Blueberries An san dadewa a yankunmu, amma ba kowa yana haddasa cinye shi ba. Wasu lambu sunyi zaton cewa matsala da shuka fiye da amfanin gona. Wasu ba su san yadda zasu bunkasa shi ba. Muna fatan wannan abu zai taimaka wa kowa da kowa don noma shuka.
Blueberry: bayanin irin shuka
Blueberries - Yana da wani abin da wasu masana ilmin halitta suka dauka su zama maganin alurar riga kafi. Har ila yau, ya haɗa da blueberries, cranberries, lingonberries. Blueberries suna da tushen tsarin fibrous ba tare da tushen gashi ba. Tana da ƙwayar kore, wanda hakan ya sake zama cikin rassan gine-gine da aka rufe tare da launin ruwan kasa ko duhu launin toka. Ganye na shuka yana da wuya, ƙanana, mai santsi, cikakke, tare da gefuna da ke ƙasa, ya kai 3 cm a tsawon. Sashin su na sama saboda murfin katako yana da haske, mai yatsun kore, kuma ƙananan haske ne mai haske.
Filaye guda biyar masu launin furanni ko launin fata. Yana tayi har zuwa 6 cm a tsawon, yana da stamens 8-10, wanda ya bayyana a saman rassan shekaru biyu da dama. Aji yana tsiro zuwa mita, amma wasu iri suna kusa zuwa biyu.
Shin kuna sani? Blueberry, talakawa ko undersized, fadama, marsh - deciduous shrub. Mafi sau da yawa suna girma a cikin yankuna masu sanyi da yankuna na Arewacin Hemisphere.
'Ya'yan itãcen shuka su ne oblong, blue tare da bluish Bloom, kai a tsawon 12 mm. A ɓangaren litattafan almara na berries ne greenish. A matsakaici, nauyin kilo daya shine nau'in grams 10, amma wasu nau'in suna samar da manyan 'ya'yan itatuwa da suka kai kimanin 25 grams. A wannan yanayin, ana iya cire daji daya zuwa 10 kg.
Duk da haka, ba dukkanin iri ba su dace da girma a cikin ramin mu. Akwai irin farkon, tsakiyar da marigayi maturation. A cikin latitudes, an bada shawara mu dauki na farko, tun lokacin da wannan ba shi da lokaci don ya karu da kimanin kashi 30.
Zabi wurin shuka blueberries
Dasa da kuma kula da blueberries fara da dama zabi na wurin for shrubs. A gare shi ya zama dole don ƙayyade wani wuri mai haske, wuri mai haske, kuma haske inuwa mai haske ya yarda, amma sai berries zasu zama karin acidic. Tabbatar cewa ruwan karkashin ruwa bai wuce kusa da shafin yanar gizon ba. Ya kamata su gudana a zurfin mita daya ko fiye. Yana da kyawawa cewa yanayin ba shi da isasshen iska.
Shin kuna sani? Har ila yau, injin yana da sunayen sunaye: tit, ɓauren inabi, wawa, pigeon, gonobobel, mashaya da sauransu. Sau da yawa mutane sun yi kuka game da ciwon kai bayan amfani. Amma masu bincike sun ce matsalar ba a cikin blueberries ba, amma a cikin jagorancin, wanda sau da yawa ya zama tashar tauraron dan adam. A berries da kansu suna da taimako sosai.
Ana shuka shuki a cikin bazara ko kaka, amma dasa shuki ya fi dacewa. A lokacin bazara, injin yana rayuwa a kan shafin kuma ya zama tsayayya ga sanyi.
Bukatun shara
Domin blueberries don samun cikakkun ra'ayi a kan mãkirci, yana buƙatar takalmin ƙasa mai dacewa. An dasa shi sosai a cikin yashi ko ƙasa mai laushi, wanda shine dan kadan acidic ko acidic. Za a iya amfani da ƙasa mai laushi, amma sai ya kamata mai kyau magudanar karkashin kasa. Idan ƙasa a lambun ku ya bambanta, za ku iya ƙirƙirar mãkirci tare da irin wannan yanayi da hannu.
Yana da muhimmanci! Don dasa shuki ana bada shawarar daukar seedlings a cikin kwantena ko tukwane, wato, tare da tsarin tushen rufaffiyar. Duk da haka, a lokacin da dasa shuki, har ma tare da clox mai launi, dole ne a dauki kulawa don kada ya lalata tushen asarar. Bugu da ƙari, tushen su ba su da tushe tare da clox earthy. Ya kamata a saukar da ƙarfin minti 15 a cikin ruwa, sa'an nan kuma a yi amfani da dunƙule tare da tsinkaye kuma a hankali a rufe shi don daidaita tushen.
Ganye ba ya son magabata, don haka kasar gona don blueberries ya kamata a kiyaye a karkashin tururi na shekaru da yawa kafin dasa. Kafin dasa shuki, sun narke shi tare da takin mai magani da ma'adinai. Yana da kyawawa don riƙe wannan taron a cikin fall, idan an sauko filin saukar da bazara.
Rushewar ragamar
Kyakkyawan amfanin gona na berries girbe wadanda lambu da suka san yadda za a shuka shuki blueberries. An dasa shi a cikin layuka, wanda ya shimfiɗa daga arewa zuwa kudu. Saboda haka ƙananan za su sami matsakaicin adadin haske. Nisa tsakanin su ya dogara da irin shuka: tsayi ya kasance a nesa mita daya - rabi da rabi daga juna, da mutane m - kimanin 60 cm amma idan kunyi shirin shuka shi a kan sikelin masana'antu, yi nesa da akalla mita biyu. A wannan yanayin, tsakanin layuka za su iya yin fasaha ta musamman.
Yana da muhimmanci! Yana da kyawawa don yanke shawara a kan sa a gaba. Kuma a cikin yanke shawara akwai wajibi ne a gina halayen yanayi inda aka tsara shi don yayi girma. Don haka, idan ya girma a cikin wani wuri mai sanyi, ƙananan nau'in ƙwayoyin Kanada za su saba da kyau. A cikin yankuna da zafi mai tsawo, zafi blueberries zai ba da girbi mai kyau. Idan ba ku tsammanin lokaci mai tsabta ba, duk abubuwan da kuke kula da kulawa na shuka suna iya zama banza.
Dasa da kuma kiwo blueberries
Ana shuka bishiyoyi a cikin ƙasa, yawanci a cikin bazara, kafin buds ya kara. Amma seedlings suna mined a hanyoyi daban-daban: iri, rassan, rassan, rarraba daji.
Shuka Hudu Ganye
Girman shuke-shuken mai yiwuwa shine mafi yawan hanyar amfani da lokaci. An girbe su a cikin fall daga cikakkun berries. Bayan tattara 'ya'yan itatuwa suna bushe kuma sun shuka a cikin gadaje don namo na seedlings. Ya kamata ya zama ƙasa mai kyau.
A lokacin bazara, daji dole ne a fara juyayi da kuma inganta rigakafin su. Don yin wannan, an hana su dashi. - ajiye watanni uku a firiji a cikin dakin kayan lambu tare da samun iska. An dasa su a cikin gadaje zuwa zurfin centimeter, kuma an yayyafa shi a kan cakuda yashi da kuma peat a cikin rabo na 3: 1.
Yanzu don tsaba suna bukatar kulawa da hankali. Ya kamata su ci gaba da zafi a cikin zafi na 40% kuma zafin jiki na iska na 23-25 ºC. Cire weeds a kai a kai. Kashe ƙasa, ruwa ya isa. Na farko ciyar za a iya yi kawai shekara guda bayan shuka da tsaba. Tsarin iri yana shirye don dasa shuki a cikin ƙasa a cikin shekaru biyu, kuma zai fara kai 'ya'ya a cikin takwas.
Sake bugun bishiyoyi na blueberry
Yafi sauri kuma ya fi dacewa yayi girma blueberries daga cuttings. Yanke su a cikin fall, bayan shuka ya bar ganye, ko kuma a cikin idon ruwa kafin ruwan ya kwarara. Ɗauki cututtuka masu tsayi 8 - 15 cm tsawo. A thicker da sabon, da sauri da tushen zai samar da. Domin su zauna cikin gaggawa, an fara su a wuri mai sanyi a zafin jiki na 1-5 ºC. Bayan haka sai a dasa su a cikin cakuda peat da yashi (1: 3), kuma a yayyafa shi da wani karin 5 cm. Shigar da cuttings a cikin matsin obliquely. Sakamakon dasa shuki a bude ƙasa kuma ya cigaba a cikin shekaru biyu.
Shin kuna sani? A matsayinka na mai mulkin, an horar da blueberry, wanda ke tsiro a cikin sanyi da yanayin yanayi. Amma har yanzu akwai wani babban blue blueberries, wanda aka girma mafi yawa a Amurka. Duk da haka, 'yan kasuwa na Amurka da na Kanada sun yi nasara a cikin iri iri iri, wanda yanzu ya girma a kasarmu, amma a yankunan kudanci.
Hanyar rarraba daji
Zaka iya samun sabon bishiyoyi na shuki ta rarraba daji. Saboda wannan, sun tono shi kuma su raba shi a cikin guda, kowannensu dole ne su sami tushen akalla 5 cm a tsawon. An dasa shuki na sabon seedlings a nan da nan. Irin wannan tsire-tsire, da wadanda aka dasa ta hanyar yankan, za su fara bada 'ya'ya bayan shekaru hudu.
Sake bugun zanen launi
Blueberry seedlings za a iya samu da layering, amma wannan ne mai tsawo da kuma unproductive tsari. Don yin wannan, dauki wani reshe mai tsawo na wani daji, tanƙwara zuwa ƙasa da kuma a wurin da suke cikin hulɗa, yafa masa da sawdust. Suna da tushe cikin kimanin shekaru biyu zuwa uku. Sa'an nan reshe ya rabu da iyaye kuma an dasa shi don sakewa.
Wani lokaci ma sauran hanya - karfi da yanke daji, yi kashi biyu na ma'adinai da ke kusa da shi, sa'an nan kuma rufe shi da wani Layer na sawdust na kimanin 25-30 cm. A wannan yanayin, ƙananan matasan da suke girma a wannan shekara, suna da tushe a cikin shekaru biyu - uku. Sa'an nan kuma za ka iya cire greenhouse improper, yanke rassan rassan da dasa su a cikin kwantena. A can za su yi girma har shekara biyu kuma kawai sai a dasa su a wuri mai dindindin. Za su iya ba da farko berries na gaba shekara.
Fasaha na Ganye na Blueberry
Blueberries na buƙatar tsarin makircin musamman, wanda baya dogara akan lokacin dasa. Don bishiyoyi suna shirya rami zuwa zurfin rabin mita kuma girman 60 x 60 cm. Ganuwarta suna da tsabta don samar da damar iska zuwa ga asalinsu. Sa'an nan kuma, wani nau'i mai tsaka-tsami mai tsayi da 50 g na sulfur, yashi, needles da sawdust an dage farawa a kasa na rami. Yana da muhimmanci kada ku dauki kwayoyin da sauran takin mai magani a wannan lokaci. Suna alkalize ƙasa, kuma dole ne ya zama acidic.
An saukar da seedling zuwa cikin rami kuma ya shimfiɗa tushensa a ko'ina a cikin jirgin sama. Sa'an nan kuma an yayyafa su da ƙasa don ƙwanƙolin wuyansa yana ƙarƙashin ƙasa a zurfin digo 3. Yanzu ana bukatar shayar da shuka kuma yana cike da ƙasa a cikin ƙasa 12 cm Don wannan, ana amfani da peat, bambaro, haushi ko sawdust.
A cikin bazara, a farkon shekara ta rayuwar sapling, rassan rassan suna taqaitaccen ta rabi, kuma an rassan rassan rassan. A cikin shekara ta biyu, ba'a yin pruning.
Girman blueberries a kan trellis
Tall blueberries za a iya girma ba kawai ta bushes, amma kuma a kan trellis - lattice zane da ke goyan bayan rassan shuka. Don haka kana buƙatar tono cikin ƙasa a nesa na 2 - 4 m mintuna mita biyu ko na katako. Tsakanin su akwai wajibi ne don ƙarfafa waya a cikin layuka tare da wani lokaci na 40-50 cm.
A dasa shuki na blueberries ne da za'ayi tare da miƙa waya tare da mataki na 70 cm tsakanin bushes. Lokacin da aka ɗora rassan daji, an haɗa su da lokaci zuwa waya. A wannan yanayin, ana sanya harbe don kowane ya sami matsakaicin adadin zafi da hasken rana.
Saboda gaskiyar cewa berries a cikin wannan matsayi sun fi ƙarfin wuta, sunyi haske kuma sun warke, sun yi girma kuma mai dadi. Don kula da tsire-tsire da aka dasa ta wannan hanya ya kasance daidai da waɗanda aka dasa a hanyar da aka saba: abinci, ruwa, ciyawa, yanke.
Don irin wannan namo ana bada shawara don amfani da wadannan irin blueberries:
- Hanyar matsayi;
- Bluray;
- Patriot;
- Coville;
- Herbert.
Blueberry kula
Ayyuka don kulawa da blueberries ba su da wani abu na musamman. Yana buƙatar watering, ciyar, loosening, mulching, pruning. Ana yin saitawa sau da yawa a kowace kakar, amma sosai a hankali. Ƙananan asalin bishiyoyi ne kawai 15 cm daga farfajiya. Sabili da haka, an bada shawara don cike daji kuma ya sassauta ƙasa, ba tare da cire kayan abin kunya ba. Amma wannan bai kamata a yi sau da yawa ba, don haka kasar gona ba ta bushe ba.
Watering blueberries
A inji yana buƙatar buƙatar ruwa. Ruwa ya kamata ba damuwa a kusa da tushen har tsawon kwana biyu, amma rashin ruwan ingancin ya zama mummunan ciwo. Ruwa sau biyu a mako tare da buckets biyu ga kowane tsoho daji. Bugu da ƙari, daya watering ya shafi gabatarwar guga guda daya da safe kuma bayan bayan rana. A watan Yuli da Agusta, lokacin da aka fara furanni da 'ya'yan itace, za a dauki watering a hankali sosai.
Kyakkyawan amfanin gona ya dogara da adadin laka. Lokacin da namun daji ke samarwa drip ban ruwa don blueberries. A musamman lokutan zafi ana bada shawara don yaduwa da shuka da sassafe da maraice don kauce wa overheating.
Top dressing da blueberry taki
A shuka an dauke low-wuya ga haihuwa na kasar gona, amma aikace-aikace na ma'adinai da takin mai magani amsa daidai. Ana bada shawara su kawo su a farkon lokacin bazara, lokacin da ruwan itace ya fara kuma buds yausa.
Yana da muhimmanci! Blueberries suna contraindicated a takin gargajiya!
Zinc sulfate, superphosphate, magnesium sulphate, potassium sulphate da ammonium sulphate mafi kyau tunawa da shuka. A karshen, wanda yake nufin nitrogen da takin mai magani, ana amfani da shi a cikin matakai uku. A farkon lokacin bazara, sun bada kashi 40 cikin 100 na ƙarshen ƙare, a farkon May - 35%, Yuni - 25%. A karkashin wata daji akwai wajibi ne a saka 70 - 90 g Wannan zai isa ga wani daji har zuwa bazara na gaba.
Hanyoyin phosphate na lambun blueberries (superphosphate) taimakawa 100 g da kowane daji sau ɗaya a cikin rani da kuma sau ɗaya a cikin kaka. Zinc da potassium sulfate ba 2 g sau ɗaya a kakar, magnesium sulfate - 15 g kowane.
Blueberry Formation
Don blueberries a kai a kai da ake samu, dole ne a yanke. Pruning iya zama tsari da sanitary. Na farko an gudanar da shi a cikin idon ruwa kafin kodan aka zuba. Musamman a hankali, ana gudanar da hanya akan bishiyoyi masu shekaru 2 - 4.
A gare su yana da muhimmanci a samar da kambi mai karfi, saboda haka sanyibite, drooping, da waxannan cututtukan da raunana rassan, da kuma waɗanda suka bayyana a tushen, suna ƙarƙashin kaciya. Yana da muhimmanci a gare su su bar rassan 3 - 5 mafi karfi. Tun daga lokacin da yake da shekaru hudu, harbe a kan shekaru biyar ana harbe shi.
Yana da muhimmanci! A kan bishiyoyi na farko na rayuwa an bada shawarar cire dukkan furanni don shuka zai iya ingantawa a daidai lokacin kakar.
Kayan fasaha yana dogara da irin shuka. Shrubs da girma girma, yanke a tsakiya, da kuma sprawling da undersized yanke yanke rassan. Har ila yau, kula da makwabtan da ke makwabta ba a haɗa su da rassan.
Sanitary pruning ne da za'ayi a ko'ina cikin kakar. Da zarar ka lura da m harbe, nan da nan yanke su kashe kuma ƙone su daga shafin.
Blueberry mulching
Mulching, da kuma sassauta ƙasa, yana taimakawa wajen kula da matakin da ake buƙata na ƙasa a karkashin daji. Bark, sawdust, Pine needles, rotted ganye, da bambaro suna amfani da ciyawa. Gilashin pine da aka baza suna ba da tsirrai a jikin tsirrai - ƙananan za su dace daidai da zane-zane. A Layer na ciyawa ya dogara da shekaru da shuka: blueberry ne mazan, da thicker ya kamata.
Yana da muhimmanci! Yin amfani da kayan lambu da yawa yana rage jinkirin blueberries. Gaskiyar ita ce a cikin wannan yanayin microorganisms na rayayye ya rushe kayan, kuma sun zana nitrogen daga ƙasa. Sabili da haka, lokacin amfani da ƙwayar daji, pre-ƙara kashi biyu na nitrogen taki a karkashin daji.
Mulch ba ka damar jinkirta bude kodan a cikin bazara da shuka ganye a cikin fall a cikin fall. Har ila yau, injin yana jin kasawan zazzabi mai sauƙi wanda zai iya rushe shi. Amma a irin wannan tsari, blueberries samar da harbe mafi girma, itace ripens mafi alhẽri, wanda kuma ya taimaka da shi don tsayayya da sanyi.
Wintering blueberries
Furen furanni zai iya jure wa frosts zuwa -7 °, don haka rassan ruwa ba zai iya rinjayar matakin amfanin gona ba. Amma furen sanyi, har ma a -2 ° C, zai iya halakar da amfanin gona maras kyau. Don hana ya mutu, kafin furewar kaka a kan bishiyoyi ya jefa wasu kayan ingantaccen abu, irin su burlap, fim, spunboard.
Wasu lokuta ana bada shawara don yayyafa tsire-tsire a lokacin waɗannan lokuta - yayyafa shi da ruwa daga ƙananan ɗigon ƙarfe na musamman akan sutura ko karamin atomizer.
Wata tambaya ita ce yadda za a rufe blueberries don hunturu. Idan yana kusa iri mai tsayi, za su iya jurewa suyi har zuwa -25˚С. Amma idan an ba da hunturu ba tare da dusar ƙanƙara ba ko tare da ƙananan hazo, zasu iya daskare. A wannan yanayin, ana iya rufe bishiyoyi tare da ɓoyewa, kwaskwarima ko ɗaure tare da kullun. A karshen wannan, a cikin kaka, an kafa wata kwakwalwa da kuma hanyar da aka haɗa tsakanin igiyoyi a kan bishiyoyi. A gaskiya, wannan shi ne cikakken shiri na blueberries don hunturu da ƙare.
Kuskuren da yawa lokacin da girma
Duk da cikakken bayani game da namo na blueberries, wanda yake a cikin yanki, yan lambu da kuma lambu yi da dama na kowa kuskure. Daga cikinsu yana da daraja lura da haka:
1. Samar da wani daji a kan ƙasa mai sanyi ko a lowland, bisa la'akari da cewa a cikin yanayi na halitta blueberries girma a swamps. A gaskiya ma, a cikin daji, yana tsiro a gefen fadan ruwa, a kan tuddai, damuwa, sabili da haka ma ba shi da danshi. Rashin ruwa mai wuce haddi ba ya ba da isasshen iska zuwa ga asalinsu, kuma a cikin hunturu har yanzu yana barazana ga frostbite. Saboda haka, don bishiyoyi na blueberry ya zabi wuri tare da matsanancin zafi.
2. High acidity na kasar gona. A adadin pH sama da 5.5, naman gwari na mycorrhiza ba ya zama a cikin ƙasa, wanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen shayar da abubuwan gina jiki ta shuka. Blueberry ganye samun haske koren launi, wanda ya nuna rashin nitrogen.
3. Inuwa mai yawa daga cikin daji. Tsarin kanta na iya girma a cikin inuwa, amma sai ya daina yin 'ya'ya ko ya ba da girbi mai yawa da girbi. Sabili da haka, idan kuna so mai yawa mai juyayi, ku samar da shuka tare da hasken rana da iska mai yawa.
4. Ba daidai ba. Blueberry banda perennial ganye, 'yan mutane fama da su magabata. Har ila yau, ba ya jure wa kasa da aka haƙa ƙasa da shekaru biyar da suka wuce.
5. Keta dokoki don zabin da kuma shirye-shirye na seedlings don dasa. Mutane da yawa suna tunanin cewa samun rassan rassan sapling ne mai tabbatar da kyakkyawar rayuwa. На самом деле надо обращать внимание на корневую систему растения. Если она находится в тесном горшке и корни завернуты вовнутрь, такое растение ослаблено. Высадив его в таком состоянии, вы не получите ожидаемого результата.Tabbatar daidaita da kuma warware tushen asalin shuka kafin dasa. Su kansu ba za suyi haka ba kuma tushen tsarin ba zai yi girma ba.
6. Abin da bai dace ba da kashi na taki. Mutane da yawa suna tunanin cewa blueberries za a iya ciyar da guda da takin mai magani kamar yadda sauran Berry bushes. Amma a gaskiya ma, kwayoyin halitta da sunadarai sunadarai sunadarai ne don naman gwari na mycorrhiza wanda ke zaune a kan tushen shuka kuma yana taimakawa wajen shayar da abubuwan gina jiki. Sabili da haka, wajibi ne don amfani da takin mai magani mai ma'adinai waɗanda aka yi amfani da su ba bayan tsakiyar watan Yuni ba.
7. Wuce-tafiye loosening na kasar gona. Tun da tushen tsarin daji yana kusa da farfajiyar, dole ne a gudanar da gyare-gyare ba zurfi fiye da 3 cm ba, kuma a lokacin da muke shayarwa, kada ku yi amfani da fatar da sauran kayayyakin aikin gona. An bada shawara don cike ƙasa. Wannan zai kare shi daga weeds, kwari, cututtuka, inganta yanayin zafin jiki da ruwa. Gyaran ciyawa yana taimaka wa tsararran asali, wanda, idan aka lalace, an mayar da hankali sannu a hankali.
A yau, lambu suna ƙara sha'awar girma blueberries da tattara lafiya da kuma dadi berries. Amma 'yan san haka kula da shi ya bambanta da sababbin bishiyoyi. Bugu da kari, jira na girbi na farko zai iya jinkirta tsawon shekaru.
A wannan yanayin, kowane kuskure zai iya rage shekarun aiki. Saboda haka, kafin a yi aikin namo na blueberries, wajibi ne a bincika ayyukan noma. Don ƙwarewa mai dacewa, za a ba ku kyauta mai kyau da kuma girbi mai amfani.
