Alkama shine daya daga cikin manyan kayan abinci na duniya. An shuka wannan ciyawa tun daga zamanin d ¯ a, kuma an rarraba yanzu a ko'ina cikin duniya. Wannan littattafai yayi magana game da kayyayen halittu na alkama na alkama, da kuma siffofin halayen namo.
Bayani
Wannan amfanin gona ne na iyalin hatsi da kuma Alkama Wheat. Wannan shuki ne mai shekara ta shekara, yana kai mita daya da rabi a tsawo. Rashin ƙwayar itace kunne wanda tsayinsa zai kai 15 cm. Gwaya na bambanta - dangane da nau'in, zasu iya zama gajeren, elongated, ribbed, zagaye, gilashi, mealy. Suna da arziki a cikin gina jiki (har zuwa 24%) da gluten (har zuwa 40%).
Baya ga alkama na gari, iyalin hatsi sun haɗa da: alkama mai sanyi, masara, sha'ir, hatsin rai, gero da sorghum.
An yi imanin cewa alkama na alkama ya fito ne a ƙasar Turkiyya ta zamani, a kudu maso gabashinta. A halin yanzu an horar da shi a Turai, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Tsakiyar Tsakiya da Tsakiya ta Kudu, da Gabas ta Tsakiya, a wurare da dama na Afirka, Arewa da Kudancin Amirka, Australia. 
Ayyukan
Ana shuka alkama a lokacin bazara, a lokacin rani na watanni yana ci gaba da zagaye na ci gaba, a ƙarshen lokacin rani ko a fall an girbe shi. Bugu da ƙari, wannan nau'in alkama yana da siffofin da yawa da ke rarrabe shi daga yanayin sanyi:
- Yana da tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire;
- tsarin tushen ba a bunkasa ba, yanayin marmari yana buƙatar karin kayan gina jiki kuma basu da tsayayyar ƙasa;
- jinkirin raguwa kadan;
- shan wuya daga weeds fiye da hunturu;
- yana da al'adar sanyi mai sanyi, wanda zai iya jurewa gashin gajeren lokaci, yayin da launin laushi sun fi tsayayya ga sanyi fiye da masu wuya;
- Tsayayya ga fari, musamman wuya; damuwa na fari yana ƙaruwa a gaban hakora cikin ƙasa;
- da yawan zafin jiki na zafin jiki domin ripening yana a cikin kewayon + 22 ° С ... + 25 ° С;
- idan aka kwatanta da siffar hunturu, yana da wuya a kan ingancin ƙasa, ƙasa mai launi da ƙwayoyin katako suna dauke su ne mafi dacewa da ita;
- Kwayoyinta sun fi dacewa da abubuwan waje idan sun kwatanta da yanayin hunturu - ga kwari, cututtuka, rashin isasshen ruwa, don saurin bushewa daga saman Layer na kasar gona;
- Kwayoyin kayan lambu suna dauke da mafi kyaun magabata.
Don alkama mai tsabta, ainihin mahimmanci shine wake, wake, wake-wake, vetch, da lupins.
Dabbobi
Dukkanin irin albarkatun alkama sun kasu kashi biyu - wuya da taushi. Wadannan kungiyoyi sun bambanta da juna. Yi la'akari da siffofin su. 
M
Don ci gaba da tsire-tsire mai sanyi, yanayin nahiyar na da kyau, wato, tare da ɗan gajeren lokaci, amma zafi da bushe rani - wadannan su ne, misali, yankuna kamar Orenburg, Altai ko Northern Kazakhstan. Yanayi mai wuya sun fi damuwa da damun ƙasa fiye da masu taushi, amma sun jure yanayin yanayi mafi kyau.
Shin kuna sani? A cikin Tarayyar Turai, alkama mai sauƙi shine samfurin aikin noma da ke ƙarƙashin aiki na al'ada.
Sakamakon amfanin su shine ƙananan fiye da yawan amfanin iri. Kayan gishiri suna da mahimmanci a yalwa da gina jiki. An yi amfani da masara daga irin wannan hatsi don samar da hatsi, kayan ingancin ingancin, kuma an haɗa shi cikin gari don burodi don inganta yanayinta. 
Maganganun rani sun nuna yawa. Zaɓin iri iri don dasa shuki ya dogara da yanayin yanayin hawan, daga wanda ya riga ya kasance, za a zaba shi don takamaiman fasaha na aikin gona. Ga wasu iri iri iri:
- "Kharkiv 39" - yana nuna girman gilashi (alamar hatsi ya zama m, kuma rauninsa yana kama da gilashin gilashi), wanda yake da muhimmanci ga masu samar da hatsi da gari mai kyau;
- "Orenburg 10" - tsakiyar kakar iri-iri, resistant zuwa fari, shattering da mazaunin;
- "Bezenchuksky Amber" - tsakiyar kakar girma-samar da gwaggwabar riba iri-iri resistant don zama;
- Nashchadok - iri-iri shine tsaka-tsakin yanayi, tsirrai masu girma, wanda ya dace da aikin gona, mai tsayayya da manyan takin mai magani na ma'adinai ba tare da rage yawan gilashin ruwa ba, amma a lokaci guda yana buƙatar laima;
- "Bezenchukskaya steppe" - tsakiyar kakar, damuwa na fari, matsananciyar resistant zuwa wurin zama, kayan abinci mai kyau ne daga gari.
Soft
An yi amfani da alkama mai shinge mai girma a cikin yankuna tare da ruwan sanyi, wanda bai dace da fari ba. Yana da ƙasa da buƙata a kan ƙwayar ƙasa da kuma rashin kula da weeds.
Kwayarta ta ƙunshi ruwan inabi kaɗan, daidaitattun gari sun zama na bakin ciki kuma sunyi daɗaɗɗa idan aka kwatanta da alkama alkama. Irin wannan gari ana amfani dasu don kayan ado, da kuma kayayyakin burodi. A cikin samar da gurasa a cikin gari daga nau'in mai laushi yawanci gauraye da gari daga nau'ikan iri, in ba haka ba gurasa da sauri ya fara da crumble. 
Daban albarkatun alkama mai laushi akwai adadi mai yawa, suna daidaita da yanayin yanayi daban daban da kasa. Wasu daga cikinsu suna da ke ƙasa:
- "Na'urar" - tsirrai da tsayi-iri-iri iri-iri da ake amfani dashi a yankunan kudancin, masu tsayayya zuwa wurin zama;
- "Prioksky" - farko cikakke, high-samar da gwaggwabar riba, duk da haka mummunan yana canja wurin fari kuma yana ƙarƙashin cututtuka na kwayan cuta;
- "Lada" - cikakke cikakke, mai girma-samar da gwaggwabar riba, tsayayya zuwa powdery mildew, duk da haka, yana da damuwa don zamawa kuma baiyi hakuri da ruwan sama mai tsawo ba;
- "Daria" - farkon cikakke, mai girma-samar da gwaggwabar riba, tsayayyar dakin gida da foda-fatsari yana da mahimmanci, amma a lokaci guda kuma tsatsaran ruwan gishiri yake shafar shi;
- "Dobrynya" - tsakiyar kakar, mai sanyi don zamawa, matsakaicin matsanancin fari ga fari, kyakkyawan halaye na burodi, amma mai saukin kamuwa da ƙura da ƙura, da kuma tsatsa mai ruwan kasa.
Girmawa
Tsarin girma na alkama na gari shine lokacin cinyewa. Kayan fasaha na amfanin gonar ya samar da cikakken biyan takamaiman dokoki, da kuma fasahar fasaha mai zurfi.
Zai zama da amfani ga koyon yadda ake shuka, ciyar da tattara alkama.
Pre-Tillage
Ana bada shawara a bi da ƙasa don bazarar alkama bayan da girbi wanda ya riga ya wuce. Ana gudanar da tsari a matakai biyu: kaka (kaka) da kuma shuka (spring). Idan tsirewar da ta gabata ta kasance ciyawa, a lokacin aiwatar da aikin hunturu, ana kwantar da ƙasa ta farko, sannan bayan kwanaki 14 - yin noma.
Idan akwai wasu lokuta, irin su amfanin gona na hunturu da legumes, aikin gona zai iya zama iri ɗaya, amma a cikin yankunan da ake lalatawa, bazawa marar lalacewa an maye gurbinsu da raguwa. 
Shirye-shiryen shuka na farko yana farawa tare da damuwa - wannan yana hana yaduwar iska mai yawa na ƙasa kuma yana taimakawa wajen yaduwar ƙasa. An kira wannan tsari "rufewa". Sa'an nan kuma gudanar da noma na kasar gona zuwa zurfin 10 cm
Yana da muhimmanci! Hanyar fasaha ta musamman ta dogara ne ga waɗanda suka riga su, yanayin ƙasa, gaban gangaren, kasancewa ko rashin kayan aikin gona.
Shuka
Don wannan hanya, yana da muhimmanci a shirya iri, lokaci da zurfin shuka, da kuma hanyar yin shuka. Bari muyi la'akari da waɗannan abubuwa a cikin cikakken bayani. 
Tsarin shirye
Hanyar maganin cututtuka na tsaba tare da taimakon masu kulawa ya zama dole. Don yin wannan, amfani da kwayoyi irin su "Vitavaks", "Fundazol." Bugu da ƙari, yana da kyawawa sosai don dumi tsaba kafin shuka. Ana yin wannan a waje a cikin hasken rana kai tsaye na kwanaki 3-4 ko a cikin na'urar bushewa tare da samun iska mai tsanani don 2-3 hours a zafin jiki na kimanin + 50 ° C.
Yana da muhimmanci! Tsayawa da tsire-tsire na marmari na alkama yana kaiwa zuwa digo cikin yawan amfaninta ta akalla kwata.
Yawan itatuwa
Lokacin shuka yana dogara da yanayin hawan yankin. Alal misali, a Siberiya ta Yamma da Gabas, wannan yana kusa da Mayu 15-25, a yawancin yankuna na Turai ta Rasha ne daga tsakiyar Afrilu. A kowane hali, shuka shuka zai fara nan da nan bayan ripening na kasar gona. 
Shuka zurfin
Wannan saitin ya dogara da irin ƙasa. Don haske kasa, da shuka zurfin averages 6 cm, a steppe shi zai iya ƙara zuwa 9 cm, domin nauyi kasa shi rage-rage zuwa 3-4 cm.
Hanyar shuka
Hanyar shuka shuka ya dogara da siffofin gida. Hanyar keɓaɓɓun hanya ita ce mafi yawan al'ada, ko da yake yana ƙara ƙwayar iri, amma kuma yana ƙara yawan amfanin ƙasa ta kashi 2-3 cikin dari a kowace hectare. Sau da yawa ana amfani da magunguna da kuma matakan. Hanyar hanyar giciye ba a yi amfani dashi ba saboda damuwa da kwanakin shuki, yawan man fetur mai yawa da yawan tamping na kasar gona a lokacin amfani.
Kula
A cikin yankuna m, an yi gyaran ƙasa bayan shuka. Don yin wannan, amfani da rollers na daban-daban kayayyaki da murkushe lumps da kuma ɗan matakin surface na filin. Lokacin da ɓawon ƙasa ya fara bayan ruwa, an yi amfani da raɗaɗi don halakar da ita. 
Wani muhimmin abu na kula da amfanin gona shine kula da sako, tun lokacin da amfanin amfanin gona ya sha wahala ƙwarai saboda su. Mafi yawan aikin da aka samu idan wannan gwagwarmayar ana gudanar da la'akari da jinsunan abincin da ke cikin weeds, lambobin su, da kuma halaye na yanayi.
Dangane da waɗannan dalilai, ana iya amfani da herbicides na gaba ("Hurricane", "Roundup"), shirye-shirye akan ciyawa da ciyawa da kwayoyin halittu ("Attribute"), da dicotyledonous shekaru (2.4 D da 2M-4X), da dai sauransu.
Lokacin da karin kwari ya bayyana, bayan da lambar ta wuce bakin kofa na lalacewa, ana amfani da amfanin gona tare da kwari. Don yin wannan, amfani da kwayoyi irin su "Decis", "Decis-extra", "Sumi-alpha", da dai sauransu. 
Don alkama na alkama da cututtukan cututtuka irin su septoriosis da sukari fusarium, wasu zasu iya faruwa. Suna yakin da fatalwa - yana iya zama, misali, Rex Duo, Carbezim ko Tilt.
Wani lokacin alkama alkama an horar da shi a karkashin ban ruwa. Yawancin lokaci ana yin wannan a cikin namo iri iri. Yanayin yanayi yana zaɓi dangane da yanayin yanayi da kuma ƙasa. Yaduwa a hade tare da aikace-aikace na takin mai magani na iya bunkasa yawan amfanin gona.
Tsarin aiki
Tun lokacin da alkama mai sanyi yake bukata a kan takin gargajiya na ƙasa, ana amfani da takin mai magani a cikin namo. Amfani da yafi nitrogen a hade da phosphorus-potassium da takin mai magani. Lambar su ya bambanta a wurare daban-daban - yana iya dogara ne akan ƙasa, iri-iri, sauyin yanayi, waɗanda suka riga sun kasance.
Lokacin da girma spring alkama, nitrogen da takin mai magani ana amfani dasu: ammoniya ruwa, alli nitrate, nitrophoska, nitroammofoska da "Azofoska".
A matsakaita, kashi 35-45 na nitrogen, kilogiram 17-27 na potassium, kuma kashi 8-12 na phosphorus suna cinyewa da ton na hatsi da ton na bambaro. Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da takin gargajiya: taki, takin, peat. An kawo su a cikin fall, lokacin da ake biyan kasar gona a cikin kaka. A daidai wannan lokacin, ammonia siffofin nitrogen da takin mai magani an gabatar da: ammonia ruwa, ammonia anhydrous, da dai sauransu. 
Cututtuka da kwari
Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, na cututtuka na wannan al'ada, septoria da fusarium na kunne sun fi hatsari. Yana da ƙasa mai saukin kamuwa zuwa powdery mildew, launin ruwan kasa da kuma tsatsa tsatsa, snow snow, tushen rot. Ana amfani da masu amfani da nau'o'in nau'ayi don magance su (zaka iya karantawa game da su a cikin sashin "Kulawa").
Don magance cututtuka na alkama, amfani da masu fashewa irin su Prozaro, Alto Super, Bravo, Folicur, Fitolavin, Albit, da Tilt.
Daga cikin kwari, cututtukan daji, gurasa da gurasa, gurasar hatsi, thrips, Yaren mutanen Sweden da Hessian kwari, da sauransu zasu iya cutar da mummunar cututtuka. Ana amfani da kwayoyin amfani da su: "Decis", "Decis-extra", "Sumi-Alpha" da sauransu.
An ƙarfafa ma'aikatan Agronomists don suyi yadda za su kauce wa thrips.
Yawan aiki da tsabtatawa
Masu amfani da kayan aiki suna dogara sosai akan yanayin yanayi, yanayin yanayi, ingancin ƙasa da kayan iri, irin alkama, da bin hankali ga hanyoyin da ake amfani da ita a hanyoyin sarrafa albarkatu.
Shin kuna sani? Ta wurin albarkatun gona (kimanin kadada miliyan 215) alkama yana da wuri na farko a duniya. Bugu da} ari, kusan kashi 90 cikin 100 na amfanin gona na duniya iri iri ne. Shugabannin da suke noma wannan al'ada sune China, Indiya, Rasha, Amurka da Faransanci.
Alal misali, yawancin yawan amfanin nau'in iri "Daria" shine 30-35 q / ha, kuma iyakar - 72 q / ha. A matsakaicin yawan amfanin ƙasa na alkama "Bezenchukskaya steppe" - 17-22 c / ha, matsakaicin ya kai 38 c / ha. 
Yana da muhimmanci a fara girbi a daidai lokacin, kamar yadda lokaci na tsawon kwanaki 10-12 ya rage yawan amfanin ƙasa da kuma rage yawan ƙwayar hatsi. Lokacin da girbi za a iya amfani dasu azaman haɗin kai tsaye, da kuma hanyar raba hanya. Dalilin hanyar da aka raba shi ne cewa masu girbi suyi tsami, kuma alkama ya tattara a cikin waƙa.
A cikin waƙa, yana da ƙurewa kuma yana maturuwa na kwanaki da yawa, to, an cire waƙa ta hanyar haɗuwa. Idan yanayi bai da karfi, amfani da haɗin kai tsaye - tare da wannan hanya, asarar hatsi ya rage, amma lalatawar ya ƙãra. 
Bayan tattara hatsi an sarrafa shi akan halin yanzu: tsabtatawa da bushewa. A saboda wannan dalili, ana amfani da nauyin tsaftace hatsi da ƙwayoyin bushewa na hatsi. A wasu lokuta, ba a buƙaci bushewa ba, to, iyakance ga tsaftacewa da hatsi.
Idan aka kara, za a iya lura cewa amfanin gonar alkama zai buƙaci tsayayya da fasahar noma. Bugu da ƙari, wannan al'ada yana kula da yanayin ƙasa da yanayin yanayi. Idan duk waɗannan dalilai an la'akari da su kuma yanayin yana da kyau, za ku iya ƙidaya a girbi mai yawa.
