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Daban irin cututtukan innabi da matakan tsaro

Itacen inabi tare da dan Adam a duk matakai na ci gaba na al'ada, yana jawo karfi daga ƙasa da rana.

Kuma kawai a cikin rashin lafiya ta bukaci taimakon mutane.

Taimaka wa itacen inabi, sanin cutar da matsayi na barazanar - karin bayani a cikin labarin, matakan sarrafawa da hotuna na ganye da kuma 'ya'yan inabi.

Cututtuka na inabõbi za a iya raba zuwa manyan kungiyoyi biyu: cututtuka da marasa ciwo. Kowace ɗayan su, ta biyun, ya ƙunshi ƙananan rukuni. A ƙasa muna duban kyan gani da bayyanar cututtuka na innabi.

Waɗanne cututtukan innabi ne akwai?

M

  • Cututtuka na Fruits na inabõbi.
    1. Mildew (downy mildew).
    2. Oidium (pepelitsa, mealy dew).
    3. Alternaria (gabar zaitun).
    4. Anthracnose (hange, tsuntsu ido).
    5. Grey (botrino).
    6. Aspergillosis rot.
    7. Farin fari (fari-baki, "cutar ƙanƙara").
    8. Black rot (baki baki).
    9. Pink m rot.
    10. Rubella.
    11. Verticillosis (zai).
    12. Apoplexy.
    13. Armillaria.
    14. Tushen tushen.
    15. Diplodioz.
    16. Penicillosis.
    17. Fusarium
    18. Monilioz.
    19. Cercosporiosis
    20. Black spot (escoriosis, fomopsis, dried screeching).
    21. Gelmintosporiosis
    22. Septoriosis (melanosis).
    23. Esca (cututtukan zuciya).
    24. Eutipiasis (ƙananan rassan, kashe hannayen riga).
  • Na kwayoyin cutar inabi.
    1. Kuskuren kwayar cutar.
    2. Sour (acetic) rot.
    3. Kwayoyin cutar necrosis (kwayan cuta za, cutar Oleiron)
    4. Bacteriosis na berries.
    5. Cutce ta cuta.
    6. Labaran kwayar cutar.
Taimako: Ba dukkanin cututtukan innabi ba ne: saboda wasu (kwayar cuta na kwayan cutar) kawai hanya mai kyau ne mai yiwuwa - raskorchyovka kuma tafiji.
  • Kwayoyin cututtuka na inganci.
    1. Short-kulle (ciwon maɗamfari degeneration).
    2. Yellow mosaic (chlorosis).
    3. Bordering veins.
    4. White mosaic (panashyur, bambancin)
    5. Interstitial chlorosis.
    6. Golden yellowing.
    7. Flattened bole.
    8. Necrosis na harbe.
    9. Resus mosaic virus, ko mosaic arabis.
    10. Asteroid (star-dimbin yawa) mosaic.
    11. Zunubi na itace na inganci.
    12. Kwayar launin ja-ja.
    13. Kwayar matsala ta ciwo.
    14. Necrosis na veins.
    15. Bar curling cutar (zinariya rawaya).
Taimako: A cikin jerin "Cututtukan cututtuka na inganci na inabõbi" kawai ƙananan wuri 4 an kwatanta su a kimiyya. Sauran ƙwayoyin cuta masu raguwa sun rabu da su, amma, bisa ga sakamakon binciken, ana wakilta a cikin itacen inabi a cikin nau'i na latent.

Ba masu ciwo ba

Cutar cututtukan da halayya suke ciki.

  1. Elementoses (cututtuka da ke haɗuwa da rashin cin abinci mai gina jiki):
    • chlorosis (rashin ƙarfe, zinc, manganese ko boron);
    • Rubella (rashin potassium);
    • shrinkage na tsefe;
  2. Burns inabi.
  3. Shinge berries.
  4. Necrosis na katako.
  5. Sashin kwance na ƙuƙwalwa.
  6. Apoplexy na akwati.
Taimako: Daga gwaninta masu kwarewa na yan kasuwa na gida, hakan ya biyo baya ne kawai daga cikin cututtukan cututtukan inabi sune aka sani daga jerin sunaye: mildew, oidium, anthracosis, chlorosis, rubella, carcinoma na bacterial da elementoses.

Hotuna










Yaya za a tantance irin launi?

An ba da hankali ta farko ta hanyar dubawa a kowane mataki na girma, ƙananan ƙetare daga al'ada a bayyanar shuka. Dole ne mai kula da kula da kulawa da hankali ya kamata kuma bayani game da bayyanar cututtuka a yankun makwabta. Binciken yanayin yanayi mara kyau a lokacin hunturu-sanyi kuma yana iya bayyana yiwuwar cutar kutsawa a cikin hive.

Alamar alama ta farko na 'ya'yan inabi na kiwon lafiya sune ganye.

  1. Suna iya juya launin rawaya da bushe. ba wai kawai daga rashin ruwan dadi a lokacin bushe (nau'in nau'in cin zarafi ba), ingancin lalacewa ga itacen inabi ko lokacinta.

    Wannan fasalin ita ce alama mafi muhimmanci na elementosis, lokacin da shuka bata da nitrogen, ƙarfe ko sauran ma'adanai masu mahimmanci a cikin ƙasa.

    • Canje-canje a cikin launi na launi leaf zai iya kasancewa alama ta fungal ko ciwon bidiyo mai cututtuka: chlorosis masu ciwon zuciya, yellowing, farin (variegated) da launin rawaya (chlorosis) mosaic, fusarium, escoriosis, septoria, da kuma lokacin aiki - annobar cutar;
    • yellowing na matasa ganye a spring bada shawara na ciwon maɗamfari necrosis;
    • Canje-canje a cikin abun ciki na chlorophyll za'a iya kiyaye shi a gefen gefen leaf ko tare da veins, wanda wani lokaci ya nuna cewa kwayar cutar ta haɗu da sutura ko kuma matakin farko na mildew;
    • bushewa na gefuna na takarda farantin - cutar ta Pierce;
    • Ana gano labarun ganye a ɓangaren ƙananan bishiya a cikin wani tsire-tsire wanda ya kamu da rashin lafiya tare da irin yanayin Eski (ƙwayar magungunan pathogenic).
    2. Taimako: Wani ɓangare na jerin - cututtuka kawai ana lura ne kawai a wasu yankuna na viticulture (Italiya, Spain, Moldova, da sauransu). Alal misali: moniliosis, cutar ta Pierce.

  2. Red sheet sau da yawa a sakamakon sakamako (rashin phosphorus), saurin wuri zuwa lokaci na kaka na jan inabi ko fungal kamuwa da cutar rubella;
    • tare da fararen launi, ganyayyaki a sama da launin ruwan kasa masu launin fata a kan harbe kuma sun juya ja;
    • Tsuntsauran launi na farko (tare da ɓangaren ɓauren daji) ana kiyaye su a lokacin da cutar ta lalacewa da leaf leaf reddening virus.
  3. Sheet rusting - alamar Alternaria;
    • Raunuka na launi na launi - black spot;
    • babban yatsa mai launin ruwan kasa a tsakanin veins - bayyanar furen eski.
  4. Leaf curl A matsayin sabon abu, yana da nau'in kwayar halitta - zane-zane na zinariya, mosaic mai launin fata, maniyyi ko fungal - oidium.
  5. Browning leaf a kan gefen farantin, yana da halayyar cututtuka na launin toka, moniliozom, ko ƙullu - rashin potassium a cikin ƙasa;
    • Dark spots magana game da septoria;
    • Brownish ganye kuma faruwa tare da chalcosporosis, verticillosis da ... tare da kunar rana a jiki.
  6. Launi launin ruwan kasa hankulan elementosis (tare da rashin potassium) da kuma mummunan lalacewa tare da oidium;
    • launin launi mai launin ruwan kasa - da yiwuwar necrosis ta hange.

  7. Bayyanar wani hari (mealy) a kan gefen ganye ya ce mildews:
    • sauƙi sauƙaƙe launin toka launin toka a sama da kasa - oidium;
    • man zaitun velvety a baya na leaf - cerkosporioz.
  8. Spots a kan ganye na iya kasancewa mai ƙaddamar da mummunar cuta ko kuma ta lalacewa ta hanyar rashin samuwa a cikin kayan abinci mai gina jiki:
    • mai sassaucin launin sakonni - alamar ragewar mildew;
    • idan irin waɗannan alamu sun zama alamu - muna magana game da gajeren gajere;
    • Rubutun masu launin launi - Rubella alama;
    • kananan launin ruwan kasa ko baki necrotic aibobi - pronounced baki tabo;
    • Ƙungiyar necrotic tare da iyakar baki yana faruwa tare da anthracosis;
    • mai haske haske-kamar spots ne farkon bayyanar septoria.
  9. Riba da kuma girma a cikin ganyayyaki (galls) an kafa tare da shan kashi na rubella, anthracosis, mildew.
  10. Wilting ganye don babu wata dalili - dalilin sakamakon shan kashi na tushen inabar inabi tare da cututtuka.
  11. Ragewa cikin girman da kuma nakasawa na lakaran ganye a cikin fusarium;
    • bar kadan lokacin da eutypia;
    • An tsara tsari na kwaskwarima na ganyayyun ganye a cikin cututtukan cututtukan cututtuka - short-nodules.
Koyi game da sauran cututtuka da kwari da tsire-tsire waɗanda za ka iya haɗu a gonar: //selo.guru/ptitsa/bolezni-p/gribkovye/parsha.html, Rust, Burning Burn, Birch Sapwood, asu Apple, Lichen.

Cutar cututtuka na cutar

Yawancin lokaci alamar ɗaya, wanda aka nuna kawai a takarda, bai isa ba don ganewar asali.

Saboda haka, yana da kyau don kwatanta cututtuka 2-3 na cutar don tasiri na zaɓi na matakan da ake amfani dashi.

  1. Anomaly vines bayyana a cikin bayyanar a kan surface na daban-daban spots:
    • duk tseren tsere tare da ja-violet ko launin baki a lokacin bayyanar da fararen biyar na farko, wani lokaci sukan haɗu da su, suna sintiri da labarai - wannan shi ne yadda bakar fata na inabi ya bayyana a lokacin girma;
    • launin ruwan kasa a kan tushe juya cikin zurfin ulcers - anthracnose;
    • Brownish spots tare da launin toka ƙasa a kan matasa harbe - yana yiwuwa mildew;
    • ƙunƙasar da aka saƙa a cikin kodan, juya zuwa wani farar fata - powdery mildew;
    • azurfa ko launin ruwan kasa spots - alternarioz.
  2. Vine na samun launin ja saboda damuwa da launin ruwan kasa da launin ruwan kasa-launin toka a kan titin karkashin anthracnose.
  3. Harbe bushe har sai da lalacewa ta gaba da katako tare da shan kashi na eskoy;
    • Yanke da itacen inabi tare da rassan skeletal zai iya kawo ƙarshen tsarin cuta;
    • a kan matasa harbe tare da baki rot a sakamakon wani lokaci necrosis itace fatattaka faruwa;
    • Cigaba da harbe da kamuwa da kwayar cutar ta itace kuma tana haifar da bushewa da mutuwar shuka.
  4. Brown launi da itacen inabi yakan samo bayan frosts, amma ya zama bayyanar cututtuka tare da ƙuduri na haushi da launin launi na yanki - a kan wannan dalili, oidium ko eutipiasis zasu iya ci gaba;
    • launin ruwan kasa mai duhu a kan bast bayan hunturu suna hange necrosis.
  5. Girma an halin ugliness da randomness na harbe - wannan shi ne yadda kwayan cuta necrosis manifests kanta.

A matakin farko na tsarin zagayowar vegetative, ana iya ganin alamun farko na kamuwa da cuta a kan inabi:

    • ƙaddamar da furanni da ovaries na iya zama sakamakon rashin daidaituwa a cikin nau'in jinsi iri-iri, ko yanayin yanayi marar kyau a yayin zaben, amma irin wannan bayyanar ta kasance tare da cutar ta Pierce;
    • inflorescences wither a karkashin farin Bloom - farkon bayyanar downy mildew;
    • launin toka mai launin fatar launin fata yana rufe saman inflorescence yana nuna bayyanar launin toka;

Yayin da ake jiran lokacin da aka samar da ovary da ripening daga cikin 'ya'yan itace, za ka iya samo wasu' yan karin alamun da ke ƙayyade ganewar asali:

  1. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari, ba tare da lokaci da za a cika da ruwan' ya'yan itace, bushe, sun rabu da, saya wani launi mai bluish - wannan yana nuna shan kashi daga mildew, cricosporia;
    • idan shuka yana kamuwa da wakili na baƙar fata ko fari - da berries, wrinkling, juya baki ko juya launin ruwan kasa da mummified;
    • idan akwai gashi, bayan da aka bushe, sai 'ya'yan itatuwa sun fara;
    • a cikin aiki na zamani na anthracosis, 'ya'yan inabi ba su da lokaci zuwa ripen: da berries bushe da crumble;
    • Wani lokaci lokacin dajiyar daji, dalilin hanyar bushewa na berries shine gyare-gyare na tseren, wanda ya rushe kayan abinci mai gina jiki ga 'ya'yan itatuwa.
  2. Wilting goge a lokacin maturation nuna cin nasara mildew ko oidium;
    • wilting na mutum berries tare da saye na m dandano ne halayyar kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar cutar yellowing;
    • Hakanan dalilai na iya haifar da wilting: kunar rana a jiki, rashin rashi, karfin daji;
    • berries sun ɓace zuwa balaga idan an cutar ƙananan ƙwayar cuta.
  3. Rotting berries 'ya'yan inabi da suka shafi gwiwar launin toka, oidium, moniliasis;
    • bayyanar 'ya'yan itace kwari -' ya'yan itace kwari suna gano acid rot;
    • A yanayin yanayi mai zafi, aspergillosis rot yana tasowa sosai, yana juya gungu a cikin wani yashi mai launin ruwan kasa.
  4. Grey Bloom an ba da oidium a kan inabi;
    • m mold rot rott a kan 'ya'yan itatuwa a lokacin ajiya kuma shi ne tabo tare da farin shafi, a cikin yanke na' ya'yan itace - ruwan hoda foci na sporulation;
    • 'ya'yan itacen zaitun alama ce ta chalcosporosis;
    • fararen fata yana rufe dukkancin Berry ne don kamuwa da cutar mildew.
  5. Stains a kan berries na iya zama ja tare da kashi ɗaya (nauyin baƙin ƙarfe), launin toka tare da baki baki tare da anthracosis, launin toka mai duhu, kusan a haɗuwa da tushe - a lokacin da kamuwa da cutar mildew;
    • rust stains lokacin da kone su tare da shirye-shirye na jan ƙarfe;
    • launin ruwan kasa a kan inabi suna bayyana tare da launi mai launin toka;
    • haske mai launin ruwan kasa tare da launin fata mai launin fata a bayyane a lokacin maturation tare da penitsiloze;
    • bacteriosis na berries farawa tare da wani haske mai haske m, wanda tsiro a ciki, kamar dai "cin" da Berry daga ciki (launi guda, ga kowane berries).
  6. Blackening berriesan rufe shi tare da pycnidia (tubercles) an lura a diplodioz.
  7. Idan duhu launin ruwan kasa suna haɗuwa da rassan kuma rassan suna fitowa daga gare shi - ƙuƙashin ƙuƙwalwa yana nuna kanta;
    • Ƙananan shrub brushing faruwa a lokacin da shafi by downy powdery mildew da cutar Pierce.
Yawancin cututtuka masu yawa na nau'in innabi: Gourmet, Victoria, Bianca, Laura, Valentine, Cabernet, Timur, Rosmus, Attica, Platovsky, Rosalinda, Kesha, Sabuwar Shekaru, Furor, Sponsor, Black Panther, Sphinx, Rusbol, Athos, Ruta, Tabor, Sarkin.

Canje-canje masu yawa a yanayin daji

Musamman mahimmanci ga zaton cewa cutar ta itacen inabi shine canji na musamman a yanayin daji, da siffar halittarsa, ci gaban girma da kuma hanyoyi na ci gaba.

  1. Cikin daji ya lalace ba tare da wani dalilai na waje ba: bincika dalilin a cikin ƙasa - tushen tsarin yana dauke da verticillus;
    • a sakamakon wani lahani tare da verticillus, arillariasis, fusarium, mutuwar wani shuka, in ba haka ba apoplexy; Gaskiyar ita ce, katako na itacen inabi na iya haifar da fari na fari, lokacin da tsire-tsire ta ƙare kuma ba za ta iya ɗaukar yanayin zafi ba;
    • Wata hanyar kwatsam za ta iya zama babban irin eski, kwayar cutar ta jiki, kwayar necrosis ko fusarium.
  2. Gyara lambun daji na daji:
    • lalata phallus phloem, lokacin da aka gano fina-finai na mycelium a ƙarƙashin haushi - wakili mai tasowa na armilliarosis, wanda ya fito daga tushen tsarin shuka;
    • irin wannan tasiri a kan akwati na wani ingancen innabi ya nuna kanta;
    • Tsarin sassa na jikin da aka shafa da mutuwar dukkanin rassan shine halayyar escoriosis;
    • maki da shanyewar jiki akan mutuwar haushi - gaban gelmintosporioza;
    • Sakamakon yaduwa na tsirrai na tsire-tsire tare da samuwar girma, a maimakon aikin pruning da aka yi a baya shine alama ce ta tabbataccen eutipiasis;
    • bayyanar launin fata mai launin fata ko launin ruwan kasa a jikin jikin itacen inabi yana nufin shan kashi na shuka da kwayar cutar ciwon kwayar cuta.
  3. Cire, ragewa a cikin 'ya'yan itace, mai sauƙin cire wani shuka daga ƙasa tare da tushensa alamun ɓari ne ko cutar kwayar cuta;
    • ana iya ganin irin wannan bayyanar a kan tsofaffin yara masu shekaru takwas, dalilin zai zama matakan gajere.
  4. Kuskuren tabo a matsayin canji a cikin al'ada tsari a cikin matasa harbe aka bayyana ta tushen rot, fusarium, eutipiosis, cutar Pierce.
  5. Pasvy girma na harbe - daya daga alamun fusarium;
    • Tillering layi na itacen inabi shine alama ce ta ciwon ƙwayar cuta.

Babban alama na cututtukan cututtuka na inabõbi shine yankunansu: ba a kawo kwayoyin cututtuka zuwa tsire-tsire a kusa ba.

Kuma, ko da yake a cikin bayyanuwar waje akwai tsorata irin kamuwa da dukan cututtuka, ba su da wuyar kawar da:

    • haɓaka tsarin tsarin ƙasa;
    • da gabatarwa da abun da ke ciki na ma'adanai masu ɓacewa;
    • taimaka wa shuka a lokuta masu wahala na yanayin yanayi (fari, ruwan sama mai tsawo);
    • ya rufe shuka daga yanayin zafi (da dare, a cikin hunturu);
    • ciyar da wani rauni shuka tare da kwayoyin halitta;
    • canza dukan aikin gona don mafi kyau.

Cike mai karfi, mai tsabta yana iya fuskantar kowace kamuwa da cuta. Kuma idan an riga an aiwatar da matakan da ake amfani da shi na nazarin halittu, na injiniya da kuma sinadaran a gonar, to, chances na kwayoyin halitta suna da ƙasa.

Amma kawai kwanan nan bred hybrids, a cikin tsari gene, a cikin tsari na zaɓi, juriya fungal kuma wasu kwayan cuta da kuma hoto na bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri pathogens, da cikakken tabbacin. Zabin yanayi shine mafi aminci ga kariya daga cututtuka.

Dubi bidiyon game da kariya daga inabi daga cutar a cikin bazara.

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