Dabbobin dabbobi (shanu) - daya daga cikin nau'in dabbobi masu noma. Bisa ga siffar zane-zane na shanu, an lasafta shi a matsayin mai shayarwa, tsari na zane-zane, wani yanki na dabbobi, dangi na bovids da kuma maraban kaya.
Babban manufar wadannan dabbobi shine samar da nama da madara, samun boyewa, wani lokacin ulu, da kuma karfi. A zamanin duniyar, shayarwar shanu tana bunkasawa da yawa.
A cikin wannan labarin za mu yi ƙoƙarin gaya mana mafi kyau da kuma dacewa game da halaye na tattalin arziki da halayen dabbobi.
Tsarin mulki da na waje
Tsarin jikin mutum na wakilin shanu ya riga ya ƙaddara ta hanyar ladabi kuma ya dogara da yanayin tsare. A cikin shanu da naman sa, yana da kyau a rarraba dabbobi bisa ga tsarin da P. M. Kuleshov ya bayar.
Masana kimiyya na dabbobi sun sha kashi a cikin nau'ikan tsarin mulki hudu:
- Rough. Wannan rukunin ya hada da aiki da dabbobi da yawa. Dabba yana halin babban kai da manyan ƙaho da babban kwarangwal. Nauyin fata na mutane da aka rufe tare da gashin gashi. Muscle karfi, kayan nama mai kyau ya zama daidai.
- Mai tausayi. Don irin wannan nau'in yana da fata mai laushi, mai laushi mai kyau, ƙwayoyin ƙwayar jiki da ƙananan ƙasƙantawa. Tsarin jiki na jiki yana da alamun dabbobi, da nama da kiwo.
- Tight (bushe). Kwayoyin dabbobi masu yawa suna da alamun yawan samuwa da mahimmanci. Fata ne na bakin ciki da na roba. Maganin mai kyau da cellulose hypodermic suna ci gaba da talauci. Kwangwal da musculature suna da karfi. Wannan rukuni yana da daraja musamman a cikin masu shayarwa a yayin kiwon kiwon dabbobi da nama.
- Sako (raw). Mutum na tsarin kundin tsarin mulki yana da fataccen fata, yana cigaba da bunkasa nama mai laushi, ƙwararru mai rauni, da ƙananan tsokoki tare da rage sauti. Kayan dabbobi da sauri suna samun nauyi, wanda zai sa ya sami damar karɓar kayan abinci na karimci. A lokaci guda, yawancin madara a cikin wannan yanayin bai isa ba.
Yana da muhimmanci! Wajibi ne don saya jarirai a gaban wani gwani. Sai dai wanda yake da ƙwarewa ko likitan dabbobi zai iya yin hukunci akan lafiyar bayanan waje, gait da sauran halaye.
Tsarin Mulki a cikin "tsabtaccen tsari" suna da wuya. Yawanci, halaye na kungiyoyi daban-daban suna nuna nau'o'in nau'i daban. Irin waɗannan dabbobi ana rarraba su a matsayin haɗe ko matsakaici. 
Yawancin shanu na shanu da Yu ya bunkasa. K. Svechin. A dalilin asalinsa, masanin kimiyya ya dauki girma da kuma samar da sukari a cikin balagagge. Svechin ya ba da shawarar rarraba shanu a cikin nau'i uku na tsarin mulki: hanzari, sauye-sauye ko sannu-sannu da janyo hanyoyi.
A cikin manya, dimorphism jima'i yana da kyau. Macizai sun zarce shanu a cikin nauyin rayuwa ta kashi 40-50%. Ana bambanta maza ta hanyar girma sosai, ci gaba da ɓangaren jiki yana ci gaba sosai. Babu cikakken bayani game da namiji na namiji ko budurwa na mace yana dauke da bambanci daga al'ada.
Dabbobi suna da alaka da canje-canje masu shekaru a gina jiki. Don haka, ana haifa da ƙwayoyin ƙafa, wani ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma mai laushi, tare da ƙarancin baya.
Shin kuna sani? Mafi yawan dabbobi mafi girma a duniya shine kilo 2,270. Sunanta ita ce Mount Katadin. A cikin girth ta kusan 4 mita, kuma a withers - 1 mita 88 centimeters.
Rayuwa mai matsakaicin nauyin ɗan jariri shine kashi 6-8 cikin dari na nauyin dabba a cikin girma, tsawon tsayinsa ya kai 70%, tsayinsa a ƙurar yana da 55%, nisa na jiki shine 30-35%, zurfin da tsayin jiki shine 40-45% na daidai girma a cikin dabba mai girma. Tare da tsufa, sauƙi na waje yana canzawa sabili da nau'i daban-daban na samuwar kwarangwal, da gabobin mutum da kyallen takalma. 
Tsarin digestive da kuma sarrafa kayan aiki
Kwayar gastrointestinal na shanu an daidaita shi don digo babban kundin kayan abinci na kayan lambu. KRS an haɗa shi a cikin rukuni na ruminants tare da ƙananan mahaukaci. Wannan shi ne daidai saboda wannan bambanci da cewa dabbobi zasu iya samun fiber, wadda ke dauke da yawa a cikin mai tushe da ganye na tsire-tsire.
Ƙwayar narkewa ta fara tare da bude baki da iyakance ga lebe. Hakan ya biyo bayan murhun murya wanda harshe yake samuwa. Ku ɗanɗani ƙuƙwalwa a kan harshe don nazarin abincin zuwa dandano.
A gaban hakora (incisors) na shanu ne kawai a kan ƙananan jaw. A lokacin yin kiwo, dabba tare da ƙananan incisors yana motsa ciyawa zuwa gawatsun wuyansa na sama da kuma hawaye da shi. A cikin rami na kwaskwarima, ciyawa yana da ƙasa ta hakora kuma an shafe shi da ruwan.
Zai zama da amfani a gare ka ka karanta game da abin da ya kamata a yi idan saniya ya guba ko cin nama maras nama.
Abun ciki na ciki yana ƙunshe da cicatrix, net, littafi da abomasum (ainihin ciki), sauran ɗakuna uku suna kiransa tsoho. A cikin tsofaffi, iyawar da aka samu yana da kashi 80 cikin dari na yawan ƙarfin ciki. Gishiri mai laushi ya shiga cikin wutan.
Kasashen ƙasa mara kyau suna ɓoyewa cikin rami na bakin ciki, sake warwa kuma haɗiye. Tsarin kwayoyin halitta na kwayoyin halitta yana faruwa ne a cikin rumen, sakamakon abincin abincin da aka ƙulla. 
Tsarin tsari na narkewa daga cikin saniya Daga jita-jita yawancin abinci ya shiga gidan. Mucous membrane na raga yana kama da saƙar zuma: manyan barbashi na abincin abinci a nan. Cikakken abinci marar yisti a gaban bango na yanar gizo, yana mai da hankali akan magunguna.
Daga grid, gruel na farko ya shiga littafin, sa'an nan kuma ya ɗauki aikin injiniya da kuma nazarin halittu a cikin fata. Ƙarin haɓakawa na gina jiki yana faruwa a cikin irin su cikin dabbobi tare da ɗakin ɗaki ɗaya.
Wato, abincin abinci ya fada cikin abomasum, inda aka raba su da aikin hydrochloric acid da pepsin. Sa'an nan kuma gruel a cikin kananan allurai shiga cikin ƙananan hanji. A nan ne vomi na membrane mucous ya shafe kayan da ba su lalata.
Yana da muhimmanci! Don ci gaba da kiwon kifaye yana da mahimmanci don samun tushe mai karfi. Cincin kiwo a kan wani makiyaya mai arziki a cikin shuke-shuken yana taimakawa wajen samun kwarewa mai kyau. Tabbatar yin amfani da Additives: ciyar, beets, da wuri, silage, hatsi. Yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da samar da ruwa mai kyau.Abubuwa masu sauki waɗanda suka shiga cikin jini da ruwa sunyi hanta, to, tafiya tare da jini zuwa zuciya, huhu da kuma yadu cikin jiki. Matakan karshe na shayar da na gina jiki na faruwa a babban hanji.
Video: aikin aikin ciki na yara
Kayan dabbobi
Yau shanu suna da kyawawan samfurori, wasu nau'o'in shanu, buffaloes, yaks da sauran dabbobi. A lokacin da ake kiwon dabbobi na dabbobi, mutum yana ba da kayan abinci maras muhimmanci (madara da nama).
Dairy
A cikin kayayyakin shanu da shanu sune mafi girma. Ana nuna yawan ƙwayar madara na mace ta hanyar samfurori da samfurori na madara. Lokaci lokacin da yake ba madara, wato, lokacin daga calving har sai an cire gurasar madara daga madarar mammary, ana kiran shi lactation zamani.
Mafi yawan shanu da shanu sun hada da irin su Yaroslavl, Kholmogory, red steppe, Dutch, Ayrshire da Holstein.
Tsawon wannan lokaci a shanu shine watanni 10 (300-305 days). Wata ƙwayar kifi na zamani zai iya samar da nau'in lita 80 na madara mai madara a kowace rana, wanda shine lita dubu 24 na madara da lactation zamani. Muhimmin muhimmancin madara madara ya wuce duk sauran abinci da aka samu a cikin yanayin. 
Maciyar Cow yana shayar da jikin mutum ta 95-98%. Ya ƙunshi sunadarai masu amfani, lipids, carbohydrates, ma'adanai da abubuwa masu ilimin halitta (bitamin, enzymes, hormones). Amma irin wannan madara a matsayin casein da madara mai sukari ba a samuwa a ko'ina a cikin samfurori na halitta ba.
Yawancin dalilai suna tasiri aikin samar da labaran, dukiya da wadanda basu da alaƙa:
- A mafi yawancin lokuta, yawan amfanin mai madara mai kyau shine saboda kyawawan abinci da na yau da kullum, da kuma kula da dabba. Na musamman mahimmanci shine ciyarwa mai kyau a cikin lokacin makiyaya da lokacin bushe.
- Yawan shekarun dabbobi yana shafar samar da madara. Matasa mata samar da madarar madara fiye da mutanen da suka kammala girma. A cikin dabbõbin ni'ima, lokacin girma yana kimanin shekaru 5, don haka har zuwa 5th ko 6th lactation da yawan amfanin gona madara na shanu ya ƙãra, to, don shekaru da yawa ya zauna a daidai matakin, kuma tun lokacin da 8th ko 9th lactation ya rage rage. Tare da yanayi mai kyau, za a iya inganta yawan amfanin ƙasa mai girma a lokacin shekaru 12-15.
- Nauyin nauyin dabba yana da tasirin gaske akan samar da madara. Haɓaka a cikin dabba dabba zuwa matakin mafi kyau (dangane da irin) yana da sakamako mai tasiri akan samar da madara. A daidai wannan lokacin, yawan abin da aka nuna a wannan alama yana nuna hali ga kiba.
- Wani muhimmin rawar da ake yi shine yawancin shekaru na farko. Dole ne a kwantar da tsutsa a cikin shekaru 16-18, yayin da nauyin nauyin rayuwa ya zama 340-400 kg, watau kashi 70 cikin nauyin nauyin mai girma. Sabili da haka, zubar da shanu a cikin shanu ya kamata ya faru a lokacin balaga ba fiye da watanni 27 ba.
Abincin
Lokacin yankawar shanu, yawan amfanin naman shine 48-63%, yawan amfanin jiki na jikin mutum yana daga 2 zuwa 14% na jimlar nauyin, kuma yawancin kasusuwan kasusuwa shine 18-20%. An kiyasta nauyin naman abincin jiki ta hanyar calorie. Nama yawan cin nama, darajar riba, da nauyin nau'in nama ya bambanta dangane da nau'in dabba, lokacinta, fatness, da jima'i.
Dabbobi na nama iri na musamman sun nuna mafi girma sakamakon (alal misali, Kalmyk breed, Hereford, Kazakh da fararen fata, Aberdeen-Angus, Limuzinskaya, Shorthorn). Abinci da kuma nau'in dabbobi iri iri suna da ɗan ƙasa.
Hanyoyin nama na naman sa yana da muhimmanci rage halin kaka da farashi. A lokaci guda kuma, kayan sarrafawa mai kyau daga nama na mutum wanda yayi kimanin kilo 500 yana 65%. Irin waɗannan alamun sun tabbatar da riba mai yawa da kuma riba da wannan sana'a.
Shin kuna sani? Shanu suna da nauyin nauyin 360-digiri, wanda ya ba su damar tsayar da tsarin mutum ko kuma mai tsabta daga kowane bangare. A lokaci guda suna ganin kawai launuka biyu - ja da kore.Bugu da ƙari ga nau'in, nauyin samar da nama yana da tasiri ƙwarai da yanayin yanayin kiwon yara, da kuma ciyar da ci gaba da mutane masu girma. Abubuwan da ke cike da abinci masu yawa suna samar da kyaututtukan yau da kullum.
Lokacin da tsofaffi dabbar shanu, karuwa shine 850-1000 g, kuma yawan girma na matasa shine 1200-1500 g Idan dabba yana samun abinci mai matsakaici, yawancin yau da kullum ba zai wuce 400-500 g ba.Masthead da jima'i farauta
Bayan daɗawar (haihuwa), aikin farauta na mace farawa bayan kwanaki 21-28, kuma ya kamata a kwashe shi a wannan lokaci. Jigilar ruwa (farawa na mucous) ta fara kimanin awa 15 kafin fara farauta (amsa mai kyau ga namiji). A wannan lokaci, an saukar da cervix.
A karshen karshen yasudar, zalunci ya zama turbid, wanda ya nuna kin amincewa da kwayoyin epithelial a cikin aiki. Dole ne ya kamata ya wuce tsawon sa'o'i 30 (daga 10 zuwa 56). Dangane da nau'in, jarabawar mace zai iya wucewa daga sa'o'i 3 zuwa rabi da rabi.
Ba zai yiwu ba a gano farauta, kawai ne da yarinya da kuma jima'i. Wannan mataki ba za a iya ƙayyade kawai ta hanyar taimakon namiji ko namiji mai cikakken gudu ba. Ko kuma, zaku iya kwatanta farkon farauta bisa ga alamun bayyanar.
Yi iyali tare da hanyoyin hanyoyin kwantar da shanu a gida.
Mace na ci muni, ya zama marar ƙarfi, rage yawan amfanin ƙasa na madara, da kuma irin abubuwan da ke waje na ja da jini. Mace a cikin farauta ba kawai nuna sha'awar yin kusa da namijin ba, amma har ya ba shi damar yin caji. Rabin na biyu na farauta shi ne mafi kyawun lokaci don kwari.
Video: saniya cizon sauro Jirgin da aka gabatar a cikin canal na haihuwa a wannan lokacin ya fi dacewa da haɗuwa da ƙwai. Ana iya lura da cewa mace tana jinkirta baya, yana ɗagawa kuma tana jan wutsiya. Akwai urination mai yawa a cikin kananan ƙananan. Jimawa kafin ƙarshen farauta, yanayin jikin mace ya sauko da 1-1.5 ° C.
Shin kuna sani? Mabiya addinan Hindu suna la'akari da wata saniya don zama dabba mai tsarki, saboda haka wani mummunan rauni a Indiya an biya ta da nau'i na rupees 10,000 ($ 160). Kuma don kashe wannan dabba mutum zai iya samun hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku (har zuwa shekaru 5).
A ƙarshe, shanu suna halin jimrewa, rashin dacewa da daidaitawa ga yanayin yanayi daban-daban. Don samar da dabbobin wadannan dabbobi yana da amfani da sauki. Amma kafin ka bukaci ka koyi game da su yadda za a iya samun bayanai, kazalika ka yanke shawara a gaba don abin da kake so ka kiyaye shanu. Muna fatan cewa amsarmu ta taƙaice ta amsa tambayoyinku.
