Kwayar kayan lambu mai ban dariya mai ban mamaki ne a yawancin jita-jita. Idan a baya mun yi amfani da ƙananan ganye kaɗan, yanzu karuwar yawan amfanin gona na naman alade yana karuwa, kuma suna cigaba da nunawa akan teburinmu.
Kuma idan duk abin da ya saba da letas shine letas, wasu suna da wuyar amsawa. A gaskiya ma, letas ne synonym na letas, wani kayan lambu da za a iya girma a kan shafin ba tare da wani matsaloli.
Letas: bayanin da nazarin halittu na letas
Letas, ko salatin, - jinsi na tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire na iyalin Astrovye, wanda ya hada da nau'in 147. Daga cikin waɗannan, ana amfani da kayan abinci letas, ko letas, wasu nau'ikan iri ne. Ci gaba a duniya.
Wannan shi ne shekara-shekara, tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire tare da taproot, ganye maras tushe, rassan rawaya-kwanduna-kwanduna da 'ya'yan itace. Ayyukan gabobin samfurin (ganye ko shugabannin) sun dogara ne akan iri-iri da iri-iri. Letas ganye zo a cikin daban-daban siffofi da launuka, wani lokacin tare da anthocyanin canza launi.
An yi amfani dashi a matsayin kayan lambu na bitamin don salads, sandwiches, k'arak'ara da sauransu. Letas yana da abubuwa da yawa masu amfani: inganta ci abinci da narkewa, yana da sakamako mai tasiri a jiki lokacin kiba, ciki, rashin, anemia. Don abinci amfani da ganye, cabbages, thickened mai tushe. Ganye yana iya cin abinci har sai shuka ya haifar da tushe, bayan haka sun rasa dandano. 
Ana sani da letas a matsayin kayan lambu, amma ba kowa san cewa wannan shuka yana da sakamako mai warkarwa ba. Ana amfani da jinsin sabbin ganye a matsayin mai magani, antispasmodic, hypnotic, daga ruwan 'ya'yan itace na letas shirya magani na homeopathic don cututtuka na tsarin jijiyoyin jini.
Shin kuna sani? Sunan jinsin suna a Latin (Lactuca) an samo daga kalmar Latin "madara" ("lac"). Lokacin da mai tushe da ganyen shuka suka lalace, an saki ruwan 'ya'yan farin ruwan' ya'yan itace, wanda ya zama maƙamin.
Iri da kuma irin letas salatin
Letas an wakilta da dama iri:
- Lactuca sativa var. secalina - letas da ganye tare da ganye da yawa, yana da nau'o'in da yawa, wasu daga cikinsu: Raspberry Ball, Levistro, Constance, Concord, Record, Little Krasny, Anthony, Rubett, Green Coral, Red Coral, Grenada, Kucheryavets Odessa.
Ukrainian iri-iri Snowflake ne farkon maturing (20-25 days). Abinda ke da matukar damuwa ga fari, zafi mai zafi da sanyi, da maganin cututtuka. Yawan aiki - 1.05-2 kg / sq. Babban babban jigon kwata-kwata 30-35 cm high kuma 20-25 cm a diamita ya ƙunshi 12-18 ganye. Ganyayyaki suna da haske, duka, fadi da m, launin launin launi. A shuka yana da ado.
Golden Ball - Ukrainian matsakaici farkon iri-iri (kwanaki 25-30). A cikin kwaskwarima mai mahimmanci tare da diamita na 22-24 cm akwai 10-14 cikakkun ganye na matsakaici kauri, wavy tare da gefuna. Salatin ado ne, dukkanin ganye suna amfani da su kamar ado na tasa.
- Lactuca sativa var. acephala - Salatin ganye-ganye tare da dukan ganye. Wannan jinsin ya dace da girbi na girbi: an yanke ganyayyaki a ciki, ciki (matasa) sunyi girma. Matsayi: Lollo Blonda, Lollo Rossa, Lollo Bionda, Lollo Gorbi.
Lollo rossa - wani shahararren shekaru iri-iri (kwanaki 40-55), mai ado sosai, mai tsayayya ga katako. Ganyayyaki suna da manyan, masu shuruwa, masu laushi, haske mai haske tare da ja-muni. Ana amfani da iri-iri iri iri don yin ado da gadaje masu fure. Shuka nauyi - 325 g, yawan amfanin ƙasa - 3.0 kg / sq. m
- Lactuca sativa var. capitata - Salatin salatin tare da yalwafi mai ma'ana ko kyawawan ganye. Kasuwa yana wakiltar iri iri, Etz, Olzhich, Godard, Major, Sanata, Laravera.
Olzhich - Ukrainian matsakaici marigayi iri-iri (40-46 days) tare da taso keya shugaban, m m grayish-kore ganye. A yawan amfanin ƙasa na letas - 2.5-3.2 kg / sq. m
- Lactuca sativa var. longifolia - Salatin Roma (romain), wanda yake dauke da wani magoya mai tsauri da maɗaura na ganye.
Ukrainian iri-iri Skarb An halicce shi sakamakon sakamakon zaɓi na samfurin Mutanen Espanya Romana rorogorana da Malte Varte maraihere a tashar gwajin "Mayak" na Cibiyar Kayan lambu da Melon-girma, Cibiyar Ilimi ta Agrarian na Ukraine. Daban-daban iri tsaye zuwa fari. Salatin yana da babban nau'i mai mahimmanci, rassan suna da tsayi, tsirrai, nau'i mai fata da duhu mai duhu a launi, tare da lakaran da ba a yanke ba. Nauyin layin gwanin yana 556.0 g. Lokacin daga germination zuwa kasuwa yana da kwanaki 48. A yawan amfanin ƙasa na iri-iri - 3.2 kg / sq. m
- Lactuca sativa var. angustana (asparagina) - Tsasa (bishiyar asparagus) letas, wanda yake da tsintsiya mai tsawo da tsawo, kunkuntar, launuka mai laushi a gefuna. Tsarin shekara da tsayi na 60-120 cm Cultural resistant, al'adar da fara fara girma a zafin jiki na 2-5 ° C da kuma tsayayya da gishiri. Sown daga Afrilu zuwa Yuni. Matsalar wuya ta yarda da fari na kowane digiri.
Bambancin zaɓi na Ukrainian Pogonych Yana da babban yawan amfanin ƙasa da dandano mai kyau. A tsawon na kara - 25-40 cm, bar - 17 cm, a cikin shafuka 11 ganye. Ganyayyaki na matsakaici ne, m-kore, m, kafa. A taro na tushe - 310 g, rosettes na ganye - 750 g A yawan amfanin ƙasa na kore - 5.32 kg / sq. m, mai tushe - 2.18 kg / sq. m
Yana da muhimmanci! Modern tattalin arziki da kuma mabukaci classification na irin letas raba su a cikin m da crispy kabeji iri, Roman letas (Romain), Latin letas (ciyawa), shear da kuma tushe letas.
Zaɓin wuri da ƙasa
Letas ya dace da namo a bude da kuma kare ƙasa.
Salatin ya fi jin dadi a wurin da babu inda yake. Ba lallai ba ne don dasa shi kusa da kayan lambu masu girma, wanda ya haifar da inuwa mai yawa.
Don launiyar ta dace dace da ƙasa mai laushi sosai tare da tsaka tsaki ko kadan acikin acid. Ajiye mai taki bai kamata ya yi yawa ba. Green letas iya tara nitrates, don haka ba ka bukatar ka zazzabi nitrogen da takin mai magani.
Shin kuna sani? Yawan amfani da letas shine akalla 5 kg kowace mutum a kowace shekara. Birtaniya da Faransanci sun daɗe da wannan adadi, domin shekara a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe sun ci 14 kg da 7 kg kowace mata, daidai da haka.
Shirye-shiryen aikin kafin saukowa
Don ƙara yawan haihuwa a lokacin rani, ya isa ya watsar da takin gargajiya ko taki (1-2 buckets da 1 sq. M). A cikin bazara, tare da ƙara yawan acidity na ƙasa zai buƙaci liming. Kafin a fara yin amfani da kayan gishiri mai laushi. Don bugun ƙwaya da kuma ƙãra yawan amfanin ƙasa, ana iya sarrafa tsaba tare da ci gaban girma. 
Tsoho da unguwa tare da wasu tsire-tsire
Bean da hatsi suna dauke da kyawawan adalai ga salatin. Albasa, kabeji, radish da radish za a iya la'akari da makwabta masu kyau don letas. Tashin daji na farko yana hana aphids, sauran kuma yana da amfani ga salatin kanta, saboda yana kullun jirgin ruwa. Za ku iya shuka salatin kusa da strawberries, Peas, wake, alayyafo.
Dasa kusa da gonar amfanin gona (cucumbers, zucchini, melons, watermelons) zai ba da damar wadannan tsire-tsire su yi girma a wurin girbi na letas. A watan Agusta, za'a iya dasa gishiri a yankunan bayan girbi karas, albasa da tafarnuwa, da farkon dankali.
Yana da muhimmanci! Kwayar za ta iya zama tsantsa ga tumatir: dasa shi a kan iyakokin lambun tumatir, wannan zai taimaka wajen ajiye sararin samaniya kuma ya ba da wuri na ado.
Shuka letas tsaba
Salatin shine amfanin gona mai sanyi, an shuka shi a farkon kwanakin aikin gona, a baya fiye da radishes da karas. Sprouts suna iya tsayayya da sanyi har zuwa -2 ° С, kuma tsire-tsire tsire-tsire na iya tsayawa zuwa -5 ° С.
Za'a iya shuka ganye a cikin layuka ko ci gaba da shuka. Dasa tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire anyi shi ne bisa ka'idar 20 x 20 cm, ƙwayar hatsi - 30 x 30 cm An dasa shuki asparagus a kan gado tare da nisa na 25-30 cm tsakanin tsire-tsire da 50-60 cm tsakanin layuka. 
Shuka tsaba a bude ƙasa an yi shi a cikin rami da diamita na 0.5 cm. Gwargwadon shuka shine 2-3 g / 10 square mita. m Tsaba suna buƙatar rufe ƙasa kusan a ƙasa, a cikin yanayin bushe - kadan zurfi, har zuwa 1.5 cm.
Yana da muhimmanci! Don samun salatin salatin duk lokacin dumi, shuka salatin daga tsakiya zuwa tsakiyar lokacin rani tare da mako biyu. A farkon lokacin kaka an rufe salatin dare..Don amfani da yanki na gonar ko gonar ta hanyar tunani, za a iya shirya naman salade a filin bude a hanyoyi biyu. Hanyar farko ita ce wuri a kan gadaje daban. A sakamakon haka, a cikin gajeren lokacin da zai yiwu don samun adadin samfurin, ba lallai ba ne don ya yi tsire-tsire na tsire-tsire, rassan ya kamata ya yi haske.
Hanya na biyu ya haɗa da sanya salatin tsakanin sauran tsire-tsire - ganye ko kayan lambu (alal misali, karas). Salatin da wardi ko sauran furanni zai yi kyau.
Tare da ci gaban sprouts 3 leaflets, amfanin gona suna thinned. Za a sake farawa bayan makonni 2. Ana ci wasu tsire-tsire. 
Shin kuna sani? A Scandinavia, 90% na yawan amfanin ƙasa na letas ya girma ta hanyar hanyar hydroponics - ajiye tsire-tsire a kan wani wuri mai dadi wanda akan gudana bayani na gina jiki.
Kulawa: asali na girbi mai kyau
Salatin wata al'ada ce wadda ba ta buƙatar matakan musamman na namo da kulawa ba. Don samun babban yawan amfanin ƙasa, kana buƙatar tafiyar da ƙasa sosai, rabu da mu weeds da ruwa da letas. Ana yin watering ba tare da dadewa ba, amma dai yana da tausayi. A cikin yanayin bushe, kana buƙatar ruwa sau ɗaya a rana, a yanayin sanyi - sau 2-3 a mako. Safiyar hawan ba ta zama ma'auni ba ne, domin letas wata al'ada ce.
Shin kuna sani? Ƙasa ta Turai na letas shine kimanin miliyon 3. Masu girma mafi girma shine Italiya, Netherlands, Belgium, Faransa, Spain. Babban mai aikawa shine Spain.
Dama yiwuwar cututtuka da kwari da letas
Idan launin ruwan kasa ya bayyana akan ƙananan ganye na letas, wanda ya yada a cikin gandun daji, yana haifar da juyawa da kai, stalks da ganye, ana iya salatin salatin. launin toka. 
Farin fari Ya sanya siffofin ruwa mai haske, da farko a kan ganye, sa'an nan kuma a kan kara. A kan ɓangaren ɓangaren salatin akwai alamar fari. Abubuwan da ke taimakawa wajen bunkasa cutar shine zazzaɓi (24-27 ° C) da kuma zafi.
Ƙara, mai tushe da kuma shugabannin letas za su iya rinjayar kwatsam a cikin zazzabi. powdery mildewA lokaci guda kuma, tsire-tsire yana raguwa a ci gaba da ci gaba.
Ƙara yawan zafi yana haifar da ci gaba peronosporosis. Ƙananan ɓangaren ganye an rufe shi da tsaka-tsalle masu haske na haske da rawaya, kuma ɓangaren ƙananan ya rufe shi da farin scoria na mycelium. 
Nama na gina jiki a cikin ƙasa zai iya haifar da gefen ƙora - rot, shafi dukan shuka.
Don rigakafi da kuma kula da cututtuka, wajibi ne a lura da juyayi da tsire-tsire a cikin wuri guda a wani lokaci na shekaru 3. Ya kamata a cire ciwo da cututtukan cututtukan da za a cire, sannan a shafe amfanin gona na bayan girbi. Ba lallai ba ne don kula da ganye tare da sunadarai, kafin dasa shuki, ya fi kyau a shayar da ƙasa tare da cakuda Bordeaux ko jan karfe sulphate (5 l / sq. M).
Salad Salad Aphid yana zaune a wasu sassa na shuka, haifar da tsire-tsire don dakatar da girma, bar curl da discolor. Don spraying da tsire-tsire shuke-shuke bukatar shirya wani decoction. Da lita na ruwa, kai 0.5 kilogiram na tumatir tumatir, na dage 5 hours, to sai ku tafasa a kan zafi kadan na tsawon sa'o'i 3. Bayan haka, dole ne a shayar da ruwa kuma a sanyaya, ƙara 5 g sabulu, tsallaka lita 2 na ruwa kafin spraying. Ana aiwatar da mafi kyau a rana. 
Don yin yaki da slugs tsakanin gadaje, an ajiye tarkon abubuwa na rufi da shinge, kwari suna kwance a ƙarƙashin su, kuma za'a iya tattara su. Matsaloli ga slugs ƙananan ƙananan murmushi ne a gefen gefen gadaje.
Idan a wuri mai kyau na yatsun ganye da aka gani wireworms, makonni biyu kafin dasa shuki, albarkatun gona kamar dankali, beets, ko karas ya kamata a sa a cikin ƙasa. Da zarar kwari suna hawa cikin kayan lambu, za a iya shafe su.
Yana da muhimmanci! Wasu al'adu, wasu lokuta ana kiran salads, ba su kasance cikin jinsi na letas: arugula, watercress, salatin chicory, alayyafo. Bugu da} ari, letas ba al'adar bambanci ba ne a cikin tsire-tsire. Iceberg, Leaf Oak da Batavia sune iri.
Girbi da ajiya na greenery
Girbi na farko iri iri ne girbe 40-50 days bayan fitowan sprouts, iri-iri iri - bayan kwanaki 50-60, marigayi-ripening - bayan kwanaki 70-80.
Yana da shawara don cire letas a safiya lokacin da salatin ya zama sabo ne kuma ya yi sanyi. Ba'a ba da shawarar yin wannan ba bayan watering, saboda ladaran da letas na iya rusawa. Kayan kafar mai tsabta a matsayin mai tsabta, ta zaɓa. Don sanin idan letas ya tsufa, danna ainihin tare da yatsan: idan ya yi haske, zaka iya yanke shi. 
Daga letas, yanke mutum ya fita ko cire dukan daji tare da tushen, shi ya dogara da iri-iri. Wanke shuke-shuke, idan ba a shirya don yin amfani da shi ba, ba shi da daraja.
Salatin da sauri ya ɓata sabo, saboda haka kana buƙatar aika shi a wurin ajiya a wuri-wuri. A cikin gilashi da aka rufe ko gilashin filastik, ana iya adana salatin a cikin firiji don har zuwa makonni 2. A kasan akwati za ku iya ajiye tawul din ko tawul ɗin takarda, ya kamata ku rufe murfin sama.
Kwayar kabeji an sanya shi a cikin 2 yadudduka: ƙananan Layer - tare da tushe ƙasa, saman - tare da tushe sama.
A cikin letas, mafi girma yawan nitrogenous mahadi ana samuwa a cikin mai tushe da kuma leaf stalks. Kafin amfani, dole ne su kasance cikin ruwa. Wannan zai taimaka wanka zuwa kashi 20 cikin dari na nitrates.
Idan amfanin gona ba zai iya cinyewa nan da nan ba, ana tsire tsire-tsire tare da dunƙule na ƙasa da adanawa.
Shin kuna sani? A Amurka, noma masana'antu na letas an yi a tsakiyar birnin. A Birnin New York, kayan lambu da kayan lambu suna samuwa a kan rufin masana'antu da ɗakunan ajiya.Girman kayan lambu da ake sarrafawa suna da nauyin dabarun noma. Ta hanyar samar da shi tare da yanayi mafi kyau, kuna samun girbi mai kyau don nazarin kayan noma ko tallace-tallace.
