Tsibirin pear a tsakiyar Rasha

Ofaya daga cikin wakilan dangin Rosaceae shine pear. Wannan itace na itace a cikin daji ana rarrabawa a duk faɗin nahiyar Eurasia daga yankuna kudu da ke zuwa 55-60 ° arewa. Tsoffin Helenawa sun fara yin lu'ulu'u kamar shuka a Turai. A Rasha, Josef Gertner, farfesa na Botany kuma darektan lambu na botanical na Cibiyar Kwalejin Kimiyya ta St. Petersburg, ya fara aikin kiwo don inganta dandano na 'ya'yan itatuwa da kuma ƙara ƙoshin sanyi na pears a ƙarni na 18. Wannan labarin zai tattauna nau'ikan wannan itace na 'ya'yan itace da suka yi aiki sosai a Tsakiyar Rasha.

Yadda za a zabi mafi, mafi ...

A yau, akwai dubban pears iri. Daga wannan nau'ikan, Ina so in zabi mafi kyau, wanda zai faranta wa iyalai duka kyau tare da kyawawan 'ya'yan itace da kyawawan' ya'yan itace. Mene ne halaye na zaɓar pear don lambun ku? Da farko dai, ta hanyar amfani da aikace-aikacen - suna son dasa shukar kayan ado ko bishiyar itace akan rukuninsu.

Pears na ado

Lambunanmu da filaye na sirri ba su da kyan gani tare da pears na ado, kodayake waɗannan bishiyoyin suna da ban sha'awa sosai kuma ana samun nasarar yin amfani da su a cikin shimfidar wuraren shakatawa a Tsakiyar Rasha. Misalin irin wadannan bishiyoyin kayan ado shine pear loosestrife.

Pear loosestrife

Wannan bishiyar ornamental, mai tsayin mita shida, tana tsaye a bangon duniyar wasu kayan kore da kambi mai sihiri tare da rassan da aka rufe dasu da kunkuntar silvery. A watan Afrilu-Mayu, ta kama musamman m cikin farin fure kaya. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari kaɗan, kore. Ba a cinye su. Itace ne unpretentious, zai iya girma ko da a kan yashi ƙasa ko a cikin birane ba sosai m ga shuke-shuke, Yana son mai yawa haske, sauƙi tsira daga fari, amma bai yi haƙuri stagnation na ruwa.

Pear loosestrife akan hoto

Itaciyar lambun

'Ya'yan itaciya na wannan nau'in a Rasha ta Tsakiya suna yin ƙasa da itacen apple. Pears yi haƙuri da yanayin zafi muni, amma iri tare da ƙara hunturu hardiness da farkon ripening ba da damar girbi a cikin yanayin ba sosai tsawon lokacin bazaar da matsananci winters.

Abin da irin pears ba su tsoron sanyi

Bayanai game da juriya na sanyi na yawancin nau'ikan pears a cikin kwatancinsu an bayyana su a cikin kalma ɗaya - babba. Ko da ƙasa game da abin da sanyi da itace zai iya ɗauka ba tare da lalacewa ba shine saƙonni: "a matakin tsohuwar nau'in pear pear na Rasha" ko "a matakin Bessemninka iri-iri". Don masu lambu: Itaciyar 'ya'yan itace ta tsohuwar nau'ikan Rashanci da Bessemyanka, musamman, suna jure sanyi har zuwa -38 ° C, fure-fure nasu-zuwa -34 ° C, da kuma kwai - har zuwa -2 ° C. Lokacin gwada nau'ikan pear don haɗawa a cikin rajista na jihar, waɗannan alamun suna aiki a matsayin daidaitaccen misali. Jerin da ke ƙasa ya ƙunshi nau'ikan pear pear na zamani, wanda cikin sharuddan jure sanyi na iya dacewa da waɗanda aka ambata.

Tebur daga cikin manyan halaye na hunturu-Hardy pear iri

** Kopyetso reshe ne na 8-10 cm tsayi, koyaushe yana tsaye kuma yana zaune a kan kusurwar dama akan babban reshe. * Kolchatka ƙaramin reshe ne har tsawon tsayi 6 cm. Yana da toho guda da aka inganta a ƙarshen.

Wasu nau'in pear mai tsaurin sanyi sanyi a hoto

Lokacin zabar pear don dasawa, ya zama dole la'akari da yanayin ba kawai yanayin yanayin yankin da itacen zai girma ba. Abubuwan da ke cikin keɓaɓɓen shafin na iya zama da mahimmanci, shin akwai isasshen filin kyauta don dasa sabon itace, menene tsire-tsire tuni, da sauransu. Bayan duk, pear itatuwa ne daban ba kawai a cikin hunturu hardiness da ripening. Sun bambanta sosai a:

• tsayin dabbar da ya girma - daga dwarf zuwa tsayi;
• nau'in kambi - fadi, kunkuntar ko columnar;
• nau'in pollination - ana buƙatar ɗayan bishiyoyi ɗaya ko sama akan shafin don girbi;
• fruita fruitan itace - babba, matsakaici ko ƙarami;
• tasteanɗanon ɗanɗano - mai daɗi, mai daɗi da m ko tart tare da haushi.

Abinda ya shafi tsayi

Pears gaba ɗaya daban-daban a cikin wasu halaye suna haɗuwa cikin rukuni gwargwadon girman itacen da itacen ya kai a shekara ta goma na rayuwa.

Tall iri

Gwanin pears mai tsayi yana farawa daga tsayin 1.5-1.8 daga ƙasa, kuma jimlar tsayin bishiyar ya kai mita shida. Duk wani aiki don kula da su da girbi suna da matukar wahala saboda wurin da rassan ke da tsayi mai yawa. Wakilin bishiyun 'ya'yan itace masu tsayi na iya zama kamar pear na ire-iren Beauty Chernenko.

Kyau Chernenko a cikin hoto

A cikin rajista na Hukumar Hukumar Federationungiyar Rasha don gwaji da kariya na abubuwan da aka zaɓa, ana ba da shawarar pear iri-iri na Beauty Chernenko don namowa a Tsakiyar Rasha. Kunkuntar kambi na pyramidal wannan itace mai ƙarfi-girma yakan hau zuwa tsawo na 6. M yana jure hunturu zuwa -25 ° C ba tare da matsaloli ba. Yawan ayukan Kayan kwalliyar Beauty Chernenko ya tabbata kuma yakai ton 12.7 a kowace kadada. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari an rufe su da fata mai rawaya-mai rawaya mai launin shuɗi tare da kyawawan launuka ja masu nauyi waɗanda suke awo zuwa 200 g kowane ɗaya. Kyakkyawan ingantaccen inganci iri-iri shine juriya daga pear ɗin da ke yiwa scab.

Daga cikin fasalin namo, zan iya lura da ƙarancin kirkirar harbi - yana da mahimmanci don samun ƙwanƙwasa - tsunkule ko datse ƙarshen rassan, kuma sun taurare suna son duba sama - don mafi kyawun kasusuwa, dole ne a yanke rassan.

Grandson na Michurin, Michurinsk

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Matsakaici

A cikin itatuwan pear da aka sanya wa wannan rukunin, nisa daga ƙananan rassa zuwa ƙasa ya kasance daga 60 zuwa 150 cm. Pears na wannan nau'in galibi ana samun su a cikin ɗakunan rani da filayen lambun na lambu mai son. Tsawon wadannan bishiyoyi ba ya wuce m 5. pear na Vidnaya iri-iri ya ɗaga rassan kunkuntar pyramidal kambi daidai wannan tsayin.

Pear Visible a cikin hoto

My dandano na musamman mai dadi ba tare da sourness. Hatta masu wahala da marasa ƙarfi suna da dandano mai daɗi. Wani bangare na wannan nau'ikan nau'ikan 'ya'yan itace yana ba da' ya'yan itace a kan wayoyin zobe (wanda, a hanyar, an kuma nuna shi a cikin bayanin VNIISPK). Zai yiwu Tushen yana shafar. Ko wataƙila wani aji daban.

yri Trubchevsk, yankin Bryansk

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Wannan pear na iya tsayayya da lokacin sanyi zuwa -30 ° C. Itace ya girma har zuwa 4 m. A kambi na zagaye, 'ya'yan itaciya masu ruwan lemo mai nauyin 120 g kowane ripen a ƙarshen Satumba. ratingimar kuɗin waɗannan pears ɗin ta ɗanɗana maki 4.2. Yawan da aka samu akan shekaru da yawa na gwajin ya kai 12.2 t / ha.

My dandano na musamman mai dadi ba tare da sourness. Har ma masu wahala da rashin haihuwa suna da dandano mai ɗanɗano. Wani bangare na wannan nau'ikan nau'ikan 'ya'yan itace yana ba da' ya'yan itace a kan wayoyin zobe (wanda, a hanyar, an kuma nuna shi a cikin bayanin VNIISPK). Zai yiwu Tushen yana shafar. Ko wataƙila wani aji daban.

yri Trubchevsk, yankin Bryansk

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Dwarf

Tsawon gangar jikin zuwa ƙananan rassan irin wannan pears bai wuce cm 40 ba. Girma na itacen girma ya kai kimanin m 3. Sau da yawa, ana samun irin waɗannan bishiyoyin ta hanyar graars pears wasu irin a kan farfajiyar dwarf. Amma akwai siffofin dwarf na wannan shuka. Pear Chizhovskaya ainihin itace, shine, girma daga zuriya ko ƙwaya, kuma ba a samun shi ta hanyar grafting shi akan dwarf rootstock.

Pear iri-iri Chizhovskaya a hoto

Rawanin m of Chizhovskaya pear bai tashi sama da m 2.5 ba .. Hawan sanyi na ire-ire yana da girma - har zuwa -30 ° C. Rawaya mai launin shuɗi tare da dandano mai ɗanɗano, 'ya'yan itatuwa masu nauyin 100-120 g sun haɗu a ƙarshen watan Agusta ko farkon Satumba. Dangane da lambu mai son, kowace shekara game da kilogram 50 na pears ana samun su daga shuka ɗaya na pear na Chizhovskaya.

Pear Chizhovskaya ya fara ɗaukar fruita foran shekaru 2 bayan dasa shuki, yana bada fruita everyan kowace shekara. Yana fama da sanyi a lokacin hunturu da fari ba tare da wani sakamako da ake iya gani ba.

Vyacheslav Samara

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Tsarin kambi

Tsarin kambi na pear na gaba na iya zama lokacin yanke hukunci lokacin zabar nau'in seedling. Bayan haka, yankin da tushen tsarin bishiyar ya zo daidai da tsinkayar kambi. Lambunan da ba su da sarari da yawa don pears na girma sun fi dacewa da bishiyoyi tare da kambi mai kauri - pyramidal kunkuntar.

Idan akwai isasshen sarari kyauta, to, zaku iya dasa pears tare da kambi mai yadawa - m ko zagaye. A rawanin irin waɗannan bishiyun tuni a cikin shekarar dasa na buƙatar samuwar, saboda a nan gaba rassan ba su karye ƙarƙashin nauyin 'ya'yan itacen ba.

Kuma ƙaramin wuri za'a ɗauke shi ta hanyar siffofin kamannin wannan bishiyar. Rawanin waɗannan bishiyoyi baya buƙatar samuwar. Suna gudanar da tsabtace gida ko kuma na ƙarawa na kere-kere idan ya cancanta.

Pollinator kanta

Yawancin tsire-tsire na dangin Rosaceae suna buƙatar giciye-pollination don saita 'ya'yan itace. Ana kiransa da tsaran-tsalla-tsalla-tsallaka a lokacin da pollen na wani nau'in iri ɗaya, amma da bambancin iri, dole ne ya faɗo kan furanni na tsire-tsire iri ɗaya. Yawancin pears ba banda wannan dokar.

Pollen daga wata bishiyar fure zuwa waccan ana ɗaukar ta ƙudan zuma da sauran kwari, amma a cikin yanayin Central Russia, sau da yawa, a lokacin fure na pears, sanyi, ruwan sama ko yanayin iska sosai na iya tsoma baki tare da guguwar. Godiya ga kokarin shayarwa, nau'in bishiyoyin pear sun bayyana waɗanda ke buƙatar kawai pollen nasu don yin 'ya'yan itace. Irin waɗannan nau'ikan pears ana kiran su m-kai ko pollinating na kansu. Jerin wannan nau'in tsire-tsire da aka jera a ƙasa ya haɗa kawai nau'in nau'in pear da aka jera a cikin rajista na jihar:

• Chizhovskaya;
  

  'Ya'yan itãcen marmari daga pear iri-iri Chizhovskaya

• A ƙwaƙwalwar Yakovlev
  
  

  'Ya'yan itãcen marmari daga cikin pear iri-iri na Memory Yakovlev

• Rogneda;
  

  Rogneda reshe tare da 'ya'yan itace pear

• Precocity daga Michurinsk;
  

  Alaka tare da 'ya'yan itãcen pear iri-iri Skorospelka daga Michurinsk

• Abin da Klapp ya fi so;
  

  'Ya'yan itãcen marmari daga pear iri-iri Lubimitsa Klappa

• Marmara
  

  Marmara reshe tare da 'ya'yan itatuwa pear

• Kawai Mariya.
  

  Layi tare da 'ya'yan itaciyar pear iri-iri Just Maria

Babban pear

Fruitan itacen ora a girma, kuma gwargwadon nauyi, na iya zama babba, babba ko ƙarami. Ana ɗaukar kananan pearanyen pear a matsayin masu fasaha. Ana iya cinye su sabo, amma galibi ana amfani da irin waɗannan pears don sarrafawa. Manyan 'ya'yan itace da matsakaici an nufa don tebur (amfani sabo) ko na duniya (don abinci da adana) amfani.

Pean girma da ƙananan matsakaitan siraran don niyyarsu shine ɗakunan cin abinci, wato, da nufin cin abinci sabo ne, ko na duniya, shine, dacewa da cin sabo da sarrafa - jam, jam, jam, canning gida, da sauransu. Tebur yana nuna mafi yawan nau'ikan pears. An shirya su ne don saukowa da nauyi na kayan abinci.

Pear 'ya'yan itace nauyi

Lokacin da pear tsiro

A cikin bayanin halaye na nau'ikan pear a cikin rijistar jihar, lokacin ripening yana daga farkon bazara zuwa ƙarshen kaka. Ba za a iya sanya takamaiman ranakun ba saboda sun dogara da yanayin yanayi a cikin shekarar da muke ciki da yankin da ke girma da pear. Amma lambu a cikin hanyoyi masu amfani sun kafa amincin waɗannan lokutan tare da ƙarin takamaiman kalanda.

Pear ripening tebur

Ko da lambu mai novice suna da ikon samun ɗanɗano na peara pearan itace m mai ban sha'awa a Central Russia. Dankunan sanyi masu jure yanayin wannan 'ya'yan itace ba su buƙatar kulawa ta musamman. Tare da 'yancin zabi na iri-iri da kuma lura da sharudda don girma pears, suka bayar da barga shekara-shekara amfanin gona.