Game da mosses da lichens, yawancin mu san cewa su ne mafi sauki iri na shuke-shuke, da kuma cewa a cewar gefen ganga girma, za ka iya fita daga cikin gandun daji idan ka rasa. Amma kalmomi irin su briology ko sphagnum bazai fahimta ba da duk wanda ba kwararren ilimin halitta ba ne, mai sayad da furanni ko aquarist. Cika da rata a ilmi, saboda yana da ban sha'awa sosai!
Menene mosses da kuma inda suke faruwa
Mosses (mafi mahimmanci, hagu-kamar) suna rabuwa ne na mulkin tsire-tsire, hada hada irin wannan nau'in, a cikin tsarin sake haifuwa wanda gametophyte (jinsin jima'i tare da jinsin marasa lafiya wanda ba a kyauta ba) ya mamaye sporophyte (tsarawar zamani).
Harshen kimiyya na mosses shine bryophytes, saboda haka sunan mabiyan da ke nazarin su - ilimin burbushin halittu. Mafi yawancin nau'in jinsuna kamar jinsuna suna cikin cikin ƙananan masallatai.
Mai tushe daga cikin wadannan tsire-tsire, wanda aka samo sama da ƙasa, suna cike da ƙananan tsirrai, yayin da sashin karkashin kasa yana da matakai masu yawa na filamentous, wanda ake kira rhizoids. Ma'aikatan wannan jinsin suna da alamu da kuma bambancin da ke tsakanin dangi a cikin mulkin.
Mosses, kamar namomin kaza da kwayoyin, ninka ta hanyar spores. A wannan farkon lokaci na wucewa na rayuwar rayuwarsu, siffofin mossy sun zama mafi kyawun samfurin (sporophyte) a cikin nau'i na akwati a kan kafa, wanda yake da alaka da lafiyar mahaifiyarsa. 
Maganar sporophyte tana aiki guda daya - yana tabbatar da maturation na spores, bayan haka sai ta bushe da sauri.
Bangaren bidiyo na jima'i - mataki na biyu na sake zagaye na rayuwa - shi ne tsire-tsire mai suna (gametophyte), wadda ke da kama da tushen matakan da matakai masu launin ganye. Duk da haka, wannan bambancewa ne kawai kamar na tsire-tsire.
Yana da muhimmanci! Mosses basu da asali, ko launi, ko kuma tsarin tsarin kwakwalwa a fahimtar al'adun waɗannan sharudda.
Saboda rashin tsarin tushen tushen gaske, mosses suna da tasiri mai tsanani a kan zafi da iska, har zuwa cikakkiyar dakatarwar rayuwa a cikin lokacin da bala'in. Da zarar an sake mayar da lashin, sai injin ya rayu. Zai yi wuya a yi la'akari da filin, inda duk masanan suke girma.
A karkashin sharaɗɗan sharaɗi, waɗannan tsire-tsire suna iya ƙarfafa yankuna masu yawa a cikin gandun dazuzzuka da ƙauyuka, zauna a kan ƙasa, bishiyoyi, wasu tsire-tsire, duwatsu, yashi, a kowane yankunan hawan dutse - daga Arctic zuwa hamada. Ba su yin tafiya kawai a cikin ruwa mai zurfi. 
Matsayin Mosses
Amfanin mosses a cikin samuwa da ci gaban halittu ta duniya yana da wuyar samun karfin kuɗi. Daga zamanin dā, 'yan zamanin da na zamani na zamani, ƙananan ƙwayoyi da ferns sun sasanta yankunan da ba su da rai, suna samar da murfin ƙasa don wasu tsire-tsire, saboda sakamakon rayuwarsu, ta haka zama zama "majagaba" a aikin lambu.
Yana da muhimmanci! Mossy ne tushen tushen yankunan da ke cikin ƙasa. A wurare masu banƙyama, saboda dukiya kamar soso, don tarawa da kuma kula da babban ruwa mai yawa, rassan bishiyoyi sun hana ci gaban hamada.
A wuraren da suke ci gaba da girma, bryophytes suna iya rufe manyan yankunan duniya, suna yin mafaka na kare dabbobi da tsuntsaye. A cikin yankunan karkara da haɓakaccen abu, sun kasance wani abu mai tasowa wanda ya hana yaduwar tururuwar karkashin kasa, samar da raguwa da ravines, don taimakawa wajen adana filin.
Video: darajar mosses
Idan mukayi magana game da darajar mossy ga mutum, to, aikace-aikacen su ya bambanta. Karin bayanai daga wasu nau'in wadannan tsire-tsire za a iya amfani da su a cikin kimiyya da magani kamar su tonic, antiseptic da hemostatic agents.
Centaury, yellowcone, ciyawa da ciyawa, ginger da pear kuma suna da sakamako na antiseptic.
Ga mazaunan Arewacin Arewa, da nisa daga wayewar wayewa, masiyoyin suna da matukar dacewa da tsabtace gidaje, kuma, a cikin tanga za a iya amfani dashi a matsayin kayan ado a cikin samar da likita.
Dabbobi masu ado na ganga - daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwa na zane-zane da kuma zane-zane na fure-fure. Duk da haka, a kan dukkanin, ana amfani da peat a cikin rayuwar mutum - asusun ajiyar ruɗar ƙwayar cuta.
Junior, fure, cypress, yew, fir, hydrangea, magnolia, thuja, Pine, Lilac, Jasmine, spirea, forsythia, rhododendrons, violets, daisies, lilies na kwari, wardi, marigolds, irises da peonies ana amfani dashi a cikin yanayin zane.
Ana amfani da peat:- kamar man fetur a iko;
- a matsayin kayan abinci mai mahimmanci da kayan shayarwa don hadewar ƙasa da takin mai magani, kazalika da cike da aikin injiniya da noma;
- a matsayin shimfidawa a kan gonar fur da wuraren kiwon kaji;
- a matsayin mai hutawa a ginin;
- a cikin masana'antu, magani, masana'antu, masana'antu da sauran masana'antu.
Masarar daji
Forest - wuri mai kyau don ci gaba da gansakuka. A nan suna tafiya tare da bishiyoyi, duwatsu, a gefen kogunan kogunan da tafkuna, suna fi son shaded, wurare masu ruguwa, sau da yawa suna rufe manyan wurare tare da tsalle.
Dukansu sun kasance a cikin rukuni na masussurai, kuma, sabili da haka, suna da ƙwaya, a cikin ƙasa (sama) da aka rufe da kananan ganye, kuma a cikin ƙasa, yawancin mutuwa, ɓoyayye ne da yawancin ƙwayoyin cuta. Dabbobi daban-daban na mastsaye sun bambanta ba kawai a cikin siffar da launi daga cikin ganyayyaki ba, amma har ma da yawa da kuma jagorancin girma na stalks. 
Ya kamata a lura cewa a cikin kwanciyar hankali mai dumi da dumi mai sauƙi suna da wata jigon gashi da muni, wasa tare da launuka daga bluish-kore zuwa launin ruwan kasa-launin ruwan kasa, wanda ya haifar da kyawawan ban mamaki. Idan babu ruwan danshi, duk wannan kyamarar nan da sauri ya ɓace, kamar dai an rufe shi da ƙurar ƙura.
Mafi yawan wakilai na gandun daji sune:
- Klimatsium.
- Mn
- Ptilium.
- Sphagnum
- Rodobrium
- Gilokomium.
Muna ba da shawara don karantawa game da yadda za a magance zakulo a kan shafinku.
Girman yanayi
Yankin da ke sama a cikin ƙasa shine ƙananan tsirrai (har zuwa 15 centimeters), wanda ya tashi a tsaye, da sau da dama yana haɗuwa a wurare daban-daban, kuma a gaskiya yana kama da ƙananan bishiyoyi. 
Kwancen "itace" da "rassan" wannan itacen suna cike da ƙananan ganye, wanda, lokacin da bushe, wasa da haske mai duhu-kore.
Shin kuna sani? Abin sha'awa, masallatai na iya farkawa ko da bayan daskare sosai. Saboda haka, a cikin shekarar 2014, masana kimiyya sun samo samfurori na masallatai a kudancin Kudu. Yawan shekarunsu sun kasance a cikin shekara 1530. Bayan wasu makonni biyu ko uku da aka ciyar a cikin wani incubator tare da yanayin da ya dace, asshin sun fara girma. Daga cikin masu nazarin biologist wannan taron ya zama abin mamaki.
Ƙananan (ɓoye) wani ɓangare na tushe yana motsawa, wanda yake da cikakkun nau'i na rhizoid kawai. Branching, shi yana samar da irin hanyar sadarwa, a cikin nodes wanda bushes na sama-ƙasa sashi tashi. Sporogon cylindrical akwatin yana samuwa a tsawon dogon ja kuma ya ƙunshi daga 12 zuwa 15 spores.
Climacium za'a iya samuwa a wurare masu tsabta a cikin tsaunuka, masu gandun dajin daji, kusa da ruwa, koguna, da kuma a gefen tafkuna. 
Mnium
A karkashin wannan sunan tana boye duk nau'i na gansakuka, lambobi fiye da nau'in arba'in.
Mafi yawan mambobi na wannan jinsin suna kamar haka:
- midi, ko mnium wavy;
- Mary wrinkled;
- peaked ko gandun daji;
- Mnium yana da matsakaici;
- batun;
- minc zinclidea.
Babban alama na mnium yana da girma (har zuwa 5 mm) ganyen siffar m, da yardar kaina a cikin jirgin sama guda biyu daga kusurwar biyu a ƙira guda ɗaya, ba ta wuce da biyar centimeters a tsawon.
Shin kuna sani? Abin mamaki shine gaskiyar cewa kwayoyin halitta masu rai daga cikin ganyen kwayoyin sun kasance a cikin wannan jirgin. A wasu kalmomi, takardar yana da ƙananan yiwuwar ɗaukar nauyi - kawai ɗaya cell.
A cikin yanayin bushe, ganyen manya suna da wrinkled sosai kuma suna ragu sosai. Sporogon yana da akwatin mara kyau, yana rataye daga launin ja-ja-ja, bai fi 3 centimeters ba. Akwatin zai iya shuka daga 17 zuwa 30 spores (dangane da iri-iri).
An rarraba Mnium a ko'ina, musamman a cikin gandun daji, da fifiko a lokaci guda da aka dasa gonar gandun daji tare da ƙasa mai laushi. Sau da yawa yana kan kan duwatsu da tsofaffin tsalle-tsire, suna yin tsire-tsire.
Ƙara koyo game da ƙaruwa mai girma (gwanon murjani).
Ptilium
A cikin gandun daji na Pine da kuma bishiyoyi na spruce (duk da haka tare da admixture na Pine) za ka iya samun daya daga cikin tsuntsaye masu ban sha'awa mafi kyau - watsar. Duk da yawan rarrabawarsa, ba kusan ƙirar murfin ƙasa a ƙasa ba, yana so ya zauna a gindin bishiyoyi, ya zama maras nauyi, amma farin ciki na rawaya mai launin rawaya ko launin kore-kore tare da murya mai laushi. 
Ptilium yana da tushe mai tsaka-tsaka-tsaka (zai iya isa santimita 20), daga cikinsu akwai rassan rassan da ba su da kyau ba tare da ganyayyaki suna fuskantar matsaloli ba. Ta wurin bayyanar su, waɗannan tsarin suna kama da fuka-fukan tsuntsu ko fern ganye. Ganye na wannan ganyen, ba kamar na kwayar ba, suna da ƙananan, ƙananan (har zuwa 1 mm), da aka nuna, tare da wasu matuka masu tsawo.
Rubutin shafuka suna cylindrical, dan kadan wrinkled, kusan kullum a kwance. Tatsun kafa na launin ja a cikin launi daga 2 zuwa 5 centimeters a tsawon. Yawan jayayya a cikin akwati daga 10 zuwa 14 guda.
Sphagnum
Akwai wurare daban-daban a cikin yankin daji. Wadannan su ne gandun daji, da gonaki, da filayen, har ma da magunguna. Duk da haka, fadakarwa ta zama na musamman, na musamman na duniya irinta! An kafa shi shekaru da dama, kuma yana iya zama na tsawon shekaru miliyoyin, yayin da yake kara fadadawa da kuma rike yankuna da yawa.
Abin mamaki ne, gangami na taimakawa wajen wannan. More daidai, wakilansa - sphagnidy. Sphagnum, ana kiransa da farin ko jigon kwalliya - jinsin da ya haɗa fiye da nau'in arba'in masiyoyin masallatai, ƙayyadaddun abin dogara wanda kowane abu zai yiwu ne kawai a hanyar binciken binciken microscopic. 
Ita karami ne, mai siffar bunched, wadda aka rufe tare da kananan ganye, aka shirya a cikin karkace. Yawan launi ya bambanta daga rawaya-kore zuwa purple-ja (dangane da iri-iri). Rhizoids ba su nan a kan ƙananan (karkashin ruwa) wani ɓangare na tushe.
Kila za ku iya sha'awar ƙarin koyo game da abin da yake sphagnum moss, da kuma abin da kayan warkaswa yana da.
Sphagnum yana da wasu samfurori masu kyan gani wanda ke rarrabe shi daga wasu tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire. Abu na farko shine cewa sphagnum yana tsiro kawai sama.
A lokaci guda kuma, ɓangaren ƙananan tushe (yawanci yana ƙarƙashin ruwa) ya mutu, ya juya zuwa peat, game da nauyin daidai lokacin da saman ke tsiro (kimanin nau'in millimita a kowace shekara). Irin wannan hanyar rayuwa zai iya samar da rai na tsawon shekara dubu (don tunani: sauran masallatai suna rayuwa fiye da shekaru 10).
Shin kuna sani? Gilashin Vitmoor (Jamus) yana da dutsen peat mai kimanin mita 18, kuma shekarunsa kimanin shekaru 2,000 ne.
Sakamakon gaba na sphagnids shi ne cewa sun hada kwayoyin da ke hana ci gaban kwayoyin cuta, wanda hakan yana rage jinkirin tafiyar da lalata a cikin ruwa, kuma yana inganta kaddamar da peat. Hanyoyin da ke da magunguna, ƙari, ya hana masu fafatawa kuma ya ba ka damar kama sabon wuraren rayuwa.
Wani dukiya na sphagnum shine ikon ɗauka da kuma riƙe ruwa saboda kasancewar sel na musamman tare da tsari mai laushi. A lokacin lokutan zafi mai zafi, wannan gangami na iya tara yawan ruwa, wanda kuma zai haifar da sauyawa a cikin ruwa da kuma karbar sabon yankuna.
Rodobrium
Rodobriy, ko kuma irin launi mai kama da - kamar wani wakili na ƙananan masararru, wanda za'a iya samuwa a cikin gandun daji (wanda yafi spruce). Idan an yi amfani da hawan gwargwadon kwanciya, ana samuwa rhodobrib a cikin nau'i na ƙananan ƙananan launin kore - launin ganye, dan kadan a sama da ƙasa, kowannensu a kan kwarinsa. 
Kwancen guda daya, har zuwa 10 cm a tsawo, na iya ƙaddamar da harbe biyu a cikin babba (apical) da kuma cikin ƙananan (ɓoye) sassa. Har ila yau, harbe-harben Apical na girma ne ta hanyar fitarwa. A cikin mundane ɓangare, da tushe an rufe da rhizoid fuzz.
Tushen sharadobrium suna da siffar mai nuna ido, ta kai 10 mm a tsawon, dan kadan a rufe, kuma kusa da saman - nuna. Daga 15 zuwa 20 ganye za a iya tattara a cikin kowane cuta. An yi la'akari da ƙananan girman wannan girman idan aka kwatanta da sauran masallatai.
Idan ka dubi tashar sarrafa kayan daga gefen, zaka iya lura da kama da dabino. Kayan daji a cikin kwasfa a saman sutura a kan kafafu kafafu mai tsayi, suna da siffar kuma suna iya ɗaukar har zuwa 18 spores.
Wannan nau'i ne na kowa a cikin taiga a tsakiyar kudancin latitudes, wanda ba a san shi ba a arewa. An jera a cikin Red Book. 
Gilokomium
Wannan ganga yana da yawa. Sau da yawa ana samun su a cikin gandun daji na coniferous, kuma sau da yawa ya zama tushen asalin gandun daji. Ƙari ga yankuna arewacin, yawanci a cikin yankunan da ke cikin ƙauyuka da ƙauyukan Arctic.
Shin kuna sani? 'Yan addinin Buddha sun gina dukkanin lambuna na mosses, wanda aka fi sani da shi a cikin gidan sufi a kusa da Kyoto kuma an tsara shi a matsayin Tarihin Duniya na Duniya.
Gilokomium yana da tasiri mai zurfi har zuwa 20 centimeters tsawo, yawanci ja. Kowane sabon akwatin zai dace da shekara ta gaba na ci gaban shuka kuma an ajiye shi a ƙasa a saman saman bara.
An kafa karar arc mai ƙarfi a cikin wurare uku ko hudu, suna samar da tsari mai hauhawa. Tsirrai da rassansa suna da cike da ƙwaya da ganye, waxanda suke da ƙananan yadudduran yayinda suke da wuya a gani tare da ido saboda girmansu. 
Sporonosit gilokomium spring. Sporogon an kafa a saman bara ta stalk kawai sama da matasa kore harbe. Akwatin cizon kwalliya, mai tsayi mai maƙalli, siffar kwai, wanda yake a kan ƙananan ƙananan rufi daga 12 zuwa 17 spores.
Saboda haka, masallatai masu zaman kansu ne masu ban mamaki kuma suna mamakin girman mulkinsa a fadin duniya. Nazarin su na iya ba da dukan rayuwarsa, kuma duk da haka an rufe asirin da yawa.
Abu daya za a iya fada tare da tabbacin: idan babu masallatai, duniyanmu zai bambanta, domin wadannan tsire-tsire suna samar da matakai masu yawa, kuma har ma rayuwarmu na wayewar ba ta yin ba tare da su ba.
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