fara farawa saman Layer tare da ko ba tare da noma. A wani wuri na wurin da hatsin rai zai yi girma, bayan tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire, ana amfani da kayan lambu a matsayin tsaka-tsaki. Ya isa daya ko biyu peeling diski da plowshare, noma girbi zuwa zurfin 22 - 25 cm da biyu - uku horarwa, kuma a kowane lokaci rage zurfin ta hanyar da yawa centimeters.
A lokacin da shuka hatsin rai bayan flax, dankali, gonar mai tsabta ne daga weeds kuma ana bi da shi tare da gwangwani harrows zuwa zurfin 10 - 12 cm A cikin gadaje masu narkewa, sun zurfafa zuwa 20 - 22 cm.
Idan hatsin hatsi da 'ya'yan itatuwa masu kyau sun kasance masu tsinkaye na hatsin rai na hunturu, dole ne su shiga cikin harbe-harbe zuwa zurfin 12 cm kuma su dasa minti 25 a cikin noma. Har ila yau kayan lambu da ke hade tare da haɗin raga na atomatik - 2.5 ko lalata da harrows, rollers.
Bayan hatsi, an yanki yanki kuma an lalata shi zuwa zurfin 16-18 cm a yankuna arewacin Ukraine da 20-22 cm a tsakiyar kudancin. A lokaci guda wajibi ne don gudanar da juyawa da damuwa. Ka yi la'akari, idan akwai kadan kadan kafin shuka hatsin rai, ya fi dacewa da yin gyare-gyare na farfajiyar diski.
Lupine, mai girma don taki, an binne shi a ƙasa da 25 cm, lokacin da aka kafa kananan peas a ciki. An lalata ƙasar zuwa zurfin 18 - 20 cm.
Don haka yankin da aka riga aka shirya basu da tsire-tsire da tsire-tsire ba kafin shuka, an yi amfani da shi a lokaci-lokaci da kuma razana. Kafin shuka, an sake karamin cultivator a zurfin rage yawan hatsi. Wasu agronomists sun bada shawarar madadin nau'in rVK - 3.6, RVK - 5.4.
Yana da muhimmanci! Don halakar kwayoyin halittu, ana shuka tsaba a gaban shuka tare da Fundazole (2.5-3 kg / ton), Tranozan (1 kg / ton), Baytan (2 kg / ton). Ba da shawarar shawarar dasa shuki sabo ba, ba a tara hatsi ba, saboda basu riga sun shirya don shuka ba.
Mafi kyau shuka lokaci
Lokacin da aka shuka hatsin rai kafin hunturu ya dogara da halaye na iri-iri, yanayin yanayin damin yankin, danshi mai laushi, da kuma yanayi. Alal misali, jinsunan diploid da hatsin rai tare da matakan lambun da suka gabata ba su bukatar shuka da wuri. Don ƙirƙirar yanayi mai kyau a cikin fall kuma ya hana ingancin albarkatun gona, rage yanayin sanyi, amfanin gona na hunturu ya kamata a shuka a rabi na biyu na lokaci mai tsawo. A sakamakon haka, samfurori mafi sanyi zasu sami lokaci don tsarawa don ci gaba.
A cikin kamfanonin aikin gona na Ukrainian na yammaci na kasar da kuma Forest-Steppe don kare sanyi, an shuka su a cikin shekaru goma na watan Satumba, a Polesie - a farkon, a Steppe - a cikin na biyu - shekara ta uku.
Sanin yadda sauri hatsin rai ke tsiro, yana da muhimmanci kada a rasa lokacin. A matsakaici, shuka ya kamata ya faru kwanaki 50 kafin yanayin zazzabi ya ci gaba (4 - 5 ° C). A wannan lokacin, harbe zasu kara karfi kuma su tashi da mita 25. Idan kun shuka da wuri ko kuma daga baya, al'ada ba zai tsira ba a lokacin hunturu.
Ana iya shuka nau'in hunturu a cikin bazara, amma amfanin gona ba zata ƙidaya ba. Domin al'adun suna da lokaci don yin makale, suna gudanar da vernalization - tsaba sun shuka zuwa millimita ɗaya suna da wuta tare da murya mai yatsa kuma sun aika wata daya a firiji. Bayan an aiwatar da manipulations an shuka. Akwai ra'ayi cewa lokacin da hatsin da aka girma ta wannan hanya ana girbe, yawan amfanin ƙasa ya karu.
Shuka fasaha (hanyoyi)
Akwai hanyoyi uku na shuka:
- sababbin masu zaman kansu tare da tramlines (mafi mahimmanci, kamar yadda yake ba ka damar rarraba iri).
- Ƙananan;
- giciye.
Rigar ruwan zafi dangane da shuka da hanyoyin kusa da alkama. Sakamakon zurfi na hatsi a cikin ƙasa mai baƙar fata tare da isasshen abun ciki na injin sanyi na 3-4 cm, a ƙasa mai haske shine 5-6 cm, kuma a cikin yanayin bushe 7-8 cm Kada ka manta cewa kumburi na hatsin rai yana kusa da tushen, sabili da haka karfi mai ciki ba kome ba .
Anyi amfani da tsaka-tsakin yanayi tsakanin 15 - 20 cm.
Shin kuna sani? 100 g na hatsi hatsi na dauke da 8.8 g na sunadarai; 60.7 g na carbohydrates; 1.7 g mai; 13.7 g na ruwa; 13.2 g na fiber na abinci; 1.9 g na abubuwa ma'adinai, kazalika da cikin adadi kaɗan na bitamin na kungiyar B, PP, E da fiber.
Rye: sharuddan kulawa (ciyawa, kulawa da ƙwayoyi, tillage, riguna)
Da yawa, kula da gada mai rai, idan aka kwatanta da alkama, yana da sauƙi kuma mai rahusa. Ma'anar wannan ita ce jimirin da shuka ya yi wa parasites da pathogens. Kafin mu ci hatsin rai, bari mu fahimci bukatun da muke buƙata, ta hanyar rarraba su ta hanyar yanayi.
A cikin kaka yana da mahimmanci don samar da yanayi don ingantaccen shuka, girbewa, tillering da kuma zub da hatsi. A karshen wannan, ana yada yankin da aka shuka a yanayin bushe, ban da amfanin gona a ƙasa mai nauyi. In ba haka ba, kuna yin haɗari da ƙimar ƙwayar hatsi da ƙasa, da ƙananan ɓawon burodi, wanda ya sa ya zama da wuyar matsi da harbe.
A cikin hunturu, gadon lambun ya fi dacewa a bi da shi tare da cakuda phosphorus-potassium, wanda zai karfafa da inganta karfin rai. Don matasa harbe, nitrogen-dauke da takin mai magani ba a shawarci duk da haka - za su halakar da sanyi-resistant halaye na iri-iri.
A cikin hunturu, kana buƙatar taimaka wa ciyawa don shawo kan sanyi, kafa ɓawon burodi da sauran matsalolin ci gaban. Don riƙe da amfanin gona kuma ƙara yawan amfanin ƙasa zai taimaka wajen dakatar da dusar ƙanƙara. A cikin manyan gonaki, ana aiwatar da shi da belin gandun daji, kuma a gida yana iya ƙayyadewa ga sanya kayan goge ko garkuwa.
Daga karshen watan Nuwamba zuwa Maris na farko, masu kula da hankali suna kara samfurori don aikace-aikacen matakan da zasu dace don kula da su.
A cikin bazara ka buƙatar tabbatar cewa filin bai tara ruwa ba. Idan ta tsaya fiye da kwanaki 10 a cikin filin, duk abin da zai tafi. A ƙasa mai yashi, wanda kullum yana shan wahala daga rashin ruwan inganci, akwai buƙata ta riƙe rafuka masu gudana. Kuma a cikin yanayin mummunan yatsan da ba'a taba ba, mirgine a cikin abin nadi don kiyaye murfin snow a kanta. Hanyar zai taimaka wa hatsin rai don tsira cikin damuwa. Bai kamata ku kwashe dukan ƙasar ba, ku bar hanya.
Da farko na zafi, bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan ƙurar ƙasa ta daina tsayawa ɗaya, sai ku kashe kuzari don halakar da ɓawon burodi kuma ku cire weeds waɗanda suka bayyana. Rye ya keta wasu tsire-tsire daga shafin yanar gizo, don haka ana amfani da herbicides a wurare masu yawa.
Shin kuna sani? Rye shiga filin kamar sako. Da farko sun yi gwagwarmaya da shi, sannan Asians suka amfana da dandano kuma sun fara noma. Goma na karshe na hatsi ya sanya Slavs.
Ba da daɗewa ba zai zama dole don ciyar da sprouts da suka tsira bayan hunturu. Agronomists sun bada shawara su yi amfani da takin mai magani ma'adinai sau biyu: a ƙarƙashin babban tillage a spring. An ƙididdige al'ada zuwa matakin da ya fi zafi na alkama, tun da yake manyan abubuwa da yawa sun jawo masaukin mai tushe. Bugu da ƙari, hatsin rai yana shayar da abubuwan gina jiki ko daga zurfin ƙasa mai zurfi sosai. A matsakaita, ana amfani da 45 zuwa 90 kilogiram na nitrogen, phosphorus da potassium a kowace hectare. Shirye-shiryen sa siffofi na kasa. An karu da ƙimar lokacin da wadanda suka riga sun zama matse, da kuma lokacin da suke girma da jinsin tsirrai na tetraploid. Amma bayan masara yana da amfani don ƙara yawan nitrogen, kuma, a akasin wannan, ya rage bayan gishiri, tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire.
Cikakken nau'i mai magani, kashi 80% na nau'in phosphorus ana amfani dashi yayin da ake cikewa, sauran 20 - 15% na phosphorus - lokacin da shuka. A matsayin madadin, wuya-to-decompose gari phosphate gauraye da taki da kuma peat an dauke. A kan matakan talauci, ya dace ya samar da taki tare da nitrogen (30 kg / ha).
Don ƙarin ciyar da kayan kore, kashi 30-60 kg / ha na nitrogen an gabatar a mataki na uku na organogenesis, kuma 30 kg / ha a mataki na hudu. A cikin yanayin yanayi, lokacin da pH ya kasa da 5, amfanin gona na hunturu ba shi da isasshen lemun tsami (3-5 t / ha), kuma a cikin gishiri gishiri - gypsum (3-5 t / ha).
Daga takin gargajiya don hatsin rai, taki yana da mahimmanci, gauraye takin gargajiya da man shanu, phosphate dutsen da lemun tsami.
A lokacin rani, babu buƙata don noma, duk da haka, kulawa ba ya daina. Yanzu ya zo lokacin da za a magance kwari, cututtuka da kuma matakan tsaro. Duk da kwanciyar hankali na hatsin rai, saboda yanayin yanayi, akwai yiwuwar amfanin gona na hunturu tare da hawan. Kayan dabbobi suna mutuwa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar kwari. Ganye yana ƙaunar da govils, hatsi da kwari, kwari, tururuwa, da ƙafar kafa. Suna cinye hatsi da hatsi. Lokaci-lokaci duba gonar kuma aiwatar da shi a cikin yanayi mai sanyi tare da kayan aiki na musamman. Kwaro za su ɓace daga ƙasa, idan girbi na hunturu da bambaro da kyau da kuma shirya ƙasa sosai. Seeding zai dace.
Kada ka manta ka tara rare weeds. Don hana dakatarwa daga mai tushe, ana yadu su da Kampazon 50% (3-4 l / ha) ko kuma Kampazon ta cakuda (1, 5-2 l / ha) da kuma TURA (3 l / ha) a cikin lokacin da aka fara. Ta hanya, za a iya hade da ƙwayoyi na karshe tare da herbicides, idan akwai buƙatar gabatarwa.
Shin kuna sani? An yi amfani da Rye don yin sitaci, gari, malt, barasa, kvass, gurasa, a matsayin magani da kuma gina gine-ginen rufin rufi. Yana da tsinkaye, laxative, immunostimulating, abincin abincin. Amfani mai kyau a kan zuciya da tsarin kwakwalwa, tsarin abincin, inganta metabolism.
Yadda za a tsabtace hatsin rai
Rigar ya fara ne lokacin da hatsi ya rike da kyau a cikin spikelet kuma ba ya gushewa, duk da haka, abubuwan bushe sun dakatar da shigar da shi. Girbi na hatsin hatsi yana farawa a tsakiyar tsantar zuma, yana hana asarar tsaba da kuma kunnuwa. Ana aiwatar da wannan tsari ta farko ta yin amfani da rollers tare da rassan mafi kyau na 20 cm, 15 cm - tare da wuce haddi na danshi da 25 cm - tare da fari. A wannan yanayin, haɗuwa ba ta canja canji, kunnuwa na hatsi ana ciyar da su a cikin rubutun kai. Ruwan rai na kaka a cikin girbi ya girbe fiye da alkama don kwanaki 7 - 8. 
An cire tsararren hatsi, an ware, sa'an nan kuma zuwa bushewa da ajiya.
Turawa da shinge a cikin gonar da noma ƙasa zuwa zurfin 20 cm. A nan gaba, aiki ta amfani da fasaha mai kwakwalwa guda biyu da noma uku ba zai tsoma baki ba. Matakan da aka dauka za su yi gargadin wadansu al'adu daga parasites da fungi.
