Wani shuka shine asalin kabeji na lambu, ba wanda ya san tabbas. Homelandasar haihuwar fari kabeji ana ɗauka shine arewacin arewacin Tekun Bahar Rum. An san cewa shekaru 4 da suka wuce kabeji ya riga ya girma kamar amfanin gona. A zamanin Kievan Rus, an shigo da shi daga Yammacin Turai kuma ya sami matsayin da ya dace tsakanin sauran kayan lambu. A karni na sha tara, an sami kusan talatin daga nau'ikan ta, kuma yanzu akwai ɗaruruwan su.
Bayani da sifofin farin kabeji
Dangane da rarrabuwa a kimiyance, kabeji na lambu ko farin kabeji (Latin Brássica olerácea) wani nau'in halitta ne na Kabeji na dangin Kabeji (Cruciferous). Kabeji tsire-tsire ne mai tsire-tsire na shekaru biyu, har ma da itsa .ansa.
Dankin yana da ƙananan kararrawa mai ƙananan katako tare da babban adadin ganye, wanda ke samar da rosette a ƙasan. A cikin shekarar farko ta ciyayi, ganyayyaki, suna dacewa da juna kuma a kusa da kara (dungu), su zama shugaban kabeji da ake ci. Shugaban kabeji na iya samun ɗakin kwana, mai zagaye, zagaye, conical da m siffar. A cikin shekara ta biyu, tsayi (har zuwa 1.5 m) harbe harbe suna girma a kan abin da ake samar da 'ya'yan itace a cikin hanyar kwalliya tare da tsaba.
Farin kabeji - tsire-tsire mai tsire-tsire na shekaru biyu
A dafa abinci, ana amfani da kabeji da ɗanɗano (salads), fermented da pickled, kuma ana dafa abinci da yawa (stewed kabeji, kabeji roba, cika, burodi, miya kabeji, borscht, da sauransu). Yawancin girke-girke na girke-girke na kabeji ba shi da yawa.
Abubuwan da ke cikin biochemical na kabeji ya bambanta, ya ƙunshi: fiber, sunadarai, carbohydrates, acid na Organic da mahadi na nitrogen. Adadin bitamin C (30-70 mg / 100 g) yana daidai da abin da ke cikin lemons. Haka kuma akwai bitamin PP, E, A, U, da dama bitamin B da kuma ma'adanai da yawa.
Kabeji ya ƙunshi abubuwa masu amfani da yawa kuma ana amfani dashi sosai a dafa abinci
Kabeji a matsayin tushen bitamin U, wanda shine maganin antiulcer, ana amfani dashi ga cututtukan cututtukan hanji. Ruwan 'ya'yan itace daga ganyayyaki yana taimakawa rage jini sugar, cire cholesterol da wuce haddi mai narkewa daga jiki. Maganin sanannun mutane don tafiyar matakai masu kumburi shine ganyen kabeji.
A wasu halaye, kabeji na iya zama cutarwa: tare da cututtukan ƙwayar cuta na ƙwayar cuta, ƙonewar enterocolitis, ƙaruwar acidity na ciki, haɓakar spasms na hanji da bututun bile, yana rikicewa, tunda yana iya tayar da ƙwayar mucous na narkewa kuma yana haifar da ciwo mai zafi.
Farin kabeji yana da babban kama ga kabeji ja da kabeji Savoy. Ya bambanta da sauran kabeji ba kawai a cikin bayyanar ba, har ma da wasu sauran kaddarorin.
- A cikin broccoli da farin kabeji, inflorescences shine sashi mai kyau, a cikin kohlrabi - stembled.
- Kohlrabi, broccoli, sprouts na Brussels da farin kabeji an daskarewa don adana; waɗannan nau'in kabeji, ba kamar farin kabeji ba, ba a adana su ne na ɗan gajeren lokaci.
- Duk sauran nau'ikan kabeji suna da abun ciki mai girma na furotin, bitamin, micro da abubuwan macro, kuma suna da kyakkyawan tsarin salula (ban da jan kabeji - fiber ɗin sa, akasin haka, yana da ƙari fiye da na farin kabeji).
Duk da gaskiyar cewa wasu nau'ikan kabeji sun fi farin kabeji cikin kayan abinci mai gina jiki, wannan baya rage darajar da shahararsa saboda ƙanƙantar da farashi, rayuwa mafi kyawun tsari da sauran keɓaɓɓun kaddarorin.
Iri-iri na kabeji
Dokar Rajistar Samun Nasara na Federationasar Rasha ta ƙunshi nau'ikan 400 da iri na farin kabeji. Ta hanyar balaga, nau'ikan sun kasu kashi biyu ne: farkon ripening, tsakiyar ripening, tsakiyar-marigayi, marigayi ripening.
Tebur: shahararren nau'ikan farin kabeji ta hanyar girbi
| Rukunin iri da kuma wakilai masu mahimmanci | Amfani | Rayuwar shelf |
|---|---|---|
| Varietiesanyan farkon fari (kwana 90-120): Yuni, Dawn, Ditmar da wuri, Aurora F1, Express F1, Amazon F1 | Don sabo amfani | Ba a adana shi tsawon |
| Tsakiyar-tsaka (kwanakin 130-150): Fata, Tsarkaka 1305, Belorus 455, Natasha F1, Rinda F1, New York F1 | Yi amfani da biyu sabo ne da kuma kayan tsami | 1-4 watanni (dangane da daraja) |
| Matsakaici-marigayi (kwanakin 150-170): Kyauta, Blizzard, Suruka, Dobrovodskaya, Megaton F1, Mai adawa F1 | Don pickling da gajere ajiya, kuma za a iya cinye sabo | 2-5 watanni (dangane da aji) |
| Late-ripening (kwanakin 160-180) sun kasu kashi biyu; | ||
| Universal: hunturu Kharkov, Snow White, Karin F1, Orbit F1 | Yayi kyau ga kayan kwalliya da dafa abinci | Har zuwa watanni 6 |
| An yi niyya don ajiya na dogon lokaci: Wintering 1474, Lezhkiy F1, Amager 611, Kolobok F1, Atria F1 | Don adana tsawon lokaci (ana iya amfani da wasu nau'ikan tsinkaye) | Watanni 6-8 |
Irin wannan nau'in nau'in farin kabeji mai yawa yana sa ya yiwu a sami ingantaccen kayan amfanin wannan amfanin gona duk shekara.
Saukowa
Kabeji na iya girma a cikin shuka kuma ta hanyar shuka tsaba a cikin ƙasa. A cikin yankuna na kudancin, don girma kabeji da wuri a cikin fim na greenhouses tare da dumama, ana shuka tsaba don seedlings a cikin Janairu-Fabrairu. Ranar karewa game da dasa shuki shuki shuki na matsakaici a cikin ƙasa a cikin tsakiyar Rasha da yankuna arewacin shine ƙarshen Mayu ko kwanakin farko na Yuni. Seedlings suna girma a gida ko a cikin greenhouse. Lokacin dasa shuki seedlings na nau'in kabeji na farko a cikin ƙasa mai buɗewa, ana lura da makircin 35-40x50, don matsakaici da na marigayi iri na ripening, nisan da ke tsakanin tsire-tsire ya karu zuwa 45-50x70-80.
Shuke-shuke seedlings na kabeji ana shuka su ne a cikin ƙasa
Lokacin shuka iri a cikin ƙasa buɗe, lura da tsarin dasa, wanda ya dace da nau'in iri-iri. A farkon, ana kiyaye amfanin gona ta hanyar rufe kayan ko fim.
Yaya ake yada kabeji?
Idan yana ga mutum cewa yana yiwuwa a ɗauki tsaba daga wata shuka da ta fito da kibiya ba da gangan a farkon farkon ciyayi, to wannan kuskure ne babba. Tsirrai da suka girma daga irin waɗannan ƙila za su iya riƙe kaddarorin musamman iri daban-daban kuma ƙila su daina fita. Akwai ka'idojin samun tsaba kabeji mai inganci.
Yadda ake samun tsaba
Ana iya samun cikakken kayan abu kawai a shekara ta biyu ta rayuwar kabeji. Wajibi ne don zaɓar mafi ƙarfi, ba tare da alamun cutar ba, shugabannin kabeji, waɗanda ake kira sel sel. Kafin farkon sanyi, an cire su da tushen da dunƙule na ƙasa. Kafin kwanciya a cikin kawunan kabeji barin kayan rufe 2-3. Ana kabeji da kabeji tare da ash itace, a tsoma shi a cikin tushen tsarin a cikin yumɓun yumɓu kuma a adana shi a zazzabi na 1-2 ° C.
A cikin Maris ko Afrilu, an yanke kututture a cikin siffar mazugi don ƙodan babba ya zauna, kuma petioles na kututture tsawon santimita 2-3. An sanya matakala masu shirya a cikin rigar peat ko humus. An shuka tsire-tsire na uwa a watan Afrilu ko farkon rabin Mayu. Sanya kututture a kusurwa kuma tono zuwa gindin kai.
Kocherigi (mahaifiyar mashaya) an yanke su a cikin siffar mazugi kuma lokacin dasa, ana binne su zuwa gindin kai
Nisa tsakanin gwajin nau'ikan nau'ikan ya kamata ya zama aƙalla mita 500-600, in ba haka ba na iya haifar da pollination. Gadaje suna ba da kulawa ta daidaitaccen: shayarwa, sassauta, sako, sau biyu tare da takin nitrogen. Tattara tsaba kamar yadda murfin itace ya bushe ya bushe.
Yadda ake shuka kabeji daga dungu
Shin zai yuwu a sami zuriya, amma wani irin kabeji daga kututture? Yana yiwuwa, amma ba ko'ina, kuma ba daga kowane kututture ba. Akwai ƙwarewar yan lambu waɗanda suka sami amfanin gona guda biyu a kakar ɗaya daga shuka ɗaya, amma wannan mai yiwuwa ne kawai a yankuna tare da yanayin dumin yanayi inda farkon kabeji yake girma.
Lokacin girbi farkon kabeji (alal misali, kabeji Yuni) a farkon kwanakin Yuli, bayan yankan shugabannin kabeji, an bar kututture a ƙasa. Bayan wani lokaci, ƙananan shugabannin kabeji zasu fara farawa a cikin axils na ganye. An ba da shawara ga bakin ciki fitar da barin biyu cabbages a kan kowane dungu. Leavesarshen ganye daga shugabannin da suka gabata ba su tsinke don kyakkyawan riƙe danshi ba. Kuma a sa'an nan - watering, loosening, saman miya - duk abin da yake kamar yadda ya saba. Kuma a tsakiyar watan Satumbar, ana samun amfanin gona na shugabannin kabeji mai nauyin kilogram 500-700.
Kulawar kabeji na waje
A bangare guda, babu wani abu mai cike da rikitarwa a cikin abubuwan da ake buƙata don namo kabeji, amma a gefe guda, rashin yarda da aƙalla ɗayansu lallai zai cutar da amfanin gona. Abin da kawai kuke buƙatar ba karya dokokin - kuma komai zai yi kyau.
Requirementsasa da bukatun juyawa amfanin gona
Kabeji na iya yin tsiro a kan kasa daban, in banda ɗan yashi mai haske da dutse mai ƙeƙasassu, waɗanda ke ɗaukar danshi da talauci. Kyakkyawan ƙasa don kabeji shine ƙarancin loam tare da tsarin haske da ƙarancin peat low. Irin wannan kasa zai iya riƙe danshi kuma a lokaci guda ya zama daidai iska. Ganyen acidity shine pH6.4-7.0. Acidic kasa yana buƙatar yin liming kowane shekara 5-6. Don yin wannan, a cikin kaka, tare da digging, yin gari dolomite ko lemun tsami a cikin adadin 5 kg / 10 m2.
Ba za a iya sake yin kabeji a wuri guda ba, kuma a dasa shi bayan wasu tsire-tsire na giciye a baya bayan shekaru 3-4. Rashin yin biyayya ga juyawa amfanin gona da narkar da albarkatun gona kusa da kabeji yana haifar da yaduwar cututtukan halayyar wannan nau'in shuka. Kabeji yana tsiro mafi kyau bayan haze, liliaceae, solanaceae da legumes, kuma waɗannan sune maƙwabta mafi kyau.
Haske da zazzabi
Kabeji na nema a kan haske kuma bai yi haƙuri da ƙarancin shading. Wurin don narkar da shi yakamata ya kasance a buɗe gaba ɗaya. Tare da rashin haske, ganye fara girma da sauri, kuma shugabannin kabeji bazai haifar da kwatankwacinsu ba. Don mafi kyawun ci gaba na tsire-tsire, tsawon hasken rana ya kamata ya zama awanni 16-18.
Wurin dasa kabeji an zaɓa a buɗe kuma yana da kyau-lit
Kabeji an san shi da tsire-tsire mai jure sanyi. Matsayin juriyarsa ga ƙananan yanayin zafi ya dogara da nau'ikan da matakin ci gaban shuka. Shuka ya fara ne da zazzabi na 2-3 ° C. Matsakaicin zafin jiki don haɓakar saurin shuka shine 18-20 ° C. Lingsa Seedan da ke bestan itace suna girma sosai a 12-15 ° C. Annen da ke daurewa da ingantacciyar ƙasa a cikin ƙasa mai buɗewa na iya tsayayya da yanayin zafi zuwa ƙasa -7 ° C a lokacin sanyi mai gajeren lokaci. Don tsire-tsire na manya, zazzabi na 15-18 zuwa 25 ° C ya fi dacewa don ci gaba mai kyau. A kudu na Rasha, ba a iya ɗaukar zafi mai-zafi a lokacin zafin jiki mai ƙuna. Cikakkun shugabannin kabeji na iya tsayayya da yanayin zafi daga -2 ° C zuwa -8 ° C, gwargwadon ire-ire.
Abubuwan buƙatu don gumi, shayarwa da tsaunin dutse
Yankin danshi na ƙasa mafi girma na kabeji shine 80%, iska - 50-75%. Idan kabeji ya yi girma don ajiya na hunturu na dogon lokaci, to, danshi ƙasa mai laushi a rabin kashi na biyu na girma ya kamata ya zama 70-75%. Tare da rashin danshi, kabeji ba shi da talauci kuma ba a kafa kawuna ba.
Tebur: lokaci da kuma abubuwan shayar da kabeji
| Rana Kwanan Wata | Watering mita | Farashin ruwa |
|---|---|---|
| Bayan dasa shuki seedlings har sati biyu | Lokaci 1 cikin kwanaki 3-4 (fari a kowace rana) | 1-1.5 lita a kowace shuka |
| Makonni biyu bayan dasa shuki seedlings kafin farkon kai girma | Lokaci 1 a cikin kwanaki 4-7 (mafi yawan lokuta a cikin fari) | 8 lita 8 a 1 m2 |
| Tun da farkon ci gaban shugabannin kabeji | Duk sauran rana | 15-20 l a 1 m2 |
| Makonni 2 kafin girbi Makonni 4 kafin girbi kabeji da aka shirya don ajiya mai hunturu | Watse tasha | |
Mitar da kuma yanayin aikin ban ruwa an daidaita su gwargwadon yawan ruwan sama. An ba da shawarar cewa a kula da ƙasa a cikin wannan yanayin cewa dunƙule dunƙulen da aka ɗauka a hannu, idan an yi birgima tsakanin yatsunsu, sai a haɗe tare da ƙwallo. Idan ƙasa ta murƙushe, tana buƙatar shayar da shi. Duk da buƙatu akan danshi, kabeji baya son waterlogging. Wuce hadadden danshi na iya haifar da yaduwar cututtukan fungal da kawuna.
Don samun kyakkyawan girbi, ana shayar da kabeji a kai a kai.
Bayan yin ruwa, dole ne a saki ƙasa, yana da mahimmanci musamman don yin wannan a kan kasa mai nauyi. Yanawa mafi yawa ana haɗe tare da hawan dutse. Na farko hilling farkon iri ne da za'ayi 2 makonni bayan dasa. Late kabeji fara da earthed da ɗan daga baya - bayan makonni 3. Daga nan sai suka ci gaba da yin spud kowane sati 2 kuma suna yin hakan har sai ganye ya rufe.
Manyan miya
Kabeji yana ɗaukar abinci mai yawa daga ƙasa, saboda haka yana buƙatar ciyar da shi, adadinsu ya dogara da lokacin girma, kuma an rage shi don nau'in farkon.
Tebur: ranakun da ka'idodin ciyar da kabeji
| Lokacin Ciyar | Abinda ke ciki na cakuda abinci mai nauyin 10 lita na ruwa | Sashi da shuka |
|---|---|---|
| Makonni 2-3 bayan dasa shuki a cikin qasa | Optionayan zaɓi ɗaya:
| 150-200 ml |
| Wannan lokaci na farkon samuwar shugabannin | Optionayan zaɓi ɗaya:
| 500 ml |
| Kwana 10-15 bayan ango na biyu (amma banda farkon nau'in - an daina ciyar dasu) | 2 tablespoons na superphosphate, 15 g na takin tare da abubuwa alama | 1 lita |
| 20 days kafin girbi (na musamman don marigayi iri domin shugabannin kabeji su ne mafi alh storedri adana) | Optionayan zaɓi ɗaya:
| 1 lita |
Idan aka gabatar da takaddun takaddun lokacin dasa, to, miya ta farko ta fi kyau a daina yi. Tsarin takin mai magani na nitrogen ya tara a cikin shugabannin kabeji a cikin nau'ikan nitrates kuma yana dagula ingancin samfuran.
Bidiyo: fararen kabeji a fili
Kula da kabeji na gida
Don samun farkon girbin kabeji, ana amfani da sandunan kore. Lokacin girma kabeji a ɗaka, akwai wasu fasaloli waɗanda suke buƙatar la'akari.
Greenhouse ƙasa bukatun
Za'a iya amfani da ƙasa don ƙura ta shinkafa ta halitta da girma. Dole ne ya zama ya zama mai kauri zuwa 25-30 cm lokacin farin ciki .. Daga lokacin kaka, an gabatar da 12-13 kg / m a cikin ƙasa ta zahiri2 humus.
Don shiri na ƙasa mai girma, za'a iya bada shawarar ɗayan abubuwan da aka tsara masu zuwa (cikin%):
- peat low - 40, ƙasa turf - 40, taki - 20 (doki tare da abun ciki na 50% na sawdust);
- Peat mai ƙarancin ƙasa - 60, ƙasa turf - 20, taki shanu - 20;
- ƙasar turf - 80, humus - 20;
- fasar turf - 50-60, tsirar takin - 20-10, humus - 30-40.
Tsarin ƙasa ya zama haske. A cikin abun da ke ciki na gaurayawar ƙasa saboda mafi girma daɗaɗɗunsu ƙara ƙara ɗanɗano, yanke bambaro da sauransu.
Haske da zazzabi
A lokutan da kabeji bashi da isasshen hasken rana, tsire-tsire a cikin greenhouse suna buƙatar yin haske. Don yin wannan, yi amfani da fitilun da ke da cikakkiyar hasken rana a cikin haskensu. Nan da nan bayan fitowar ƙwayar, ana haskaka ƙwayar seedlings har sati guda, sannan a sauƙaƙa sau 7-10 a rana.
Lokacin dasa shuki don shuka kuma kafin harbe sun bayyana, mafi yawan zafin jiki iska shine 18-20 ° C. A cikin mako guda bayan fitowar shuka, za a saukar da zafin jiki na dare zuwa 6-8 ° C, da kuma rana - zuwa 8-10 ° C. Sa'an nan, a cikin yanayin rana, ana kiyaye yawan zafin jiki a cikin kewayon 15-18 ° C, a ranakun girgije - 14-16 ° C, da dare - 12-14 ° C. Temperatureasa zazzabi ya kamata ya kasance tsakanin 15-17 ° C. Don adana makamashi a lokacin tsananin sanyi, gadaje na iya zama na wani lokaci na rufe da kayan kayan rufe.
Bidiyo: tsari na kabeji da wuri a cikin girki daga dawowar sanyi
Bukatar zafi, shayarwa da kuma kayan miya
A lokacin da shuka kabeji a cikin greenhouse, da kuma a cikin ƙasa bude, ba su yarda ko dai waterlogging ko bushewa daga ƙasa. Idityarancin zafi a cikin rufaffiyar ƙasa ya zama 75-80%. Danshi abun ciki na ƙasa shine kashi 80-85%.Don haɓaka yanayin zafi, ana amfani da ban ruwa don ban ruwa, kuma a rage shi, an kori iska.
Don ƙara yawan zafi a cikin greenhouse, shayar da kabeji tare da yayyafa
Bayan dasa seedlings a cikin wani wuri akai, ana ciyar da tsire-tsire sau biyu.
Tebur: ranakun da nau'ikan takin na takin ƙasa lokacin da aka yi girma a cikin greenhouse
| Lokacin Ciyar | Abun da ke ciki na cakuda abinci na 1m2 |
|---|---|
| Daya da rabi zuwa makonni biyu bayan dasa shuki | 10-15 of g ammonium nitrate, 20-25 g na superphosphate, 10-15 of g potassium sulfate, 10 l na ruwa |
| A lokacin farawa | 20 g na ammonium nitrate, 30-40 g na superphosphate, 15-20 g na potassium sulfate, 10 l na ruwa |
Don suturar miya, zaka iya amfani da takin ma'adinai mai rikitarwa, kamar nitroammofoska, azofoska, Crystal, Ecoplant, Master. Don haɓaka haɓakar tsarin tushen da kuma ingantaccen amfani da abubuwan gina jiki, ana amfani da tushen abubuwan tsufa, masu haɗari, Thekamin, Rice da sauransu.
Fasali na namo farin kabeji a yankuna daban-daban
Tunda yanayin yanayi a cikin wurare daban daban ya bambanta da juna, narkar da fararen kabeji a kowane yanki yana da nasa takamaiman fasahar aikin gona.
Siffofin girma kabeji a cikin gari
Yanayin da ke faruwa a yankin na Moscow yana sananne ne da yanayin girgije. Babu kwanakin rana da yawa. Duk da gaskiyar cewa kabeji ciyawa ce mai daurin sanyi, yanayin bazara wanda zai iya haifar da matsala yayin girma da wuri.
Kabeji, a wannan yankin yana girma ne musamman a cikin seedlings. Akwai yuwuwar girma da shi a cikin ƙasa a buɗe daga tsaba kuma ba a cire shi ba, amma a wannan yanayin, yakamata a samar da shinge na seedlings kafin farkon kwanciyar hankali mai sanyin yanayi. Ofayan zaɓuɓɓuka don girma kabeji a cikin ƙasa shine amfani da gadaje masu ɗumi. Tunda babu ruwan sama mai yawa a cikin karkara a lokacin rani, ya kamata a ba da kulawa ta musamman.
A Yankin Moscow, ana amfani da gadaje masu ɗumi don shuka kabeji a cikin ƙasa mai buɗe
Iri iri-iri ke girma, a matsayin mai mulkin, farkon, tsakiyar-ripening da tsakiyar-marigayi, kamar yadda marigayi ripening iya ba ripen. Daga nau'ikan da aka gwada sun shahara, kamar ɗaukaka, ɗaukaka Gribovsky, Kyauta. Hakanan akwai nau'ikan halittu da yawa waɗanda suka yi aiki sosai a wannan yankin.
Fasali na girma kabeji a Siberiya
Mai tsananin yanayin yanayin zafi baya bada izinin shuka kabeji fari daga tsaba a Siberiya a fili. Koyaya, abu ne mai yiwuwa a shuka shi a hanyar seedling. A takaice lokacin rani baya yarda da namo Marigayi-ripening iri tare da dogon girma kakar, saboda haka, zched tsakiyar-ripening da tsakiyar marigayi iri an zaɓi da cewa ba da kyakkyawan girbi a wannan yankin. An ƙirƙiri nau'ikan da suka dace da yanayin Siberian a tashar gwajin kayan lambu na Yammacin Siberian waɗanda ke da tsayayya ga cututtukan da suka zama ruwan dare a yankin. Mafi mashahuri daga gare su: Point, Sibiryachka 60, Nadezhda, Blizzard, Final, Talisman F1.
A cikin ƙasa mai buɗewa, ana shuka shuka a ƙarshen rabin Mayu, kwanaki 50-55 bayan an shuka iri. Da farko, da aka ba yanayin yanayi, an rufe gadaje. A watan Agusta, kabeji da irin wannan nau'in an riga an fara cinye sabo, kuma an yi amfani da shi don tsami. A watan Satumba, ana tattara kabeji mai tsaka-tsaki, wanda aka ajiye don ajiya.
Siffofin girma kabeji a cikin Urals
Yanayin yanayin da ba zai iya canzawa ba game da yanayin Urals, ana saninsa da canje-canjen yanayi mai ƙarfi a cikin zafin jiki da zafin motsi na yawan iska. A watan Mayu, ana iya lura da yawan zafin jiki mai zuwa: daga zafin rana a cikin rana zuwa sanyi a dare. A watan Oktoba, dusar ƙanƙara na iya faɗuwa.
Lingsa Seedan itace suna girma a gida, a cikin katako ko a gadaje masu dumi. A cikin shekaru goma na farko ko na biyu na Mayu, an dasa shi a cikin ƙasa buɗe. An rufe gadaje da m spanbond mai yawa, wanda ke kare tsire-tsire daga yanayin zafi a cikin dare da kwari. Hanyar ingantacciya ita ce ciyawa gadaje tare da fim ɗin baƙar fata don kare ƙasa daga yanayin zafi.
Don kare da sanyi lokacin sanyi, gadaje na kabeji a cikin Urals an rufe shi da spanbond
Varietiesanyan kabeji na Siberiya suna girma sosai a cikin Urals, irin su Nadezhda da Blizzard, da kuma kabeji da yawa (Megaton, Atria, Aggressor, da dai sauransu.) Kabeji na tsakiyar-ripening Losinoostrovskaya ya shahara sosai, wanda aka haɗu da karuwar juriya ga keel kuma ana amfani dashi sabo kuma don tsami.
Fasali na girma kabeji a tsakiyar Rasha
Yanayin yanayi na yanayin tsakiya na tsakiyar Rasha tare da dusar ƙanƙara, yanayin sanyi mai zafi da dumama, lokacin bazara ya fi dacewa don girma kabeji. A cikin tsakiyar latitude, kabeji mafi yawa ana girma a cikin seedlings. Koyaya, a halin yanzu, saboda mahimmancin dumamar yanayi a tsakiyar Rasha, lokacin da aka shuka iri a cikin ƙasa, marigayi hybrids sun girma tare da balaga na kwanaki 160-170.
Tebur: lokacin shuka iri da dasa shuki a tsakiyar Rasha
| Iri iri daban-daban na tsawon ciyayi | Kwanakun shuka iri don shuka | Wannan lokaci na girma seedlings | Tsarin shuka iri |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ciki da wuri | Maris 1-15 | 45-60 kwana | Mayu 1-15 |
| Tsaka-tsaki | 20 ga Afrilu - 10 ga Mayu | 35-45 kwana | Mayu 15-30 |
| Late ripening | Maris 15 - Afrilu 10 | 30-35 days | Mayu 10-25 |
Don dasa shuki na farko, ya zama dole don amfani da dumama tare da kayan da ba a saka ba, tunda sanyi yakan faru a tsakiyar Rasha a irin wannan lokacin.
Kowane mutum daban-daban ko kuma hybrids na marigayi-ripening da tsakiyar kabeji kabeji (alal misali, tsakiyar ripening sa Slava 1305, marigayi hybrids na Valentin, Kolobok, Garant) za a iya girma a cikin hanyar iri.
Siffofin girma kabeji a cikin Far East
Yanayin yankin gabas ta gabas yana fama da rashin hankali. An kwatanta shi da canje-canje mai kauri cikin zafin jiki, lokacin sanyi da kuma lokacin sanyi. A lokacin ci gaba mai girma da kuma saitin shugabannin kabeji, ana iya lura da yawan zafin jiki na iska. A watan Yuli-Satumba, ruwan sama mai nauyi ya faru, wanda ke haifar da lalata ruwa na ƙasa kuma, a sakamakon haka, zuwa yaduwar ƙwayoyin cuta.
A wannan yankin, ana zaɓan nau'in sanyi mai tsauri tare da ɗan gajeren lokacin girma, kazalika da tsayayya da cututtuka da fatattaka. A Gabas ta Tsakiya, tsohuwar nau'in da aka gwada (Slava, Podarok, Blizzard, Yuni Early da sauransu) sun tabbatar da kansu da kyau. Amma nau'ikan nau'ikan da aka kyankyasai da hatsi sun bambanta a cikin mafi girma da ake samu, irin su Artost, Kwallan sukari, Natasha, Kukharka, Rukuni, Hurricane, Primorochka. Cikakken cikakke da kuma ƙarshen kabeji a cikin waɗannan yankuna yana girma a cikin seedlings.
A wuraren yin zafi mai zurfi, ana amfani da wata dabara ta noma kamar ta kabeji akan kabari ko kango. Idan ƙasa ta ƙasa tana da ɗan rami mai tsalle da gudummawa mai kyau, to, zai fi kyau shuka kabeji akan tsokoki. Idan shafin yana cikin ƙasa mai laushi kuma yana iya ambaliyar ɗan lokaci, yana da kyau zaɓi chooseaho, tunda danshi mai yawa yana barin su da sauri.
Kwanan nan, ana amfani da fasahar haɗaɗɗiyar tsibiri ta ƙawance. A farkon rabin bazara, lokacin da yanayin ya bushe, ana shuka kabeji akan dogo, waɗanda suka fi dacewa da tanadin danshi. A tsakiyar lokacin bazara, tare da farkon lokacin bazara na watan Agusta, manyan dogo biyu suka taso daga fage, daga abin da yalwa danshi ya bar mafi kyau.
Wasu hanyoyin girma kabeji
Masu aikin lambu da ƙwararrun masana suna neman da kuma amfani da sabbin hanyoyin girma na kabeji, wanda ke taimaka wajan sauƙaƙe kulawar tsirrai. Suna kuma samun yuwuwar yin shuka ingantaccen irin wannan amfanin gona a yanayin karancin albarkatun ruwa.
Shin zai yuwu a shuka kabeji ba tare da an sha ruwa ba
Waɗannan 'yan lambu suna tambayar irin wannan tambayar ta ƙarancin wadatar ƙasa tare da danshi. Dangane da tsarin ruwa, kabeji ya kasance ga rukuni na tsire-tsire waɗanda suka fi buƙata a kan danshi.
A cikin litattafai akan girma kayan lambu zaku sami bayanan masu zuwa: idan don namo shugaban ƙabe ɗaya na kabeji na ƙarshen kakar, ana buƙatar 200 l na ruwa (ganga), to don daji ɗaya na dankalin turawa 100 l (rabin ganga). Anan ne jahilcin mutane ke fatan samun amfanin gona ba tare da shayarwa ba.
Pavel Trannua
Makarantar Golden na Horticulture Eksmo Moscow 2015
Ba shi yiwuwa a yi kabeji ba tare da an sha ruwa ba. Koyaya, yin amfani da fasahohin aikin gona waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga adana danshi a cikin ƙasa zai taimaka matuƙar rage yawan amfani da ruwa yayin shuka wannan amfanin gona. Don wannan, ana bada shawarar matakan da ke gaba:
- Conditionsirƙiri yanayi don riƙe dutsen dusar ƙanƙara ta hanyar zurfin rami mai zurfi tare da samuwar manyan dogo.
- A farkon bazara, ana kwance loosening na kasar gona. Wannan jiyya yana hana danshi cirewa daga cikin abubuwan da ke gudana.
- Guji zurfin namo na kasar gona, farcewar ƙasa yana hana samuwar ɓawon ƙasa.
- Kabeji ya yi girma cikin hanyar da ba ta shuka ba, kuma an samar da tsarin tushen ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, wanda ke jan ruwa sosai.
Amfani da fasahar noman rani-tsirar ruwa a hade tare da zabin nau'in kabeji mai tsaurin fari (Mozharskaya, Yuzhanka-31, Braunschweika, Amtrak, Bronco) zai taimaka wajen rage amfani da ruwa lokacin da aka shuka wannan dattin mai kauna.
Girma a karkashin kwalabe filastik
Lokacin girma kabeji daga tsaba a cikin ƙasa buɗe, ana iya amfani da kwalabe filastik azaman tsari na mutum don tsire-tsire. Wannan dabara tana hanzarta fitar da shuka, yana kare su daga kwari, yana kuma taimakawa wajen kiyaye danshi da zafi.
A cikin kwalabe na filastik, an yanke ƙananan sashin, an kuma bar yatsun a saman ɓangaren. Ana shuka tsaba a cikin hanyar da aka saba kuma an rufe shi saboda gefuna da aka yanke suna zurfafa cikin ƙasa da santimita uku. A kusa da kwalabe suna zuba ɗan ƙasa.
Lokacin da ake buƙatar shayar da seedlings, suna yin shi ta hanyar wuya na kwalabe. Lokaci-lokaci, tsire-tsire suna samun iska, saboda wannan suna buɗe murfin kuma suna barin wuyan a buɗe na ɗan lokaci. Lokacin da ganyen kabeji fara taɓa bangon kwalabe, ana cire masu mafaka.
Bidiyo: farin kabeji mai girma a ƙarƙashin kwalayen filastik
Girma a ƙarƙashin fim ɗin mulching
Amfani da fim ɗin filastik don mulching gadaje tare da kabeji yana daya daga cikin hanyoyin ingantaccen hanyoyin kariya. Don mulching, duka ana amfani da fim ɗin amintattu da baƙi dangane da yanayin.
Fim mai baƙar fata yana taimakawa dumama ƙasa da riƙe danshi a ciki, ciyawa kuma suna mutuwa a ƙarƙashinsa. An dage fim ɗin akan gadaje kabeji da aka shirya makonni 3-4 kafin dasawa, a cikin wanne lokaci ƙasa zata ɗora. Dangane da tsarin dasawa, ana yin yankan zagaye ko gicciye a cikin fim kuma ana dasa shuki a cikin waɗannan ramuka. Suna kulawa da tsirrai a daidai kamar yadda suka saba: ana shayar da su ƙarƙashin tushe, suna ciyarwa, ana bi da su daga cututtuka da kwari.
A karkashin fim ɗin mulching, kasar gona ta daɗe, an kiyaye danshi kuma ciyawar ba ta yi girma ba
A lokacin rani, ana amfani da fim ɗin amintacce, wanda aka riga an lalace. Sun sa shi a kan wani ruwa mai shayarwa tsakanin layuka na kabeji da gyara shi. Wannan nau'in mulching yana kare kariya daga bayyanar ciyawar, kuma yana riƙe da danshi a cikin ƙasa.
Siderata na kabeji
Babban mahimmancin ciyawar kore shine shuka tsire-tsire waɗanda ake amfani da taro mai ƙanshi a matsayin takin gargajiya. Ana amfani da irin wannan hanyar aikin gona a cikin ƙasa buɗe da kuma a cikin gidaje.
An keɓantar da gefuna ko nau'in tsire-tsire na daji waɗanda aka girma don wadatar da ƙasa tare da humus da nitrogen.
Mafi kyawun kayan kwalliya don kabeji sune legumes (melilot, alfalfa, nomad, vetch, Clover, lupine na shekara, Peas, wake), hatsi (hatsi), hydrophils (phacelia), bruise da wasu mutane. Za'a iya amfani da gaurayawan amfanin gona kore, mafi yawancin abin da shine vetch oat. Kuma zaku iya haxa da faski, bruise da Clover zaki a cikin rabo na 1: 1: 2.
Ba shi yiwuwa a yi tsiro kabeji kafin ya dasa kabeji. Wasu hatsi suna zubar da ƙasa sosai kuma sabili da haka basu dace da kabeji ba kamar amfanin gona. Ganyen ciyawar da ba ta dace da kabeji ba zai zama fyaɗe, fararen mustard, fyaɗe, radar oil, hatsin da sauran su.
Cututtuka da kwari na kabeji
Bayan yanke shawarar shuka farin kabeji a cikin lambun ku, kuna buƙatar kasancewa da shiri don gaskiyar cewa a ƙarƙashin yanayin mummunan, al'adar za ta iya cutar da ita, kwari na iya samun sha'awar hakan.
Cututtukan gama gari
Factorsaya daga cikin abubuwan da basu dace ba don ci gaban cututtuka shine karuwar acidity na ƙasa. Kabeji ya fi saurin kamuwa da cututtukan fungal, tunda yanayin ƙasa mai laushi, wanda yake wajibi ne ga ci gaban tsirrai, ya fi dacewa da yaduwar cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta.
Kabeji kabeji
Tare da ƙara yawan acidity na ƙasa, naman gwari ya bazu, wanda ke haifar da cutar keel. A pathogen shiga cikin kasar gona da kuma rinjayar da tushen, growths samar a kansu. Tsire-tsire suna daina girma, bushewa da sauƙi cirewa daga ƙasa. Kila yana shafar dukkanin albarkatun gona na giciye. Ba shi yiwuwa a ceci mara lafiyar keel. Ana cire tsire-tsire masu kamuwa daga rukunin yanar gizon kuma an lalata su.
Tare da cutar keel, haɓaka suna girma a kan tushen kabeji
Yin rigakafin cutar Kiloy an rage zuwa matakan masu zuwa:
- yardawar amfanin gona;
- liming na kasar gona;
- solanaceous, Lilac da haze amfanin gona suna lalata filayen kiel, suna girma a wuraren da cutar take;
- sarrafa seedlings wanda aka kawo daga gefe, Fitosporin, shirye-shiryen sulfur.
Kafa baki
Wannan cuta ta shafi shuka. Tushen tushe yana duhu, kuma ciyawar ta zama kamar bakin ciki, sakamakon abin da shuka ya fashe kuma ya mutu. Cutar ta bayyana a kan ƙasa na acidic a ƙarƙashin yanayin yawan danshi a cikin ƙasa, isasshen iska, da canje-canje kwatsam a zazzabi. Ragowar kamuwa da tsire-tsire a cikin ƙasa suna ba da gudummawa ga adana cututtukan cututtukan ƙafafun baƙar fata.
Tare da cutar baƙar fata, ƙwayar kabeji ta zama bakin ciki da fashe
Matakan rigakafin sun haɗa da maye gurbin ƙasa a cikin gidajen ƙasa, riƙe da daidaituwa na zafi da zazzabi. Don magance ƙafafun baƙar fata, ana amfani da Bordeaux, wanda ke kula da wuraren da abin ya shafa a cikin nauyin 1 a kowace 1 m2.
Fusarium
Wannan cuta ana kuma kiranta fusarium wilting na kabeji. The pathogen rinjayar duka seedlings da girma shuke-shuke. Ganyen tsirrai ya zama rawaya ya mutu, wanda hakan ke kaiwa ga mutuwa. A cikin tsire-tsire na manya da Fusariosis ya shafa, bayan mutuwar ganye, karamin tsirara shugaban kabeji ya ragu. A sashin giciye na kara da ganye, an hango zoben launin ruwan kasa mai haske. A causative wakili na iya zama mai yiwuwa a cikin ƙasa shekaru.
A cikin kabeji wanda Fusarium ya shafa, ganye yakan juya ya mutu
An lalata tsire-tsire masu illa tare da asalinsu. Yin rigakafin ya ƙunshi lura da juyawa amfanin gona, amfanin tsaba masu kyau, iyakance ƙasa. Cabbage cultivars da kuma hybrids masu tsayayya wa Fusarium suna girma a cikin wuraren da cutar take.
Grey rot
Cutar na faruwa sau da yawa yayin adana shugabannin kabeji, kuma yana iya shafan dukkanin shuka a cikin itacen inabi. Yaduwar launin toka yana tsokanar girbi a cikin ruwan sama, lalacewar injini ga kawuna, daskarewa, da rashin bin ka'idodi a cikin wuraren ajiya na kabeji. A kan shugabannin kabeji akwai alamar launin toka mai launin toka tare da mafitsara, wanda ya kunshi mycelium da sporesgengen. Daga baya, baƙar fata nodules a waɗannan wurare.
Lokacin da launin toka ya shuɗe a kawunan kawunan, tohon ruɓi zai bayyana
Matakan magance fulawar launin toka sun hada da girbi na lokaci, lalata sharar bayan girbi, tsabtace lokaci na kantin kabeji, da yanayin ajiya (zazzabi daga 0 zuwa 2 ° C).
Babban matakan rigakafin cututtukan kabeji sun sauko zuwa ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta, bin ka'idodin jujin amfanin gona, da iyakance ƙasa. Kuma a yayin kakar kana buƙatar aiwatar da jiyya da yawa tare da fungicides, kamar Fitosporin, Ridomil, Polycarbocin da sauransu.
Wataƙila karin kwari na kabeji
Don haka kabeji ba zai wahala daga kwari ba, kuna buƙatar sanin manyan wakilan ku kuma koya yadda za a magance su.
Kabeji Aphid
Kwaro mai haɗari na ƙananan girman (har zuwa 2.2 mm), fari ko kore. Aphids tsotse ruwan 'ya'yan itace daga kabeji kuma yana iya haifar da babbar illa, saboda yana ƙaruwa sosai. Don magance shi, zaka iya amfani da kayan ƙyalli na kayan tsutsa da tansy, tinctures na horseradish ko barkono mai zafi, da kwari.
Kabeji Aphid karami ne (har zuwa mm 2.2), amma zai iya zama mai cutarwa ta hanyar tsotse ruwan 'ya'yan itace daga ganyen kabeji
Kishi mai danshi
Smallarami, kimanin mm 3, tsalle masu tsalle, m ganye, wannan ganyen - wannan ƙwarya ce wacce ta shafi duk tsirrai na gicciyen. Fulawa ita ce kwari mai cutarwa sosai, idan ba ku yi faɗa da shi ba, to duk ƙwayar kabeji da aka dasa a ƙasa na iya shan wahala. Don kore kwaro, marigolds, Dill, ana shuka karas akan gadaje kabeji. Tsabtace tsire-tsire tare da toka na itace ko ƙurar taba (ana iya haɗe shi da ruwan lemun tsami a daidai gwargwado) hanya ce mai mahimmanci don magance ƙurar gwal.
Cruciferous ƙuma - wata cutarwa na ganye irin ƙwaro
Matsawa
Wannan kwaro ne mai mollusk tare da gamsai mai narkewa wanda ke ciyar da ganyen kabeji. Slugs ninka sosai a cikin yanayin babban zafi. Don sarrafa kwaro a kusa da ƙananan gadaje, zaku iya ƙirƙirar bango a cikin nau'i na yayyafa alƙalima ko alli na baƙin ciki. Idan adadin slugs yana da mahimmanci, to, ana amfani da maganin Thunderrstorm. Manyan granules dinsu sun watse cikin layuka na kabeji a ganga of 3 grams ta 1 m2.
Slugs suna cin ganyen kabeji
Karas din kankara
Lyan malam buɗe ido mai rikitarwa na launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi tare da fikafikanci ƙasa da santimita 5. Kwaro ya sanya ƙwai a cikin ganyayyaki na ganyayyaki. Caterpillars ƙyanƙyashe daga qwai, wanda, cin ganye, da sauri halaka su. Clutches na qwai na kabeji scoops za a iya tattara da hannu. Daga samfuran halitta, Lepidocide ko Bitoxibacillin suna ba da sakamako mai kyau.
Caterpillars na kabeji scoops ciyar a kan ganye, butterflies inconspicuous m-launin ruwan kasa
Akwai magungunan kashe kwari da yawa don rigakafin lalacewar kabeji ta hanyar kwari, har ma da magance su, kamar Decis, Fitoverm, Fufanon, Spark Dual Effective, Zemlin, Diazonin da sauransu. Kuma har ila yau, ana bayar da sakamako mai kyau ta hanyar amfani da magunguna na mutane ta hanyar kayan ado da infusions daban-daban.
Bidiyo: kula da kabeji daga aphids da slugs
Girbi da adanawa
Ana girbe nau'in kabeji da wuri a watan Yuni-Yuli kuma nan da nan cinyewa. Tsararren lokacin shirye don girbi a ƙarshen bazara, kuma daga baya a watan Satumba ko farkon Oktoba. Kabeji a kan itacen inabi na iya jure wa frosts zuwa -5-7 ° C, a yanke kawunan kabeji a wannan zazzabi da zazzage. Idan sanyi ya faru kafin girbi, zai fi kyau kada a yanke kawunan kabeji, amma a jira har sai ganye suyi sanyi. Mafi kyawun inganci don shugabannin kabeji da aka tattara a cikin lokacin bushe a zazzabi na + 4-7 ° C.
An yanke kawunan kabeji da wuka, ƙananan ganye da dunƙule 3-4 cm an bar.Mannan ana amfani da kawunan kabeji da dadda, kuma densest da ganyen biyu na waje ana ajiye su lokacin ajiya.
Mafi kyawun yanayi don adana kabeji shine zazzabi daga 0 zuwa 2 ° C tare da zafi na kusan 90-98%. Ana sanya kawunan kabeji akan bene na katako ko gurnani da kocherigami sama a wani takamaiman daga juna. Idan yanayi ya bada izinin, zaku iya rataye a cikin nau'i biyu tare da kawunan kan hanyoyin. Idan kabeji ya yi birgima a cikin yumbu mai narkewa sannan ya bushe, za'a adana shi fiye da yadda aka saba.
An adana kabeji akan shimfidar katako a zazzabi na 0 to 2 ° C
Farin kabeji da tabbaci ya ɗauki matsayinsa a rayuwar mutumin Rasha. An girma ko'ina, yana dacewa da yanayin damina na yankuna daban-daban. Wannan bawai ace cewa wannan babban tsiro ne mai yawan gaske ba, amma har yanzu akwai wasu bukatu na yanayin yadda ake bunkasa ta kuma ba tare da aiwatar da su ba, bai kamata ku dogara da girbi mai kyau ba. Tare da zaɓin da ya dace na iri-iri da kuma yin amfani da fasahar aikin gona da ta dace, za a iya samun nasarar yin kabeji cikin nasara a cikin ƙasa da kuma a cikin greenhouse.
