Ba shi da sauƙi a yi albasa mai kyau, amma mazauna rani kusan dukkanin yankuna suna yin wannan. Mafi sau da yawa, ana shuka albasa tare da sevk: yana da sauƙi kuma mafi aminci. Siffofin fasahar noma na albasa a cikin Urals suna da alaƙa da mummunan yanayin yanayin zafi.
Yawancin albasarta don girma a cikin Urals
Yanayin yankin Ural sananne ne ga ɗan gajeren lokacin bazara. Yana iya zama da zafi, amma yakan makara, kuma kaka da wuri. Wannan yana barin alamomin game da zaɓin nau'in albasa iri. Varietieswararren ripening da wuri sun fi dacewa da Urals, ana kuma shuka iri-iri masu ƙara girma, masu dacewa da yanayin gida. Gaskiya ne, kawai matsakaici-marigayi iri-iri, Mannito, wanda aka haɗa a cikin Rajistar Jiha na ofungiyar Rasha a cikin 2011, an bred musamman don yankin Ural, kuma ana iya girma kai tsaye daga zuriya, a cikin al'adun shekara-shekara.
Yawancin nau'ikan suna bada shawarar biyu don Urals da kuma wasu yankuna. Ofaya daga cikin shahararrun tsohuwar iri shine farkon albasa mai onionan shekara Siberian. Yana da dandano mai kaifi-kaifi, an adana shi da kyau, kwararan fitila masu lebur ne ko zagaye, suna da nauyin kimanin 50. Manya iri iri da suka girma tun 1943 shine yankin Bessonovsky. Wannan farkon albasa mai-girma mai ba da isasshen ɗanɗano, ƙanshin kwan fitila ya kusan 40 g, fasalin yana daɗaɗɗen lebur. Ana amfani dashi duka biyu kuma cikin masana'antar canning; lokacin lokacin hunturu, ɓata yana kusan 10%.
Bessonovsky na gida - daya daga cikin shahararrun nau'ikan albasa
Wani sabon nau'in Boterus yana da alaƙa da tsakiyar-farkon, kwararan fitila mai ƙyalli-girma suna girma har zuwa 80 g, dandano yana da kaifi. Yana ƙarƙashin magana mai tsawo. Sputnik albasa shine tsakiyar kakar, kwararan fitila suna da lebur, masu nauyin har zuwa 80 g, na ɗanɗano na ɗanɗano. An kwatanta shi da kyakkyawan tsari mai kyau, tsayayyen kayan aiki, babban juriya ga mildew mai ƙima.
Daga cikin nau'ikan asalin ƙasashen waje a cikin Urals, ana ba da shawarar, alal misali, don noma albasa na Sterling, kodayake ƙarshen zamani ne, kuma albasa ta makara. Iri iri-iri Wellington da Sanskin suna tsakiyar-kaka, kwararan fitila suna zagaye, babba, sun kai adadin 110 g, sashin ƙasa, wanda ya dace da adana hunturu.
Sterling baka ya dace da ajiyar hunturu
Baya ga abubuwan da ke sama, don namo daga sevka a cikin Urals, ana bada shawarar nau'ikan da ke gaba:
- Mutumin kirki;
- Yarima baki;
- Yukont;
- Turbo;
- Myachkovsky 300;
- Garin Arzamas;
- Strigunovsky gida.
Tabbas, ba duk yankuna da yankuna na Ural ba ne haɓaka yanayi: zaɓin iri a cikin Kudancin Kudancin Yamma ya fi fadi, kuma nau'ikan da suka dace, alal misali, na Gabas ta Tsakiya har ma da Volananan Volga, su ma sun dace a can. Haka ne, da mazauna bazara - mutane suna son, suna gwaji tare da iri, kuma suna dasa waɗanda ba koyaushe dace da wani yanayi.
Dasa albasa saiti
Baya ga girma albasa daga zuriya, an san hanyar seedling da haɓaka kai tsaye daga tsaba. Hanyar seedling yana cin lokaci-lokaci, ba a iya amfani dashi. Hanyar girma albasa a cikin al'adun iri na shekara-shekara yana da jaraba sosai, akwai nau'ikan da yawa da aka tsara musamman don wannan dalilin. Amma hanyar ita ce mafi dacewa ga yankuna tare da dogon lokacin rani: daga tsaba albasa zuwa cikakken albasa a cikin Urals, albasa ba koyaushe yake sarrafa girma. A bisa ga al'ada, albasa ana girma a cikin yankin daga sevka da aka samu a kakar da ta gabata daga tsaba.
Lokacin sauka
A kowane yanki, ana iya dasa albasa da wuri, amma ainihin kwararan fitila ne da ke girma daga gareshi, kuma ba wai gashin tsuntsu ba ne, har ma fiye da yadda ba zai shiga kibiya ba, an fara sauka ba da kyau. Kwancen ƙasa suna ƙaddara ta waɗannan halaye:
- yanayin zafi na dare kada ya faɗi ƙasa +5 game daC;
- kasar gona a zurfin 5-6 cm ya kamata ya dumama har zuwa 7 ... 10 game daC;
- bayan hunturu, kasar gona ya kamata bushe fitar da wani bit, ba zama mai m, waterlogged;
- hasken rana ya kamata ya haye layin awa 9-10.
A yawancin yankin Ural, irin waɗannan yanayin suna cikin wurin daga tsakiyar Mayu. Idan an riƙe zafi, an rufe gado na ɗan lokaci tare da fim mai duhu, ƙoƙarin dumama shi ta ƙarshen lokacin ƙarshe.
Wasu masu goyon baya suna dasa karamin adadin shuka koda kafin lokacin sanyi, amma wannan zaɓi ne mai haɗari a cikin Urals. Ya kamata a aiwatar da saukowa makonni 2-3 kafin zuwa lokacin sanyi. Yana da mahimmanci cewa dusar ƙanƙara mai nauyi ta faɗi akan lokaci, yana rufe gado. Amfanin dasa shuki shine mafi karancin hadarin lalacewa ga al'adar tashi da albasa.
Zaɓin wurin da kuma shirye-shiryen gado
Albasa yawanci girma ne kawai a kan breathable, sako-sako da kasa; za su iya zama ko loamy ko yashi loamy, tare da tsaka tsaki dauki na matsakaici. Acidic kasa dole ne lemun tsami. Ya kamata a kawar da kwarangwal na ruwa, ya fi kyau zaɓi ɗan tsauni. Shading na gadaje ya kamata ya kasance ba a ciki: albasa ana girma a cikin wuraren da ke da rana. Albasarta amsa ba daidai ba har ma zuwa m inuwa kafa ta shrubs ko shinge. A cikin Ural, gadaje suna tashi sama da ƙasa: akan ƙasa mai nauyi ta 10 cm, akan ƙasa mai nauyi kadan.
Albasa gadaje dole ne a lit da rana
Zai fi kyau idan cucumbers, tumatir, dankali, kabeji, da radishes suka girma a gaban albasa a gonar. Kada ku dasa albasa bayan tafarnuwa, radish, sunflower, kowane albasarta. Amma karas da aka dasa a cikin yankuna shine hanya mafi kyau don kawar da albasarta na kwari da yawa.
Haɓaka ƙasar ƙasa shine babban yanayin samun wadataccen amfanin gona. Tabbas an shirya lambun a bazara, yana tono ƙasa mai zurfi tare da aikace-aikacen taki. A 1 m2 ƙara a kalla guga mai kyau humus, amma ba sabo taki: zai kai ga yawan girma na foliage kuma ba zai bar kwararan fitila girma. Daga takin ma'adinai, ya fi dacewa don ƙara 60-80 g na nitrophoska ta 1 m lokaci guda tare da humus2.
Idan ƙasa ta yi yumɓu, ƙara sandar kogin da peat.
A cikin bazara, an shirya gado mai kwance tare da rake, bayan yayyafa shi da itacen ash (mai dintsi da murabba'in mita). Idan a lokacin hunturu kasar gona ta cika wuya, sake tono ta tare da fenti: yana da mahimmanci ya kasance sako-sako da zurfin 15 cm.
Shiri na kafa
Yawancin lokaci mazaunin rani ba sa shuka sevocs da kansu, amma saya. Idan aka sayi ɓarna a kaka, ana keɓantawa kuma adana shi a cikin hunturu a cikin ƙananan jakun na lilin ko a cikin kwalaye bai wuce santimita 15 ba. game daC) Idan an adana shuka a tsaka-tsakin yanayi, zai bar abubuwa da yawa akan gado a cikin kibiya. Lokaci-lokaci, ana bincika tsaba, marasa lafiya da busassun albasa an ƙi.
A ƙarshe, an tsara tsaba a cikin kwanaki 3-4 kafin dasawa. Sprouted kwararan fitila ne mafi kyau shuka daban a kan ganye. Sevka na aji na 1 ana ɗauka mafi kyau: waɗannan su ne kwararan fitila tare da girman 15-22 mm (ana kiranta samfuri). Idan an adana hunturu a cikin sanyi, ana zafi a 30 game daTare da akalla mako guda. Ranar da za a shuka, an cire fiɗa-bushe mai bushe, bayan wannan an sa albasarta cikin ruwan dumi. Mafi kyawun zazzabi 35-38 game daC, lokaci - 1-2 awanni. Wasu yan lambu sun yi imani cewa ya fi barin albasa a cikin ruwa na kwana daya.
Wata hanyar shirya yana buƙatar daidaito, amma yana ba da tabbacin kusan babu raunin harbi. Ana zubar da fuka-fuka tare da ruwan zafi na mintuna 2 kawai, amma zafinsa ya kamata ya zama tsakanin 65-70 ° C. Sannan yana sanyaya cikin ruwan sanyi. Rabin rabin sa'a tare da maganin 0,5% na dindindin na dindindin ma yana da ma'ana: wannan duka biyu ne kuma kek da sinadarin sitirika.
Baya ga potassiumgangan, za ku iya riƙe ragowar cokali na tsawon awanni 8-10 a cikin sinadarin gina jiki: 1 tablespoon na azofoska a kowace lita 10 na ruwa. Bayan wannan jiyya, an sanya shi a cikin maganin maganin farin tagulla na ɗayan taro don minti 8-10. Wadannan matakan suna karfafa tsarin na rigakafi da kuma kawar da cututtukan da ke yiwuwa. Bayan sarrafawa, an wanke albasa da ruwa kuma an bushe kadan.
Daga cikin shirye-shiryen da ake bi da ƙwayar cuta kafin shuka, akwai kuma ingantaccen tarho
Tsarin saukowa
A al'adance, ana shuka gishirin a cikin hanyar tef. A wannan yanayin, tsakanin layuka sun bar kusan 20 cm, kuma tsakanin tsirrai a cikin layuka nisan nesa sun dogara da girman kwararan fitila. Don haka, ana shuka mafi ƙarancin sevka bayan 5-6 cm, na tsakiya, tare da diamita na har zuwa 2 cm, kaɗan kadan sau da yawa, kuma mafi girma - bayan 8-10 cm.
Zurfin saukarwa na da matukar mahimmanci. Yawancin lokaci yana cm cm 3-4 Idan an dasa shi mai zurfi, albasa za ta yi tsawo, kuma a cikin yanayin sanyi yana iya jujjuya shi. Idan dasa yayi ƙanana da kwararan fitila suna kallo, to, a yanayi mai zafi sun daina haɓaka. Zurfin ciki kuma dan kadan ya danganta da girman kifin: jagora - yakamata a saman wuyan albasa ya zama bai da nisa da ƙasa.
Lokacin yiwa alamar gadaje, yana da daraja zaɓin madaidaicin tsagi. A cikin Urals, suna kan gabas-yamma. An yi furrows, alal misali, a kusurwar koren hoe, ana zuba yashi a ƙasan su tare da farar 1 cm kuma an sanya shi da toka. Ana kwararan kwararan fitila dan kadan a cikin ƙasa kuma an rufe shi da shi, sannan an shimfiɗa gado, wanda ya dace a yi tare da bayan rake. Gidan lambun yana da nishi sosai daga shayarwa can, koyaushe yana tare da strainer. Idan ƙasa tana da kusan fashewa, zaku iya mulmula shi da farin humus na bakin ciki.
Bidiyo: dasa shuki albasa
Siffofin kulawa da albasa a cikin Urals
Siffofin kulawa da albasa a cikin Urals sune buƙatar haɓakar shi a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma, a wannan batun, kiyaye duk ka'idoji don kula da wannan amfanin gona. Wajibi ne a lura da duk canje-canje mara kyau a cikin yanayin da daukar matakan da suka dace don rage tasirinsu akan tsire-tsire. Wannan ya shafi duka sanyi da zafi a tsakiyar lokacin bazara, wanda galibi yakan zo wannan yankin.
Albasa musamman na bukatar danshi a farkon rabin kakar. A watan Mayu da farkon Yuni, in babu ruwan sama, a kalla ana amfani da guga na ruwa a kowace murabba'in mita na gadaje. A tsakiyar bazara, ana rage ruwa, amma idan yana da zafi, ana buƙatar "bushe bushe" - ƙarancin kwance ƙasa daga kowace shuka ko mulching na gado, amma ba tare da yin barci akan kafadu ba. Lokaci guda tare da loosening a duk tsawon lokacin girma, an girbe ciyawa a hankali. Watering gaba daya dakatar da kwanaki 15-20 kafin girbi.
A lokacin kakar, albasa da aka dasa tare da sevk ana ciyar da su sau 2-3. A cikin ciyar, ana amfani da infusions na mullein (1:10) ko ganyayen ganye. An zuba guga na jiko a kan 3 m2. A karo na farko da suka ciyar da albasarta tare da gashin tsuntsu na 10 cm, na biyu - bayan wani makonni biyu, na uku - bayan albasa sun kai girman gyada.
Suna ƙoƙarin ciyar da albasa tare da takin gargajiya
Duk da gaskiyar cewa albasa itace amfanin gona mai jure sanyi, tare da faɗuwar yanayin rashin sa'a a cikin farkon farkon lokacin girma, yana da daraja a rufe tsiron tare da lafaru, in ba haka ba haɗarin albasa da ke shiga kibiya yana ƙaruwa. Idan ƙaramin tsire-tsire suka yi harbi, kibanya sun kakkarye; watakila daga gare su kananan kwararan fitila suma zasu bunkasa. Tare da harbi mai yawa, ba za a iya gyara yanayin ba: dole ne mutum ya nemi dalilai kan hakan don kar ya maimaita asarar amfanin gona a nan gaba.
Cututtuka da kwari na albasa a cikin Urals, kariya daga gare su
Kyakkyawan ma'auni don rigakafin cututtukan albasa tare da cututtukan fungal shine fesa plantings tare da 1% Bordeaux ruwa a lokacin da gashin tsuntsu ya girma zuwa kusan 15 cm. Madadin magani mai ɗauke da jan ƙarfe, Hakanan zaka iya amfani da magungunan mutane. Don haka, a cikin Urals, al'ada ce a sanya albasa da ruwa mai gishiri (100 g na tebur a kowace guga na ruwa). Kodayake dole ne a yarda da cewa gishiri mafi kusantar taimaka wa albasa tashi larvae fiye da daga cututtuka.
Cututtukan naman gwari suna bayyana kansu a cikin yanayin zafi mai zafi, wanda ba shi da banbanci sosai a yankin Ural a lokacin bazara. Saboda haka, ba shi da ma'ana game da gaskiyar cewa wasu cututtukan zaɓaɓɓen albasa suna bayyana musamman anan: albasa na iya kama kowane ɗayan cututtukan halayyar sa. Mafi sau da yawa samu:
- Fusarium (a lokaci guda, ƙananan rots, ƙashin kwan fitila ya mutu, to gashin tsuntsu ya juya launin rawaya);
- peronosporosis (mildew downy): alamun cutar - shafi na launin toka akan ganyayyaki;
- launin toka da fari rot - duka ganye da kwararan fitila rot;
- mosaic - cuta ta hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri wanda ganyayyaki ya zama ya rufe da tsarin mosaic mai launin shuɗi, tsire-tsire ba da daɗewa ba za a iya bi da su;
- juji na mahaifa (moldan fitila, farawa daga wuya bayan girbi).
Cutar peronosporosis ɗaya ce daga cikin cututtukan albasa gama gari
Duk wani cututtukan hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo ba su da amfani don lura, tsire-tsire suna lalacewa. Kuma sauran cututtukan, kodayake ana bi da su, yana da wuya, sabili da haka, yana da muhimmanci a hana faruwar su. A mafi yawancin lokuta, ana iya cimma wannan tare da matakan kariya:
- daidai juyar da amfanin gona;
- lalata ƙwayar tsaba kafin dasa shuki;
- wani katako wanda ba a rufe shi ba;
- hana yin ruwa na kasar gona;
- madaidaicin saman miya tare da hana nitrogen;
- sako, sarrafa ƙasa;
- tsabtace tsabta a cikin lambu bayan girbi;
- bushe da albasa kafin aika shi don ajiya;
- ingantaccen sufuri na amfanin gona zuwa wurin tsabtace wurin ajiya.
Idan cututtukan fungal na faruwa, yawan shayarwa da kayan miya ana iyakantasu, busassun gadaje tare da toka, kwance ƙasa kuma fesa albasarta tare da shirye-shiryen da suka wajaba. Za'a iya amfani da kemikal a farkon rabin lokacin girma, saboda haka suna ƙoƙarin samun tare da magungunan jama'a. Infusions ko kayan ado na dandelion, marigolds, taba na iya taimakawa. Tare da cutar na kowane tsire-tsire, an cire su, kuma an lalata ƙasa tare da maganin 1% na sulfate jan karfe. Daga cikin "sunadarai" a lokacin rani, oxychloride jan karfe (40 g da lita 10 na ruwa) yana da tasiri, wanda ake amfani dashi sau 2 a mako. Amma ganye bayan wannan ba za a iya cinye shi har tsawon wata guda.
Daga cikin kwari mafi sau da yawa samu:
- tona sigari (suna kama da ƙananan fararen farar ƙasa a cikin ganyayyaki, waɗanda suke haɗuwa cikin manyan taro, ganye suna bushewa);
- asu na albasa (karamin nocturnal malam buɗe ido): cutar da tsire-tsire tare da mataƙataccen koren fure, tsawon mil 10;
- albasa tashi: babba, kimanin 1 cm, launin toka, larvae fari. Waɗannan ne waɗanda ke yin saurin shiga cikin kwararan fitila kuma ku yi musu kawanya;
- albasa mite (halittar m har zuwa tsawon mm 1 mm): cutarwa kwararan fitila da ke rot;
- albasa tsutsa (babban gardama, larvae wanda ya ciyar da naman kwan fitila).
Albasa gardama ya fi sauran kwari
Ikon kwaro yana da wahala, musamman tare da firam. Magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta na iya lalata kwari kawai a cikin adadi kaɗan, kuma yawancin magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta da acaricides suna da haɗari ga mutane, sabili da haka, a cikin ƙananan gidajen rani ana amfani da su azaman makoma ta ƙarshe. Don hana kai harin game da kwari, dauki matakan da za ayi:
- mai hankali zaɓi na ƙwaya da magani preplant;
- daidai juyar da amfanin gona;
- tono ƙasa da gadaje bayan girbi da kuma gurɓata ƙasa tare da raunin mafita na sulfate na jan ƙarfe ko ƙwayoyin potassium;
- dace weeding gadaje.
Yawancin lokaci, a cikin wuraren da ke da kyau, albasa ba ta da lafiya kuma kwari ba sa kai musu.
Girbi da adanawa
An cire baka kamar yadda ake kwana gashinta kuma aka bushe. A cikin Urals, wannan yana faruwa a watan Agusta, iri na farko suna shirye don girbi a ƙarshen Yuli. Girbi ne da za'ayi tilas a ranar bushewa, a hankali narkar da kwararan fitila tare da fenti. Idan rana tana haskakawa, tsawon sa'o'i da albasa, tare da ganyayyaki, an bar su don dumama da bushewa. Sannan a naɗa shi a cikin murfin naƙasasshiya a ƙarƙashin wata alfarwa ko a cikin yanki mai iska mai kyau na tsawon makonni 2-3 don cikakken bushewa.
Yawancin lokaci a wannan lokacin, ba ma cikakke kwararan fitila da ke cikakke ba, "miya". Bayan haka, an yanke tushen bushewa a hankali, kuma an yanke ganye, ba a barin cm sama da 2-3. Gaskiya ne, yawancin masu mallakar suna riƙe da albasarta a cikin braids, suna ɗaure su kamar gashin mata; a wannan yanayin, ba a yanke ganye ba.
Bayan an tono baka, an barshi da gashinsa na dogon lokaci.
Idan an adana albasa a cikin babban, ana iya yin wannan a cikin kowane kwali ko akwatunan katako kuma har ma a cikin tutocin nailan. Yana da mahimmanci cewa albasarta ya bushe sosai kuma a adana shi a cikin busassun, mai iska, a cikin duhu. Zazzabi ba ya taka rawa babba: ana adana albasa mai kyau har zuwa sabon amfanin gona kuma a cikin gari. Amma lokaci-lokaci yana da mahimmanci don rarrabe shi: har ma a cikin samfurin ƙira mai dacewa, sau ɗaya a wata zaka iya samo samfuran 1-2 masu narkewa a guga da albasarta.
Bidiyo: girbi albasa a cikin Urals
Babban hanyar dasa albasa a cikin Urals shine shuka. Wannan shi ne saboda gajeriyar rani; Saboda wannan dalili, albasa mai girma a cikin yankin yana buƙatar kulawa ta musamman wajen aiwatar da tsarin yau da kullun. Yana da mahimmanci kuma don zaɓar nau'ikan da suka dace: ba a so don dasa shuki iri iri a cikin Urals.
