Kasancewa da albasarta ba zai iya yin adadi mai yawa da shirye-shiryen ba, tun da yake wannan tsire ne wanda yake karfafa dandano kayan samfurori kuma ya ba su sharpness. Duk da haka, jinsin bambancin wannan al'ada ba'a iyakance shi ba ne a cikin lakaran da aka sani, kuma wata hanya mai kyau shine batun albasa, wadda aka bayyana a kasa.
Menene albasa mai tsami
Tamanin batun - shuke-shuke, wanda yake nuna gaban kasancewar kwararan fitila tare da ma'auni da ƙananan matakan da aka adana a cikin hunturu. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa ake amfani da abinci kawai ganye da tushe, wanda, a gaskiya, girma wannan nau'in.
Tsire-tsire ta kai 40-60 cm tsawo, harba kiban har zuwa 45 cm tsawo a cikin shekara ta biyu na rayuwa. Tsarin fukawa na da babban mataki na juriya sanyi kuma jinkirin kwantar da hanzari har zuwa -6 ... -8 ° C, wanda ke nufin cewa don ci gaba na al'ada ba a buƙatar shuka karin zafi.
Batun alkama sune mafi yawan jinsuna a cikin albasarta, wanda za a iya girma daga tsaba (wannan hanya yafi kowa) da kuma vegetatively.
Yana da muhimmanci! A cikin bayyanar, injin yana da kama da ƙwayoyin albasa, kawai ƙananan ganye na wannan jinsin sunfi girma kuma sun fi girma, sun kai tsawon 40 cm (tare da 2 cm a diamita).Rashin albasa-batun ba ya zama ainihin kwan fitila (ba kamar wanda aka ambata kwanon fitila) ba, kuma a madadin haka an kafa wani nau'i a cikin ƙasa, da ake kira "falbush". Har ila yau, ya kamata a lura cewa dandano wannan batun yana da kyau fiye da na albasa, kuma ƙarin amfani shine babban abun ciki na bitamin C.
Shin kuna sani? Rashin albasa-batun da hankali yana tsiro a wuri ɗaya na fiye da shekaru 4, ko da yake akwai lokuta idan har bayan shekaru bakwai za'a yiwu a samu albarkatun greenery.
Duk da haka, an shawarci masu kula da kwarewa kada su jinkirta dasawa a wasu yankuna, saboda a tsawon lokaci, saboda karfin ci gaba da ƙasa, yawan amfanin gona ya rage.
Zabi wani wuri mai saukowa
Idan akai la'akari da yiwuwar cin ganyayyaki na albarkatun albasa, dole ne a zabi wurin da za a dasa shi don la'akari da duk bukatun na shuka na dogon lokaci. Game da abun da ke ciki na kasar gona, tsire-tsire a wannan bangaren ba'a bambanta ta hanyar haɓaka ba kuma yana bunƙasa har ma a ƙasa mai magunguna.
Duk da haka, idan kana son samun albarkatun albasa, to, shiri na kasar gona don dasa shuki ya zama daidai: a cikin ƙasa mai laushi suna taimakawa kwayoyin halitta da kuma sanya su haske da ruwa-permeable, da kuma acidic kara da cewa lemun tsami. Ba dace da girma marshy ko nauyi lãka kasa.
Albasa-batun ba ya jure wa hasken rana mai haske, don haka idan kana so ka kare kibansa daga zubar da sauri, zaka iya shuka wani gado tare da shinge ko kusa da bishiyoyi, don haka tsire-tsire ta tsiro a cikin inuwa.
Yana da muhimmanci! Baza ku iya ƙirƙirar gadaje da albasarta a yankunan da aka ambaliya ba bayan ruwan sama mai yawa ko ruwan dusar ƙanƙara, koda yake dabban albasa yana son dashi.Yankin da aka zaɓa ya kamata ya zama lebur, ba shi da gangarawa, don haka ba a wanke tsaba tare da rafi na ruwa.
Mafi yawan zafin jiki na ci gaban shuka shine + 18 ... +22 ° C, amma wannan ba yana nufin cewa ba a girma a cikin yankuna masu zafi ba.
Hanyar shiryawa a shafin
Don dasa albarkatun albasa a cikin bazara, wani gadon lambu yana shirye daga kaka ko makonni biyu kafin shuka, ƙara guga na takin gargajiya da kuma 150 g na itace ash da 1 m². Idan kasar gona a cikin mãkircinka ya yi yawa, sa'an nan game da 5 kilogiram na humus, 25 g na ammonium nitrate, 15 g da potassium chloride da 25 g na superphosphate dole ne a kara da 1 m.
Har ila yau la'akari da acidity na kasar gona. Ga irin wannan albasa, kasa na pH 7-7.2 sun dace. Ƙasa da ake bukata na ruwa yana buƙatar kullun ko yin gari.
Yankin da aka zaɓa ya kamata ya zama da kyau, sa'annan kuma "yanke" layuka a nesa da 25 cm daga juna. Kafin dasa albarkatun albarkatu, kasar gona tana da kyau.
Shiri na tsaba da albasa batun kafin dasa
Lokacin dasa shuki kowane shirye-shiryen shuka shuka yana da muhimmiyar rawa, saboda ko da kafin saka tsaba a cikin ƙasa ka riga ka sami damar gano samfurori masu dacewa.
Tsarin albasa bai kamata ta sauka a wuri ɗaya ba, saboda kawai ta hanyar bin tsarin a cikin juyawa mai juyayi zaka iya samarda nauyin iri don kakar na gaba, kawai jira jira kibiya. Zaba domin dasa tsaba, yana da kyawawa don pre-jiƙa a cikin ruwa ko na musamman bayani na micronutrients (daya kwamfutar hannu an tsara don 1 lita na ruwa).
Yana da muhimmanci! Dole ne a sarrafa tsari, kamar yadda tsaba kada su ba da dogon harbe, wanda hakan zai haifar da saukowa.
A matsayin madadin, zaku iya kwantar da albarkatun albasa a cikin wani bayani mai dumi na potassium permanganate (na minti 20), sannan kuma ku bar wata rana a cikin ruwa mai dumi, wanda zai bukaci sauyawa sau 2-3. Bayan wannan lokaci, dukkanin tsaba suna bushe zuwa friable jihar da kuma sown. Soaking da iri accelerates fitowan seedlings na kwanaki 5-7.Mai kyau da mummunan magabata ga albasa
Abin da ke cikin ƙasa yana da tasiri sosai akan tsire-tsire masu girma a ciki. Duk da haka, ba duka su ne "abokina" da juna ba, wanda ke nufin cewa wasu al'adu na iya girma cikin talauci bayan waɗanda suka riga su. Sabili da haka, idan sun sa albasa, sabõda haka, tafarnuwa, karas, albasa (ko da wane nau'i) ko cucumbers kada su yi girma a gabansa kamar yadda a cikin ƙasa akwai mai yawa kwari da pathogens na albasa cututtuka.
A lokaci guda, don haka ƙasar bata da banza (idan, misali, kuna yanke shawara don shuka albasa kawai a lokacin rani), ya kamata ku sauka akan shi letas, kabeji, radish ko Dill, kuma bayan sun girbe sai suka shuka batun. Wadannan kayan lambu bazai zama matsala ga samun girbi mai yawa na wannan amfanin gona ba kuma ba zai haifar da matsaloli a cikin noma ba.
Dates na shuka tsaba albasa batun
Bayan an tattara tsaba daga ɗaya ko biyu daga cikin manyan kiban da ke cikin albarkatun albasa, za a ba ku da nau'o'in na gaba kakar. Shuka albarkatun gona a cikin ƙasa aka yi daga farkon bazara zuwa farkon lokacin rani, kuma babu wasu bambance-bambance masu banbanci dangane da dasa da kula da tsire-tsire da aka shuka a lokuta daban-daban.
Tun da irin wannan albasa yana da kyau a yanayin mu, yanayin zafi a lokacin da ake tilasta kibiyoyi zai iya zama kamar + 10 ... +13 ° C.
Sanya kawai, ko da lokacin da aka bar a kan gadoje, zai yi kwanciyar hankali cikin sanyi, kuma yaduwar fuka-fukan zai fara kusan lokaci ɗaya tare da narkewar ƙasa. Fuka-fukin kanin da ke tsayayya da gajeren lokaci ragewa daga yawan zazzabi zuwa -4 ... -7 ° C, sabili da haka, yana jiran ƙasa don dumi, zaka iya shuka tsaba.
An shuka shukin shekara da zarar gishiri mai yawa (yawanci a cikin watan Maris da Afrilu na farko), kuma an dasa albasa masu tsayi na tsawon lokaci a farkon lokacin rani ko tare da isowa kaka, amma don haka zai iya cigaba kafin a fara sanyi. Ya kamata a lura da cewa albasa da aka shuka a cikin kaka, fara fara girma a lokacin da dusar ƙanƙara ta narke kuma ta girgiza kasa.
Tsarin da zurfin shuka tsaba
Idan, a lokacin da shuka tsaba, nisa tsakanin layuka shine 18-20 cm, to, shirin na shuka zai iya zama biyar ko shida layi, tare da zurfin 1-3 cm (a wannan yanayin, 1.5 g na tsaba da 1 m² ana dauke da na al'ada). Gaba ɗaya, yawan nauyin shuka shine 1.2-1.6 g na tsaba da 1 mita. Tsakanin layuka sau da yawa barin akalla 25-30 cm.
Yana da muhimmanci! Idan kasar gona ta yi nauyi, to, wajibi ne don rufe tsaba zuwa zurfin 2 cm, kuma a wasu lokuta ya fi kyau don zurfafa zuriyar ta 3 cm.
Ready amfanin gona ciyawa tare da Layer na humus a 1-1,5 cm kuma condense kadan. Daga shuka tsaba zuwa bayyanar sabbin furanni, yawanci yakan dauki daga kwanaki 11 zuwa 17.Kula da kuma namun albasa
Kula da batun batun albasa ba za a iya kiran shi da rikitarwa ba, yayin da wannan tsari ya sauko zuwa manyan ayyuka uku:
- watering - kasar gona ya kamata a tsaftace shi ta 20 cm (a mafi yawancin lokuta ya isa ya yi amfani da ruwa sau biyu a mako, amma a lokacin busassun ana shayar da tsire-tsire kowace rana);
- weeding - ba tare da shi ba, baza'a iya samun girbi mai kyau ba, musamman ma albasarta zai iya ciwo ko kuma rashin lafiya tare da kowace cuta da ake yi wa lahani;
- fashewa - yana taimakawa wajen murmurewa daga tushen kwararan fitila, kuma hakan yana kara haɓaka.
Yanayin Watering
Tare da rashin ruwan in cikin ƙasa, gashin tsuntsu na albasa ya canza yanayinsa kuma ya zama fari, kuma an rufe bakinsa. A lokaci guda kuma, idan akwai ruwa mai yawa a cikin ƙasa, injin ya zama launin kore.
Ra'ayoyin game da mita da yawan adadin albasa da aka raba su. Don haka, wasu masu bayar da shawarar bayar da shawara su shayar da shuka sau ɗaya a mako, a lita na lita 10 na ruwa da 1 mota na plantings, kara yawan kashi kawai a lokacin rani mai tsanani. Duk da haka, rabin rabin mutanen da ke cikin rani suna da'awar cewa za ka iya samun gishiri mai dadi kawai idan ka sha da albasarta sau 3-4 a mako, kana kara 10-20 lita na ruwa da 1 m (3-4 hours bayan watering jeri-wajan ya zama dole don sassauta).
A kowane hali, yanayi na wani yanki da halaye na shafin zai taimake ka ka yanke shawarar daidaitaccen watering.
Weeding da loosening tsakanin layuka
Idan amfanin gona ya yi tsayi sosai, zaka iya fitar da tsire-tsire a nesa na 6-9 cm. Bayan da aka fara cire ƙasa tsakanin layuka dole ne a sassauta, saboda wannan tsari shine mabuɗin samun girbi mai kyau. Bugu da ƙari a haɓaka tsakanin layuka an yi shi ne bayan ban ruwa, amma ba da daɗewa ba sosai kuma a hankali, don haka kada ya lalata tushen shuke-shuke.
Daga mako na biyu na Yuli (amma ba daga bisani ba), dukkanin ganye an yanke kadan a sama da kuskure, ba tare da barin ƙananan fuka-fukai masu launin fata a kanta ba. Da farkon kaka, ganye zasu sake farfadowa, amma a wannan lokacin basu bada shawarar da za a yanke su ba. Ya lura cewa gadaje da fuka-fukai an bar su zuwa hibernate, da kuma tsabtatawa na ganye da aka bushe a cikin shekara ta biyu, kawai a kwashe su tare da taimakon rake.
Shin kuna sani? 228 iri albasa ne kayan lambu.
Amfani
Lokacin da girma albarkatu ke magana, yanayin da ya dace don yawan amfanin ƙasa mai kyau shine aikace-aikace na takin mai magani (kwayoyin da ma'adinai) zuwa ƙasa. Fiye da ciyar da batun batun daɗaɗɗa, yanke shawarar akan wani lokaci na girma da ci gaba.
Alal misali, a lokacin girma, tsire-tsire na yau da kullum yana cinye kayan gina jiki daga ƙasa, amma ya ba da cewa lokacin da dasa shuki ƙasa da takin mai kyau, ana amfani da sababbin takin mai magani a kasa kawai shekara ta gaba.
A karo na farko da aka ba da albasarta a farkon bazara, ta amfani da takin gargajiya (mullein a cikin wani rabo daga 1: 8 ko jiko na tsuntsaye tsuntsaye 1:20), kuma ana ciyar da abinci na gaba tare da amfani da takin mai magani ma'adinai, ba tare da sanya kayan hade na nitrogen ba.
A cikin bazara, har zuwa 15 kilogiram na kwayoyin halitta da 1 mita na gado ana gabatarwa a karkashin zurfin digiri, kuma 120 g na ammonium nitrate ko 60 g na ammonium nitrate, 40 g na potassium da kuma gishiri 50 g na superphosphate an kara da cewa.
Ana amfani da takin mai magani na ruwan sha a cikin fall, nan da nan bayan girbi. A wannan yanayin, zaka buƙatar 50 g na ammonium nitrate, 3 g na superphosphate da 20 g na potassium chloride da lita 10 na ruwa.
Girbi
Za a girbe girbi na farko na albasa-batun bayan kwanaki 25-32 bayan dasa, bayan kwanaki 55-65, ana maimaita girbi, yanke duk sauran bishiyoyi. A cikin shekaru 2-3 masu zuwa a wannan tsari, babu wani abin canji, tun lokacin da aka dasa irin wannan albasa ne mai yiwuwa ne kawai don neman samun gashin gashin tsuntsaye.
A cikin shekara ta biyu bayan dasa shuki, tsire-tsire suna girma da wuri, kuma idan sun isa tsawo na 30-35 cm, zasu iya samun amfanin gona na farko, raunin gashin tsuntsaye a tsawo na 5-6 cm daga ƙasa.
Yana da muhimmanci! A cikin shekarar farko na rayuwar shuka a arewacin yankunan arewacin, yanke wa kananan yara ba shi da mahimmanci, tun da yake tushen tsarin albarkatun albasa ya kamata a kafa shi, wanda zai taimaka masa ya jimre da ciwo. Yanke bishiyoyi, za ku tilasta albasarta don amfani da duk kokarin da suke yi don mayar da su, ga mummunar ci gaban tsarin tushen.Idan aka la'akari da cewa an shuka albasa ne kawai don kare kanka da samun matasan matasa, ya kamata a sake dasa shuki a kowace shekara, ya yi girma a cikin shekaru biyu da uku, wanda ya samar da kibau 5-7.
Cututtuka da kwari da albasa batun
Mutane da yawa cututtuka da kwari da albasa suna kama da nau'in jinsi daban-daban. Saboda haka ba abin mamaki bane cewa albasa-batun sau da yawa suna shan wahala daga irin wannan cuta kamar yadda ya kasance mai haɓaka da albasa. Matsalolin mafi yawancin su ne fungal cututtuka, albasa asu da albasa gardama. Duk da haka, tare da noma mai kyau da kuma biyan bukatun kowane abu, ba lallai ba ne don magance wadannan kwari.
Alal misali, don hana ci gaban cututtukan fungal, dole ne ku:
- kauce wa dampness da yawa a gonar (kada ku ambaliyar tsire-tsire lokacin watering);
- kada ku yi tsire-tsire, ku guje wa samuwar tsire-tsire;
- Sau da yawa cire weeds, tun da yake a gare su cewa mafi yawan cututtuka tara.
Daga cikin wasu, babu ƙananan cututtuka na albasa-batun su ne:
- downy mildew (an nuna shi ta launin launin launin fata ko tsari mai tsari a kan foliage), wanda za'a iya gudanar da shi tare da shirye-shirye na microbiological, jan oxychloride, Bordeaux cakuda da jan karfe sulfate;
- tsatsa (gurɓatattun ƙwayoyin rawaya sun fito ne a bayyane a kan gashin gashin bakan, kuma daga ƙarshe sun dauki nau'i-nau'i);
- wuyansa rot (yana bayyana a lokacin ajiya mai tsawo na amfanin gona mai girbi, saboda abin da kayan lambu ke laushi da ƙarancin ƙanshi mai ban sha'awa);
- smut (bayyana a lokacin ajiya na amfanin gonar girbi, lokacin da aka kafa bakar fata a tsakanin husks);
- fusarium (softening da lalata na shuka a lokacin ajiya, tare da samuwar a kan ƙasa na ajiya ajiya na naman gwari, wanda za a iya gani tsakanin husks);
- mosaic (cututtukan cututtuka, wanda ya bayyana a cikin ganye da kuma inflorescences tare da kwantar da hanyoyi ko ratsi, wasu lokuta ana sa ganye);
- aspergillosis (ko kuma fata baƙar fata) yana bayyane a bayyane a kan matuka na sama na kwan fitila kuma yana haifar da lalata kayan lambu mai cututtuka.
Yana da wuya ba a tuna da yiwuwar karin kwari na albasa batun. Wadannan sun haɗa da:
- kwari ƙwaro - Yana yanke gashin tsuntsaye na kayan lambu kuma yana sanya tsutsa, cinye kayan kyakyawa, a cikin shuka;
- albasa tsoma - kwaro larvae shiga cikin kwan fitila da kuma hallaka shi, a sakamakon abin da ya shafa albasa rots;
- tushen kashin - ƙaddamar da tushe na kwan fitila kuma ya shiga cikin ciki, kuma yana haddasa kayan lambu don suyi rauni;
- Medvedka - gnaws da tushe da kuma tushen mafi yawa matasa albasa, ko da yake ba ya jinkirta kuma girma shuke-shuke;
- tushe nematode - kananan roundworms cewa lalata ganye da kwararan fitila, saboda abin da suke raguwa, ƙara da deform;
- sugar albasa thrips - Ya sanya ginshiƙan siliki a kan ganye, kuma ya bar filaye a kan gashinsa na kayan lambu (a cikin hanyar dige baki).
Duk da haka, kada ka manta game da matakan tsaro, ciki har da sayan iri mai kyau, bin ka'idojin juyawa da kuma bukatun aikin aikin injiniya.
Distillation na kore albasa batun a cikin hunturu
A watan Oktoba sun fara girbi albasa na shekara ta uku na namo. Don yin wannan, ana ƙin ƙunƙuka gaba ɗaya, kuma an yanke ganyayyaki zuwa 2/3 na tsawo, bayan haka aka tsara kwararan fitila (ana adana samfurori daban) kuma an sanya shi a ɗaki mai dadi da zafin jiki na 0 ° C har zuwa Janairu.
Bayan haka, ana iya dasa su a cikin kwalaye na ƙasa kafin ƙarfafawa na alkalami. Muhimmiyar sanyawa na kwararan fitila ya zama 1-2 cm fiye da lokacin da bazuwa cikin ƙasa.
Yana da muhimmanci! Dole lokacin hutawa wajibi na albarkatun albasa ya kamata ya wuce akalla makonni 4-6, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa aka shuka shi don distillation a watan Janairu. Da farkon shuka ci gaba zai fara daga baya.
Albasa-batun za a iya girma a kan windowsill, kamar yadda aka yi a cikin hunturu tare da albasa. Duk da haka, a wannan yanayin, kada ku yi tsammanin yawan amfanin ƙasa mai yawa.
