Farming

Kyakkyawan zabi ga masu zaman kansu ko gona - saniya "Simmental" irin

An kwatanta irin yanayin da Pestrus ta Rasha ya yi daga tsofaffin mutane zuwa ga wani mutum mai ɓoye daga wani garken Austrian ko mai aikin kula da Belgium wanda kakanin kakanni da ke shahararrun Rasha da Turai suna cin gandun daji na ƙasar Swiss Alps.

Asalin irin

Sunan iri "Simmental irin" shine kawai shanu da ke da haɗin jinsin jinsin tare da mai girma daga cikin Bernese Oberland.

An tsara nauyin halayen nau'in daga dabbobi daga bishiyoyin Gothic saboda sakamakon kullun da suka wuce da kuma zabin yanayi.

Tsarin zane na zane daraja a halin yanzu akwai simmentals da kuma alamar da irin:

  • gajere, nauyi da gajeren kafafu;
  • samar da madara (60%);
  • damar daidaitawa;
  • yana da fushi;
  • karfi lafiyar, maganin cutar.

Asali bred a cikin yankuna 84 kuma ya sanya kashi arba'in na shanu na shanu da aka ciyar a littattafan rajista.

Irin wannan shanu ya zo kasarmu shekaru 2 da suka gabata ta hanyar gonaki masu "ci gaba" masu tasowa da ke rarraba wannan nau'in a cikin yankuna Tula, Smolensk da Voronezh. Shan shanu sun zama tushen tushen aikin kiwo a kan kiwon waddan iri iri mai kyau.

Taimako: Dabbobi a duniya suna wakiltar nau'o'i biyu da rabi, wanda aka kirkiro nau'i uku na jinsin. Cows iri daya ne na farko a cikin manyan nama goma da kiwo.

Halaye

  1. Ganin gani na siffofin jinsunan sukan fara tare da kwat da wando. Cikakken fata shine lokacin farin cikimafi sau da yawa da launi na bambaro tare da ruwan hoda tint, a manyan fararen launi. Mafi sau da yawa, shanu suna da ja-motley tarnaƙi. Ma'anar launi:
    • yanayin climatic na namo;
    • yanayin kiyayewa da abinci;
    • irin tsarki.
  2. Babban shi ne babban, fadi, a kan lokacin farin ciki (matsakaici tsawon) wuyansa; tare da ƙaho mai haske mai haske (ƙwararrun zamani, har ma da shanu, mafi yawancin lokaci - hornless); wanda ke nuna launin fata mai launin farin ko ruwan hoda;
  3. Jikin jiki yana da nauyi, amma na jiki, a kan ƙasusuwa masu ƙarfi; tare da mai zurfi amma mai yalwaci (shanu suna da dewlap). Tsawan shanun (a madarar) shine 1.35, bijimai sune 10 cm tsawo;
  4. Withers da croccal muscular suna dogara ne a madaidaiciya, gajeren kafafu. Wani nau'i na jinsuna shine "giwaye" daga cikin ƙananan hanyoyi;
  5. Maƙalar saniya tana da girma, mai girma a cikin jiki, tare da bambancin bambance-bambance a ci gaban gaban da baya; Kulluna suna da tsawo, fadi.
Yana da ban sha'awa: Wani samfurin da aka yi a Switzerland daga madara na shanu na Simmental ya sami matsayin matsayi a matsayin Cikin Emmental. Yankinsa yana kimanin kilo 75, ko ma 130. Wannan shi ne ainihin ma'anar ƙarancin Swiss.

Hotuna

Hoton "Hakanan" irin shanu:




Yawan aiki

Wadannan shanu sun tabbatar da abincin su da abincin kiwo tare da riba - 100%:

  • da taro na dabba mai girma - daga 400 zuwa 700 kg; 'yan bijimai na wannan jinsin, wadanda suka yi girma don yanka, nauyin kilo 350, heifers - kasa da 50 kg; Fattening yana da tasiri a duk rayuwarsa; Maganar tsohuwar tsoka tana da ƙananan yatsun mai a baya, duk da haka, yawancin nama mai tsarki idan aka kwatanta da ƙananan kasusuwa ƙananan ne;
  • tare da ƙwarewar kiwo, ƙwarewa a ƙwanƙwashin lactation na 5-6 yana ƙaruwa zuwa lita dubu 3-6 (an rubuta rubutun: Lita dubu 10,000 a kowace shekara); da kwanciyar hankali na madara ya samo asali ne a sauƙaƙe guda biyu 14 shekara;
  • Mahimmin madara yana da babban abun ciki (3,7-4,2%), yayin da cike da dandano mai dadi;
  • Akwai kuma wasu sauran kiwo na shanu, irin su: Kholomogorskaya, Yaroslavl, Jersey, Ayshirskaya, Red Steppe.
  • Canjin da ba a tsara ba na musamman (kiwo ga naman) zai iya zama dalilai masu ma'ana: bayyanar da alamun farko na cutar, rashin lahani, rauni;
  • tsarin haihuwa shine halin da aka fara da jima'i (a cikin kajin daga watanni takwas, a cikin shekaru daga shekaru 1.5);
  • ciki - zubar da hankali ba tare da rikitarwa ba, da jariri suna shirye su motsa bayan mahaifiyarsu;
  • wani ciki a cikin wata saniya zai iya faruwa a makonni da dama bayan da ya yi kira;
  • farko calving falls on Watanni 31 na rayuwa;
  • don adana alamun da ake amfani da su, sun yi amfani da shanu-masu samar da garkunansu da masu haifar da kiwo na zaɓi na Australiya;
  • Dabbobi ba su da kyau ga yanayin da ake tsare, abinci, daidaita da sabon abincin, yanayi na damuwa na kowane latitude;
  • duk da haka, wannan nau'in na bukatar mahimmanci, daidaita ciyar don kulawa da yawan aiki;
  • kasancewar nauyi ta tsarin mulki, ko da yatsun kwaikwayo na Simmental suna nuna kwanciyar hankali, suna nuna fushi.
Yana da muhimmanci: A cikin ƙayyadadden simintin abu daya ba zai iya tabbatar da cewa ƙarni na gaba zai bayyana ba tare da lahani a cikin waje ba. Abubuwan da ke ciki ba su rasa alamun irinsu tare da jini kasa da 50%.

Hanyar kula da yanayin ciyarwa

Dokokin kula da shanu sun hada da:

  1. Bukatun don kiyaye shanu:
    • dumi sito (t0_ = 4K to 20K) ba tare da fasa da kuma zane;
    • dafaɗɗen iska mai tsabta;
    • dakin ruwa mai zurfi (itace, tubali);
    • na ciki tsawa;
    • kwanciya na bambaro, peat ko sawdust (sau biyu sau 2 a rana);
    • Kwanakin hunturu yana tafiya tare da gado mai kwanciya;
    • rani (sako-sako da, maye gurbin) kiwo tare da rufi daga ruwan sama da rana;
    • Ana iya shayar da shanu kawai tare da ruwan zafi mai dumi;
    • shanu kullum suna wanke gashin su kuma wanke wuraren da suke da ruwa mai dumi;
    • aikin yau da kullum, lura da lokaci daidai lokaci, ya kamata hada da tsaftacewa, narkewa, ciyar (domin irin wannan madarar madarar 4 an bada shawarar a lokacin rani da 3 a cikin hunturu).
  2. Yana da muhimmanci: Ga yankunan arewacin, akwai shanu marar yadi a kan gado, wanda ya inganta hunturu tKC na barn microclimate.

    A wannan yanayin, ana maye gurbin ajiya na yau da kullum ta maye gurbin, kuma a cikin idon ruwa an cire dukan tarawa daga ɗakin ajiya.

  3. Don yawan yawan dabbobi na irin wannan nau'in ya kamata a hade da abinci mai kyau:
    • bambanta;
    • daidai da kakar;
    • Tsarin shayarwa;
    • lokaci na ilimin farfadowa.

An lasafta:

  • Tsohon: 1 abinci naúrar - 1414 kcal (nutritionally 1 kg na hatsi);
  • a sabon hanyar: a kan 1 ECE (ƙungiyar wutar lantarki) - 10 MJ na makamashi musanya (4.2 J = 1 cal).

Don Dabbobi masu yawan gaske waɗanda aka zaɓa su ne daban-daban. Abinci na shanu na Simmental ya kunshi:

  • dajiyar daji (ciyawa ko ciyawa da ciyawa; silage - cakuda cakuda fermented, kayan lambu da tushen amfanin gona);
  • m abinci (hay, bambaro, cin abinci maras hatsi da tsire-tsire);
  • hatsi mai da hankali (bran, cake, ci abinci);
  • bitamin (E, D, A), ma'adanai - Ca, Mg, P, Zn, Na, Se, NaCl; duka halayen da wucewar wadannan abubuwa suna da muhimmanci.
Yana da muhimmanci: A cikin shanu masu ciki tare da karuwa a cikin abin da ake ciki ta hanyar 25%, buƙatar ƙwayar gina jiki tana ƙaruwa, wadda ake ba da abinci ta hanyar hay, hayge, da haylage. Hanyoyin haɗari na iya ƙuntata haihuwa.

Lafiya

Dabbobi suna da alamun cututtukan cututtuka kawai ga shi:

  • tympania (wata cuta da cututtukan kwayoyin cutar da ke ciki suka shiga cikin jikin sãniya tare da abinci mai zafi);
  • ƙuntatawa ga esophagus (tare da soyayyar cin nama marar tushe ta saniya);
  • traumatic reticulitis (kumburi da raga ya lalace by kayan waje abubuwa a abinci);
  • ƙwallon ƙwayar cuta (cututtukan fata; yana rinjayar kai da ƙafa);
  • necrobacillosis (kwayar cutar necrosis, sakamakon kamuwa da cuta a cikin tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsaki, da nono, ɓangaren kwakwalwa);
  • mastitis (kumburi da mammary gland na nono).

Duk da haka, don Simmental irin kawai mastitis ne mai hadarin gaskeabin da dalili zai iya zama:

  • lahani na nono;
  • ƙasa mai saukowa;
  • milking dokoki batun;
  • raunuka da kamuwa da cuta na nono;
  • da tsarewa daga cikin mahaifa;
  • endocrine disruptions a cikin jiki.

Tare da magani magani yana taka muhimmiyar rawa rigakafin cutar:

  • mai amfani da gargadi mai yawa;
  • kauce wa raunin da ya faru, cututtuka;
  • bin ka'idodin ciyar da kulawa.
Taimako: Idan magani ya shafi hanyar maganin maganin rigakafi, ƙananan shanu ba sa madara ga saniya a cikin kwanaki 5.

Shan shanu mai kyau shine zabi mai kyau ga masu zaman kansu ko gonar gona. Ko da interbreeding tare da wasu nau'o'in, suna mamaye, suna ba da 'ya'yansu mafi kyawun halaye na duniya.