Dankali

Colorado dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro: bayanin wani mummunar kwaro dankali da kuma ba kawai

Colorado beetle (Leptinotarsa ​​decemlineata) na da ganye ƙwaro iyali, da ƙwaro tsari. Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin kwari mafi banƙyama da gonar lambu da lambun kayan lambu, yana kawo gagarumin lalacewa.

Shin kuna sani? Don launin launi biyar na ragu a kan kowanne daga cikin biyu elytra, da dankalin turawa na Colorado ya sami sunansa, wanda ke nufin ma'anarsa guda goma a Latin.

Harshen Colorado dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro

Mutane da yawa sun san abin da dankalin turawa na Colorado ya yi kama da shi - mai saurin daidaitawa, rawaya-chitinous elytra na launin orange-yellow yana da biyar ratsan ragu kowane; Wannan haɗin yana da ganewa a cikin lambun kore. Ma'aurata sun fi girma da yawa fiye da maza. Jiki na imago yana da kyau, cikin tsawon zai iya kaiwa daga 8 zuwa 15 mm, a fadin - kimanin 7 mm. Abun ciki na launi na baki da baƙar fata. Tsarin ɓangaren ɓangaren jiki na Colorado dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro yana da siffar convex, kasa - lebur. Fuka-fukan fuka-fuki sun bunkasa sosai kuma suna barin ƙwayoyin kwalliya su yi nisa da nisa. Shugaban ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ya fi ƙanƙancin jiki, wanda yake kusa da tsaye kuma dan kadan ya janye shi, yana da siffar.

Kwaro yana da nau'i biyu na kafafu. Ƙananan kafafu na ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ba su da ƙarfi, tare da ƙuƙwalwar ƙwayar kwari. Idanun suna tsaye a gefen, baƙar fata, suna da siffar wake. Kusa da idanu akwai antennae, wanda ya ƙunshi sassa guda goma.

A tsutsa na Colorado dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro ne game da 1.5 cm tsawo, tare da karamin baki kai. Gashi na tsutsarar launin ruwan kasa, wanda daga bisani ya zama ruwan hoda mai launi, yana da layuka biyu na kananan dige a tarnaƙi.

Qwai na kwaro ne mai haske orange a cikin launi, mace tana saka har zuwa ƙananan ƙwayoyi 60 a cikin ɗayan.

Yana da muhimmanci! Lokacin da aka lalata tsire-tsire na dankalin turawa na Colorado, kashi ɗaya cikin rabi na ganyayyaki na lambun dankalin turawa, yawan amfaninta zai fada ta uku.

Inda ne Colorado dankalin turawa ya fito daga

Asalin Colorado dankalin turawa ya fara da Mexico, daga yankin arewa maso gabashin, daga inda ya yada zuwa Amurka. A 1859, cutar ta haifar da mummunan lalacewar dankalin turawa a jihar Colorado, bayan haka an lasafta shi da dankalin turawa na Colorado. An yi imanin cewa an kawo kwari a Turai a cikin shekarun 1870 ta jiragen ruwa dake jiragen ruwa na Atlantic. An samu nasarar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa a rayuwa a Faransa da Ingila kuma ya bazu zuwa sauran kasashen Turai.

A cikin karni na 1940, a lokacin da aka fara nuna kwalliyar dankalin turawa na Colorado a cikin USSR, ma'aikatan gona da masu kula da brigades sun yi ƙoƙarin ceton ƙasar daga gare ta, amma kwararru yana cike da hanzari a duk fadin ƙasa mai girma. Yanayin yanayin yanayi, albarkatu masu yawa na ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar da ƙuƙwalwa, da kuma yawancinta suna da tasirin tasiri akan maganin kwari mai cutarwa. Yayinda yake kokarin ƙoƙarin amsa tambaya game da inda Colorado dankalin turawa dankalin turawa ya fito daga Ukraine, yawancin masana kimiyyar sun yarda cewa fashewar ya tashi daga ƙasashen Hungary da Czechoslovakia a kan iska mai dadi da kuma dumi, lokacin da iska ta ba da gudummawa wajen yaduwa da sauri.

Abin da yake ci Colorado beetle

Gwaran ƙwaro na Colorado na cin abinci ne, musamman tun a cikin gidajen Aljannah yana tsiro ne sosai game da abincinsa - amfanin gona mai daskarewa: dankali, tumatir, eggplant, barkono mai dadi; kwari yana cin taba, nightshade, woodworm, henbane, physalis da petunia. Larvae da imago suna cin abinci akan kananan harbe, furanni da ganyen shuke-shuke, da kuma lokacin kaka - a kan dankalin turawa. Yawancin lokaci, ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa tana zaune a wani karamin yanki, yana cin ɓangaren tsire-tsire guda, bayan haka ya motsa zuwa wancan, kuma al'adun da suka shafi abin ya shafa kuma sun mutu. Tun lokacin da kwararru ke ci gaba da yaduwa kuma yaduwar hanzari, kuma matasan da tsire-tsire suna ci gaba da cinye su. A lalacewa daga Colorado dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro ne babban kuma za a iya lasafta a cikin hectares na horar da plantations.

Shin kuna sani? Manya daga cikin ƙwaro na dankalin turawa na Colorado na iya barci a ƙasa har zuwa shekaru uku, bayan haka zasu iya fitowa akan farfajiya - wannan shine yadda suke tsira da shekaru masu jin yunwa.

Reproduction na Colorado dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro

A cikin bazara, kwana uku zuwa biyar bayan fitowar Colorado beetles a kan ƙasa surface, tsari na haifuwa fara, wanda yana har sai kaka. Abun martaba mata, mata suna sanya qwai a cikin adadin 20-70 guda a wurare masu ɓoye a baya na ganye ko a cikin lakabin da harbe. Bayan kwanaki 7-20, tsutsa ya fito daga kwai, wanda sai ya wuce ta wurin matakan, kuma a farkon lokacin rani matasa samari na karin kwari sun bayyana. Kwayoyin da suka fito daga kwai suna da tsayi har zuwa 3 mm kuma sun riga sun ciyar a kan bishiyoyi. Za'a tattauna yadda za a sake zagaye na rayuwa na wannan kwaro a cikin sashe na gaba na labarin. Ɗaya daga cikin mata ƙwaro ta kakar zai iya ajiye har zuwa qwai dubu.

Hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa don haifuwa da ci gaba da ƙananan matasa na kwaro suna yanayin zafi na + 21 ... +23 ° C da zafi a matakin 70-80%. A yanayin zafi da ke ƙasa +15 ° C haifuwa baya faruwa.

A rayuwa sake zagayowar na Colorado dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro

Idan a cikin fall mace ta sami lokaci zuwa takin, a cikin bazara nan da nan bayan hibernation za ta sa qwai, wanda bayan makonni 2-3 larvae ya bayyana. Halin halayyar ci gaban ƙwayoyin larvae na ƙwaro na dankalin turawa na Colorado sune nau'in shekaru huɗu, kowannensu ya ƙare a cikin molt. A farkon mataki na shekaru, tsutsa mai launin launin toka an rufe shi da gashin gashi, jiki ya kai tsawon 1.6-2.5 mm, yana ciyarwa a jikin jiki mai laushi na kananan yara. A cikin mataki na biyu, tsutsa yana da ɗan kwaskwarima tare da gashi, tsawonsa yana da 2.5-4.5 mm, yana ciyarwa a kan sashi mai laushi na launi leaf, cinye shi kafin skeletization. Mataki na uku na larvae yana tafiya a cikin launi, jikin ya kai 5-9 mm. Mataki na hudu na shekaru shine tsayin larvae na 10-15 mm, launi daga launin rawaya-orange ne zuwa launin rawaya-ja, a wannan mataki kwaro ne mafi yawan ƙananan zuciya kafin a ɗauka a cikin imago.

Yana da muhimmanci! Babban lalacewar gonar noma yana haifar da larvae na Colorado dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro, wanda ke buƙatar mai yawa na gina jiki don ci gaba.

Abinci na larvae na Colorado dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro ne sosai m, tare da kusan dukkanin foliage na shuka da aka hallaka. Bayan makonni biyu ko uku, tsutsa yana dashi 10-15 cm a cikin ƙasa don pupation. Dangane da yawan zafin jiki na duniya, ƙwararrun tsutsa a cikin kwanaki 10 zuwa 18. An zuriya red ne orange ko ruwan hoda, da tsawon ne game da 9 mm da nisa ne 6 mm, bayan 'yan sa'o'i da launi canza zuwa launin ruwan kasa. Yayinda akewa a cikin watanni na kaka, ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar yana ci gaba da yin hunturu a cikin ƙasa, ba ta yin tsallewa ba. Idan sauyawa a cikin tsofaffi na faruwa a cikin lokacin bazara-rani, ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa ta fito fili.

A cikin kwanaki 8-21 na rayuwa, imago yana ci gaba da ciyar da shi, adana kayan abinci wanda zai zama da amfani gareshi a cikin karin ci gaba da jirage mai nisa. Wani matashi mai girma ya iya, tare da taimakon iska, ya yi tafiya da dama daga kilomita daga wurin da larvae ya kware daga kwai. Bugu da ƙari ga ɓoyewa, ƙwaƙwalwan ƙwayoyi na iya rage aiki a lokacin bushe ko lokacin zafi, da fadawa cikin barci mai tsawo har zuwa kwanaki 30, bayan haka aikinsa ya ci gaba. Lokacin rayuwa na Colorado dankalin turawa dan ƙwaro yana da shekaru 2-3, a lokacin da yake shiga cikin dogon lokaci.

Inda kuma ta yaya tsire-tsire mai tsire-tsire na Colorado dan tsire-tsire

Inda ma'adin dankalin turawa na Colorado ke zaune a cikin hunturu - wannan tambaya yana sha'awa da yawa masu lambu da suke fada da wannan kwayar cutar. Bayan tsufa ya fara fitowa daga pupae a cikin fall, ya kasance har zuwa hunturu har sai marigayi a cikin kasa. Adult beetles a cikin kaka ana binne a ƙasa don hunturu, kuma za su iya tsira daskarewa zuwa -9 ° C. Lokacin hunturu na kwaro yana faruwa a cikin ƙasa a zurfin 15-30 cm, a cikin yashi ƙasa da ƙwaro zai iya zurfafa zuwa zurfin rabin mita. Ƙananan yawan ƙwayoyin kwari a cikin guguwa mai tsanani zasu iya mutuwa, amma, a matsayin mai mulkin, waɗannan kwari suna jure wa hunturu sosai, suna kasancewa a cikin tsauri. Lokacin da kasar gona ta yi zafi har zuwa 14 ° C kuma yawan zafin jiki na sama ya wuce 15 ° C, ƙwaƙwalwar fara fara tashi daga ɓoyewa da hankali kuma suna tafiya zuwa ƙasa don neman abinci.

Shin kuna sani? Mace, wanda ya kafa qwai, ya ci gaba da yin hunturu mafi muni, saboda ba ta adana yawan adadin kitsen mai.

Ƙarya ta tsire-tsire

Yana fitowa cikin yanayi dariya dankalin turawa ƙwaro (Leptinotarsa ​​juncta), wanda ya zama dan kadan fiye da Colorado kuma ya bambanta da ita a launi. Tsawancin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar cuta ba ta wuce 8 mm ba, ana yin launin launin fata a launin fari, baki da rawaya, kafafu suna da duhu a launi, kuma ciki yana da launin ruwan kasa. Rashin kwari ba ya cutar da aikin noma, kamar yadda ya fi son tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire na dare - Caroline da bitweetweet, da Physalis. A ƙarya ƙwaro ba ya ci dankali da kuma ba ya amfani da fi fi na kiwo, kamar sauran al'adu masu ban sha'awa ga Colorado dankalin turawa, irin ƙwaro.