Pear - itacen 'ya'yan itace mafi gama gari na biyu bayan itacen apple. Wannan shuka shine mallakar dangin Rosaceae da rukunin pome tsaba. Pear saboda ƙanƙantar sanyi ƙanƙancin sa an al'ada an girma a yankuna na kudanci. Amma yanzu, godiya ga kokarin shayarwa, mazauna ƙarin yankuna na arewa na iya shuka wannan itaciya a yankin nasu.
Shuka pear a cikin bazara ko kaka
Ana tambayar wannan tambayar daga duk wanda ya fara yanke shawarar dasa pear a yankin su. Akwai dalilai da yawa don duka lokacin bazara da kaka, amma ga lambu daga yankuna inda matsakaicin lokacin hunturu ya tashi daga -23 zuwa -34 ° C, ɗayan zai zama mai mahimmanci - bishiyoyin da aka dasa a cikin kaka zasu fi samun lokacin hunturu-gaba a gaba. Iyakar abin da yanayin don nasara dasa dasa a pear, kamar kowane itace 'ya'yan itace, shi ne cewa irin wannan dasa ya kamata a yi wata daya kafin a farkon sanyi - har kusan tsakiyar Oktoba.
Idan mai gadin ya zaɓi dasa shuki na lu'ulu'u, to a wannan yanayin yanayin seedling ya zama matsayin daraja - yakamata ya kasance yana yin bacci. Yawan rayuwa irin wanda ya riga ya fara girma yayi ƙasa sosai da wanda ke bacci. Kirjin yana farawa a zazzabi na 5 ° C. Sabili da haka, a cikin yankuna masu yanayin sanyi (Belarus, Central Russia, Yankin Moscow, Leningrad Oblast, Urals da Siberiya), ya kamata a kammala pearing a tsakiyar watan Afrilu, kuma a cikin yankuna tare da yanayin dumin yanayi (Ukraine) a ƙarshen Maris. Hakanan za a iya bishe ku da kwanakin da aka kayyade. Musamman sanin ranar dasa shuki da zai yiwu kawai bisa yanayin yanayi a wani yanki.
Inda za'a dasa pear
Lokacin zabar wurin dasa shuki, kuna buƙatar yin la'akari da cewa don nasarar haɓakar shi da fruiting ya zama dole:
- Kyakkyawan haske - lokacin da aka girgiza, yawan amfanin ƙasa yana raguwa kuma dandano na 'ya'yan itacen ya lalace.
- A iska mai iska, amma ana kiyaye shi daga iska mai nisa a arewa - har ma a wurare tare da ƙaramin ragi, tururuwar iska yana haifar da mutuwar buds daga dawowar sanyi da lalacewar cututtukan fungal yayin tsawan ruwa.
- Ashirwa suna da sauƙin danshi- kuma ana iya numfashi tare da ƙarancin acidity. Loams-podzolic loams ko sandstones sun fi dacewa.
- Ya kamata ya zama ya zama aƙalla 3 m daga farfajiya. Tare da kusancin abin da ke faruwa, suna yin tatattar tuddai tare da tsayin rabin mitir na madaidaici diamita.
Yadda za a dasa pear a wurin tare da abin da ke faruwa a kusa da ruwan ƙasa
- Yaran yankin ciyarwa - nau'ikan pears daban sun bambanta da juna ba wai ta lokacin lokacin tumatir ba ne, har ma da karfin itaciyar. Ya danganta da girman itatuwan da suka girma, suna bukatar yankin ciyarwa daban:
- vigorous - 10x10 m;
- sredneroslym - 7x7 m;
- dwarf - 5x5 m;
- columnar - 2x2 m.
- -Wararren ƙwayar cuta - pears 2-3 na wasu nau'ikan ya kamata ya yi girma a shafin ko a kusa da shi.
Yayi kyau kuma ba maƙwabta bane 3
Lokacin dasa kowane shuka, kuna buƙatar la'akari da wane maƙwabta zasu kewaye shi. A cikin kayan amfanin gona, akwai irin wannan abu kamar maganin damuwa. Wannan duka tabbatacce ne da mummunar hulɗa na tsire-tsire waɗanda ke kusa da juna.
Hakanan pear shima yana da tsire-tsire waɗanda suke taimaka masa ci gaba tare da samfuransa masu canzawa ko hana haɓakawa kuma ya zama masu cutar da cuta. Kyakkyawan makwabta sun hada da pears:
- itacen oak;
- Maple;
- black poplar;
- tansy.
Kuma tsirrai da ke mummunar tasiri wa pear su ne:
- kwayoyi - gyada, Manchu da baƙi;
- acacia;
- kirji;
- kudan zuma;
- dutse ash (tana da cututtukan guda ɗaya da pear);
- duhu coniferous (spruce, fir, itacen al'ul);
- 'ya'yan itatuwa na dutse (ceri, plum, apricot, peach);
- junipers (musamman Cossack);
- bariki;
- viburnum;
- lilac;
- fure;
- Jasimi (ruwan lemo);
- zinare na gwal;
- alkama ciyawa.
Idan alkama bai isa ya bar pears a cikin da'irar kusa ba, to lallai bishiyoyin da bishiyoyin da ke mummunar tasiri bazai kasance kusa da hamsin ba, ko ma mita ɗari. Juniper Cossack na iya zama tushen irin wannan cuta ta fungal kamar tsatsa.
Tsatsa a kan pear shi ne cuta da za a cutar da Juniper.
Wannan cuta na iya haifar da kawai ba don rage yawan amfanin ƙasa ba, har ma ga mutuwar pears.
Yadda ake dasa pear: bidiyo
A kowane yanki inda yanayin ya ba ka damar shuka pears, ana shuka su ta wannan hanyar. Bayan sun zaɓi wani wuri da maƙwabta don lu'u-lu'u, suna shirya rami saukowa.
A kowane yanki inda yanayin ya ba ka damar shuka pears, ana shuka su ta wannan hanyar.
Idan za a dasa shuki a cikin bazara, to, an shirya ramin a cikin bazara ko lokacin bazara, amma ba bayan makonni 3 ba kafin dasa shuki. Don dasa shuki, an shirya wani wuri don seedling a farkon faduwar. Shirya wuri don dasa shuki da damuna na dasa pears haka, kawai a yi a cikin yanayi daban-daban. An yi rami tare da diamita na 70 cm da zurfin 1 m.
Girma na pear dasa rami
Za a sa saman ƙasa, m ƙasa a cikin shugabanci, ɗayan ƙasa a ɗayan. Idan akwai ƙasa mai yashin ma'amala, to, yumɓu mai yumɓia a ƙasan aƙalla 10 cm an sanya shi a ƙarshen ramin don riƙe danshi a tushen. A kan kasa mai nauyi, wannan ba lallai ba ne. Sannan a zuba takin ko humus a cikin ramin. Lokacin farin ciki na wannan Layer shine cm 20. fertasar mai da aka keɓe a baya tana hade da takin ma'adinai. Nitrofoski 100 g ko 60 g na superphosphate da 30 g na potassium gishirin suna kara a cikin ƙasa. Wannan cakuda an koma cikin ramin. Sun cika shi da ƙasa mara nauyi daga bisa, hawa cikin gungumen azaba, har ya hau ƙasa da 75 cm sama da ƙasa kuma an barshi har sai an dasa. Idan ƙasa a kan shafin yana da nauyi sosai, to, an ƙara buloguna biyu na yashi a cikin ƙasa mai rashin haihuwa.
Ana saurin tallafawa pear seedling a tsakiyar ramin dasa shuki.
Lokacin da ya zo lokacin shuka pear, ƙasa a cikin ramin da aka shirya yana raked saboda a kafa tuddai a tsakiyar, kuma nisa na hutu damar damar seedling da za a sanya ba tare da bends.
Dasa dabarun dasa bishiyoyin pear
An saukar da seedling a cikin rami, daidaita da tushen kuma ya yi barci tare da ƙasa. Tushen tushe yakamata yakamata yakawo 3-5 cm daga ƙasa.
Tushen wuyan giyar pear shine yakamata yakamata yakawo 3-5 cm daga ƙasa
Idan an dasa seedling, to, wurin grafting, tare da wannan jeri na seedling, shine 10-15 cm sama da matakin ƙasa.
Wurin yin rigakafin ya kamata ya zama 10-15 cm sama da matakin ƙasa
Sai kawai dwarf pears da aka yi alurar riga kafi tare da Quince ana sanya su domin ƙasa ta rufe shafin rigakafin. Quince shine tsire-tsire na kudancin da ke faduwa cikin ƙasa wanda ɓangaren seedling ɗin da ya ragu daga gare ta, kare gaba ɗaya daga daskarewa.
Bayan an cika rami a saman, sai a cika ƙasa.
Bayan an cika rami a saman, sai a cika ƙasa
An kafa igiyar ƙasa da gefen rami saukowa. Kuma ana shayar da buhunan ruwa guda biyu.
Ba a shayar da 'ya'yan itacen ɓa tare da ruwan sanyi ba
An ɗaure itacen da aka dasa a ƙwanƙwalin ƙwallayen da aka saka a gefen arewacin pear a wurare biyu domin gundarinsa ya girma a tsaye.
Na ɗaure pear seedling a wurare biyu
Bayan an tsoma ruwan, an kewaye da'irar gangar jikin - an rufe su da 5-6 cm tare da lakabin peat, humus, sawdust ko bambaro.
Bayan ruwa, da'irar pear seed Circle an mulched
Yaushe saya seedlings
Ba kwararrun 'yan lambu da suka fi son shuka bishiyoyi a cikin bazara ba, ko da yake a cikin kaka akwai ƙarin zaɓi na seedlings kuma waɗannan bishiyoyin sun fi yiwuwa.
A cikin gandun daji, ana shuka ciyawa don aiwatarwa tare da tsarin buɗe tushen a cikin fall. A cikin bazara, zaku iya siyan tsire-tsire waɗanda ba a sayar da su ba a bara. A cikin gonakin da ke girma seedlings, akwai irin wannan bishiyoyi kuma yana da wuya a kula da kowane ɗayan. Idan mazaunin rani ya sami seedlings a cikin bazara, to, ya fi sauƙi a gare shi ya riƙe bishiyoyi da yawa ba tare da lalacewa ba har sai lokacin bazara.
Pears sayi a cikin bazara don dasa shuki dasa ne mai sauki isa ya kiyaye. Don yin wannan, an sanya su a cikin yankin da suke shirin girma a shekara mai zuwa. Za'a iya guje wa aikin rami mafi zurfi idan kuna amfani da rami da aka shirya don dasa shuki da peren don adana seedling, amma ba a rufe shi da ƙasa ba. Dole a yi bangon arewa na wannan rami a tsaye, kuma bangon kudu ya zuga ta hanyar 30-45 °.
Laying shiryawa a cikin prikop seedlings na pears
Kafin kwanciya seedlings a cikin prikop, ana narke su cikin ruwa don 5-6 hours. Stimulants ko takin gargajiya basa kara ruwa. A bishiyun da aka fitar daga ruwan, bincika Tushen kuma cire duk lalatattun. A sa ciyawar a jikin bango mai daɗin tushe don tushen yana fuskantar arewa kuma rassan sun saman matakin ƙasa. Yayyafa tushen tare da wani yanki da aka shirya ƙasa 20 cm. Yi ƙoƙarin barin fewan voids kamar yadda zai yiwu a cikin ƙasa rufe Tushen. An shayar da shi kuma bayan an sha ruwan, an yayyafa shi da busasshiyar ƙasa tare da fitila na 5-6 cm Ba su yin komai ba har sai sanyi na farko. Lokacin da aka saita zazzabi sama da dare a ƙasa 0 °, ramin ya cika. Moan ƙaramar dutse da ke sama za ta karkatar da wani ɓangaren ruwan narke daga prikop.
Rassan dake zubewa daga ƙasa ana jujjuya su da ƙyallen bishiyoyi ko wasu tsirrai masu tsini don kare su daga ƙwayoyin wuta. Ba shi yiwuwa a rufe maɓuɓɓuga tare da kowane kayan rufe. Zai fi kyau zuba dusar ƙanƙara a can sau da yawa a lokacin hunturu. A karkashin rufi, inji yana farkawa kafin a shuka shi. Adana ta wannan hanyar, seedlings spring da kyau da kuma kai tushen da sauri.
Pear yaduwa
Pear, kamar yawancin tsire-tsire, ana yadu dashi a hanyoyi biyu - tsire-tsire da iri. Akwai hanyoyi da dama na yaduwar ciyayi:
- woody da kore kore;
- sakawa;
- tushen harbi.
Pear yaduwa ta hanyar yanke
Ana amfani da yankan don alurar riga kafi ko tushen. An dasa grafts a kan pear na wani iri-iri, wasa, seedling girma daga zuriya, ko wata itaciya daga zuriya iri (apple, Quince). Don tushen, huɗar huhun an girbe a watan Maris-Afrilu, lokacin da aka fara juji da juji, ana kuma girbe kore a watan Yuni-Yuli, a wannan karon za a ƙara kafa tushen rassan wannan shekara. Ana amfani da ƙananan sashin ƙananan girbe tare da tushen haɓakawa masu tushe kuma an dasa su cikin kwalaye ko gadaje tare da ƙasa mai gina jiki. Wadannan an dasa kananan filayen ne a wani fim na filastik ko kwantena, don ƙirƙirar microclimate m don samuwar Tushen a cikin cuttings. Bayan watanni 3-4, Tushen ya fara kan su, bayan watanni 6, ana samun seedlings, wanda za a iya dasa riga a cikin dindindin a shafin. Dasa ana aiwatar da su kamar yadda aka sayi tsire-tsire. Yanke ba duk irin pears ya ɗauki tushe sosai. Lambu sun yanke shawarar cewa saboda wannan shi ne mafi alh tori ya dauki cuttings na pears iri:
- Memorywaƙwalwar Zhegalov;
- Rage Efimova;
- Lada;
- Lokacin bazara Yakovleva;
- Muscovite.
Bidiyo game da dasa itace
Pear yaduwa ta hanyar farawa
Ta amfani da keɓaɓɓen filawa, ana samun seedlingsan itacen tare da nasu tushen tsarin. Ana yin layi a hanyoyi biyu:
- yankan rassan kasa;
Don yaduwar pear ta hanyar farawa, ƙananan rassan suna ƙin ƙasa
- sanyayawar iska.
Bambancin yaduwar pear ta hanyar sanya filayen iska
Domin tushen ya samar a kan reshe:
- A wani ɓangaren ɓoye na reshe, kusa da haɓakar haɓakar shekara na yanzu, cire zobban haushi 1-1.5 cm.
- Sauke yankin reshe, an sami 'yanci daga haushi tare da magani wanda ke ƙarfafa haɓaka tushe.
- Tabbatar da reshe tare da shirin waya a cikin ƙasa.
- Haɗa ƙarshen ƙarshen reshe a cikin goyon baya na tsaye.
'Ya'yan itace da ke samu ta hanyar dasa reshe zuwa ƙasa an bar su ba daga reshe ba har shekara mai zuwa. A cikin bazara, tare da wuka mai kaifi ko keɓewa, an rabu da reshe kuma an dasa shi a cikin kullun a hanyar da ta saba.
Kashe rassan kasa ba koyaushe dace ba. Sannan suna yin yadudduka na iska - ƙasa mai gina jiki ko sphagnum an daidaita akan reshe a cikin jakar filastik. Dukkanin ayyuka akan reshe ana yin su kamar yadda a baya suka gabata, sannan:
- Sanya reshe, yanke daga kasan jakar filastik kuma amintacce tare da waya ko tef ɗin da ke ƙasa da haushi.
- Cika jaka tare da ƙasa mai laushi ko sphagnum.
- Gyara babba gefen jaka 10 cm daga wurin da aka yanke itacen.
- Haɗa ƙarshen ƙarshen reshe a cikin goyon baya na tsaye.
An raba seedling daga iska sa daga reshe lokacin da Tushen ya zama a bayyane a cikin jaka ko a kaka a farkon faduwar. A cikin yankuna na kudanci, ana iya gano irin waɗannan tsire-tsire nan da nan a cikin dindindin. A cikin yankuna masu tsananin winters, ana haƙa seedlings ko a dasa a tukunya kuma a adana su a cikin ginin har sai lokacin bazara, lokaci-lokaci yana shayarwa.
Mai tallata bidiyo mai yadawa
Pear yaduwa daga tushen harbe
Varietal pears zai iya ba da tushen harbe - harbe na bakin ciki ya fito daga tushe a cikin da'irar kusa-da'irar ko ba ta da nisa da ita. Don amfani da tushen shoot don yaduwa daga cikin iri-iri mai yiwuwa ne kawai idan an samo daga itacen tushen kai, kuma ba a grable. Yin amfani da tushen itacen bishiyar itace, ana samun seedling tare da halayen jari, shine, bishiyar da aka liƙa nau'ikan pear da yawa.
Sapling daga tushen shoot da wani varietal pear
Tushen ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta a hankali an haƙa shi don kada ya lalata asalin fibrous (na bakin ciki). Wani ɓangare na tushen tare da ɗan harbi ya rabu kuma an watsa shi zuwa wuri mai ɗorewa, an shirya shi daidai da na ɗan seedling. Nan gaba, daga wannan tsiron itace zai yi girma wanda yake maimaita duk halayen mahaifiyar.
Pear iri yaduwa
Pear yana yaduwa ta hanyar tsaba sosai. Don samun tsire-tsire iri ɗaya ga mahaifa, kuna buƙatar tabbatar da cewa pollination tare da pears na wasu nau'in ko dabbobin daji bai faru ba. Wannan abu ne mai matukar wahalar samu. Kwayoyin suna sawa kansu pollen wasu tsirrai da yawa tsawon kilomita. Yawancin lokaci ana yaduwa da iri iri, wanda zaiyi aiki a matsayin jari don tsirrai masu tsire-tsire.
Yaushe da kuma yadda ake watsa pear
An dasa pear a farkon bazara ko ƙarshen kaka a lokaci guda kamar yadda aka nuna don dasa shuki. An shirya sabon rami don bishiyar daidai kamar yadda aka riga aka bayyana a wannan labarin. Shekarun pear da suke son yin jigilar su bazai wuce shekaru goma sha biyar ba. Idan aka dasa shi da ƙwayar shuka mai shekaru biyu, to, a kan yanar gizon da ya girma bai wuce shekara 13 ba. Da tsufa itaciyar, da mafi wuya shi ne ya ɗauki tushe a cikin sabon wuri. Mai sauƙi don yin haƙuri da wannan hanya pears shekaru 3 zuwa 5 years.
Abu mafi wahala a sake dasa bishiyoyi shine a tono su daidai. A wane nisa daga akwati don tono an ƙaddara ta tsinkayen kambi ko ƙididdigar gwargwadon girman girman akwatin. Lissafin kamar haka: an ninka gilajin gangariyar ta 2 kuma an ƙara diamitarsa, watau, idan Ø 5 cm, to, ƙarar gangar ɗin zata zama cm 15. Saboda haka, nisan da aka haƙa da pear shine: 15x2 + 5 = 35 cm. , tare da kwanon kwanon ta na tono sun tono rami mai zurfi 50 cm kuma zurfin 45-60 cm.
Da kyau tono pear a dashi
An yi dunƙullen ƙurar ƙasa tare da Tushen a cikin hanyar mazugi. Wannan curi mai nauyin kilogram 50.
Wata dunƙulewar dunƙule tare da tushen tsiron da aka dasa itace a kafa
Idan akwai yiwuwar (maza biyu masu ƙarfi), to, a gefe ɗaya daga maɓuɓɓug ɗin ya shimfiɗa burlap, karkatar da itaciyar domin ƙurar ta faɗi a kan masana'anta, a cire ta daga ramin.
Maza biyu masu ƙarfi zasu iya fitar da pear daga rami tare da dunƙule na ƙasa
Canja wuri zuwa wani sabon saukowa site da saukar da cikin shirye rami.
Ana jujjuya lu'ulu'u tare da dunƙule ƙasar zuwa sabon wurin zama
Ba za a iya cire ƙonawa ba - har tsawon shekara yana rots kuma ba zai tsoma baki tare da haɓaka asalin sa ba.
Bauta daga tushen tsiran da yake dasawa ba za'a iya cire shi ba
Juyawar bishiyar tare da rufaffiyar tsarin yana ba da tabbacin tsira na pear a cikin sabon wuri.
Idan babu wata hanyar da za'a cire bishiyar daga kasa, to sai a fara cire tushenta a hankali ko kuma a wanke kasa da ruwa.
Wani dunƙule mai yawa na ƙasa akan tushen pear yana narkewa da ruwa daga tiyo
Fita daga ramin.
Mai sauƙin ɗaukar pear wanda tushensa ya 'yanta daga ƙasa.
An canza shi zuwa rami da aka shirya a gaba a sabon wurin aiki. Tushen an sanya shi ba tare da creases kuma bends sama.
Bude tushen dasa pear dasa
Sun cika shi da ƙasa, suka haɗa shi kuma suka shayar da ƙasa, suka kafa da'irar kusa-ganga.
Bishiyoyi masu buɗe tushen suna ɗaukar tushen mafi wahala. Girma kambi da yawan amfanin ƙasa a farkon shekara bayan dasawa zai zama ƙarami, amma a nan gaba itaciyar za ta yi girma kuma ta ba da 'ya'ya daidai.
Dukkanin ayyukan dasa shuki da sauki a yi. Babban abu shine a zabi wurin da ya dace don bishiyar, da aka ba busheshen bishiyoyi da tuni sun girma. Arin kulawa da hankali da kuma riko da fasahar aikin gona na wannan bishiyar itace zata bawa mai gidan damar ɗanɗano thean aikin sa na shekaru.
